Weekly activity week 3

the Phanerozoic

"Visible life"- the most recent eon, began about 540 million years ago

1 atm= 101325 Pa / 100 kPa

1 atmosphere is equal to how many pascals?

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature.

decreases When you go up in an airplane, as the pressure decreases with altitude, the temperature decreases.

As pressure decreases, does the temperature increase or decrease when mass and volume are held constant?

Increase Response: That is correct! This is happens in a pressure cooker.

As temperature increases, does the pressure increase or decrease when mass and volume are held constant?

Does not increase Response: That is correct! The temperature stopped decreasing and appears to pause, this is the tropopause.

As you moved from 10,000 metres (10 kilometres) to 20,000 metres (20 kilometres) in the Balloon Experiment (https://scied.ucar.edu/virtual-ballooning-flash) what happened to temperature? Look at your notes from the experiment or use the image below from mine.

stratosphere

At 30,000 meters (30 kilometers), which part of the atmosphere are you in?

Mesosphere Response: Correct! The mesosphere is above the stratosphere

Based on your balloon results: Above 50 km, which part of the atmosphere are you in?

Troposphere = 0 to 10 km Tropopause = 10 to 20 km Stratosphere = 20 to 48 km Stratopause = 48 to 50 km

Based on your results, at what altitude does each of these part of the atmosphere occur?

photosynthesis The cyanobacteria photosynthesize and produce oxygen.

Below is a cross-section of a rock formed by stromatolites or cyanobacteria that photosynthesize. How did the Earth get its oxygen?

archean eon

Eon extending from the time that life originated, 3.8 billion years ago, to 2.5 billion years ago. deep in the ocean microbial organisms started the first form of earth

PV=nRT

Equation for ....pressure times volume is equal to the number of moles of substances times a constant times temperature

Hydrogen = Trace Oxygen = One fifth of the atmosphere (21%) Nitrogen = 78% of the atmosphere

For each of these diatomic gases, match the percentage by volume.

Decreases Response: Correct! As you move away from the Earth's surface, pressure decreases because there is less gas above you.

How does air pressure change in the atmosphere from the Earth's surface to the top of the atmosphere?

PV=nRT

Ideal Gas Law

Increases Response: That is correct! When pressure is constant near zero and volume is constant, as mass decreases the temperature increases. This is why the Thermosphere has a high temperature, because the mass is decreasing.

If we assume volume is constant, then the mass is decreasing with increasing altitude. What happens to temperature as mass decreases?

Volume decreases Response: That is correct! As temperature decreases the volumes decreases

If you have a balloon that was tied off (mass does not change) and you put the balloon in the freezer, what happens? Note: The pressure does not change in the freezer but temperature drops.

Pressure increases Response: That is correct! As the temperature increases so does the pressure. If you open a hot pressure cooker, it can explode from the pressure and hurt you (and make a huge mess).

If you have a pressure cooker that is sealed (mass and volume do not change) and you put the cooker on the stove and heat it up, what happens? This is why it is important to follow the directions before opening the pressure cooker to avoid bodily harm.

pressure increases

If you have a soda can that is not open but still sealed (mass does not change) and you are in a room with a constant temperature and you squeezed the can so that its volume is smaller, what happens?

Almost zero, a near vacuum

In the thermosphere, the temperature increases, why does this happen? We can use the Animated Gas Lab to simulate to the thermosphere. In the thermosphere, the altitude is quite high (80 to 480 km or 50 to 300 miles). What is the pressure in the thermosphere?

False Response: Correct! It is not safe to run a generator in your carport.

It is OK to run your generator in the carport so no one steals your generator at night.

0 kilometers = 1013 mb10 kilometers = 290 mb20 kilometers = 80 mb40 kilometers = 0 mb

Match the following altitudes to the correct pressure in mb, select the closest number.

Carbon Dioxide- Natural, Biological, and Man made Methane- Biological and Man made Argon- Natural (CFC'S) Chlorofluorocarbons- Man Made Ozone- Natural and Man Made Oxygen- Biological

Match the following gases with their correct sources (naturally occurring, biological, and/or man-made) using the table in the chapter titled Portrait of the Atmosphere, the lecture, and your notes from this activity. Use each answer only once.

ozone layer

Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.

All of these are sources of CO Response: Correct! Carbon monoxide is a trace gas in the atmosphere and comes from burning fossil fuels, volcanoes, bushfires when wood does not combust completely (also in fireplaces inside your home and heaters can produce carbon monoxide.

Sources of carbon monoxide include

Absolute Zero (0 Kelvin)

Temperature where all particles are stationary (0K)

the hadean eon

The oldest of the Precambrian eons; the time between Earth's origin and the formation of the first rocks that have been preserved.

True

True or False? Nitrogen dioxide is a deep red-orange gas that is poisonous but not flammable and is responsible for the reddish-brown color of smog.

True Response: Correct! Ozone in the troposphere (ground level) is man-made pollution and is dangerous to breathe. Ozone in the stratosphere is naturally occurring and absorbs harmful Ultraviolet energy from the Sun that causes skin cancer and cataracts. Location and source are the difference between good and bad!

True or False? Ozone is a gas that is harmful and helpful to people.

Dirt roads, agriculture fields, smokestacks, fires, construction sites Response: Correct! These places can all generate small particular matter.

What are the sources of man-made Particular Matter in the atmosphere?

Absorbs ultraviolet energy from the Sun Response: That is correct!Ozone re-radiates infrared energy causes the temperature to rise in the stratosphere.

What does ozone do in the stratosphere?

Temperature decreases Response: Correct, the temperature starts to decrease up until 60 km, the highest point our balloon reached.

What happens as you move higher in the atmosphere above 50 km?

Decreases Response: That is correct! As pressure decreases in the troposphere the temperature decreases.

What happens to temperature as pressure decreases?

Pressure decreases and temperature decreases and then pauses with a temperature increase at higher altitudes. Correct! Pressure decreases; however, temperature increases in the stratosphere.

What pattern do you see in temperature and pressure?

Decrease Response: That is correct! As the volume decreases the temperature decreases.

When mass and pressure are held constant, does the temperature increase or decrease as volume decreases?

increase As the temperature changes the volume must change to keep pressure constant.

When mass and pressure are held constant, does the volume increase or decrease as temperature increases?

increases

When mass and temperature are held constant, does the pressure increase or decrease when volume decreases?

decreases

When mass and temperature are held constant, does the volume increase or decrease as pressure increases?

Oxygen Response: That is correct! Oxygen exists as Oxygen gas (O2) and Ozone (O3).

Which element exists in the atmosphere as diatomic and triatomic molecules?

ozone

Which gas absorbs ultraviolet radiation?

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Response: That is correct! In the atmosphere these gases are compounds of two atoms of the same element.

Which gases in air are diatomic of the same element?

Helium, Neon, Argon, and Xenon Response: That is correct! Noble Gases are also naturally occurring and are not related to biological processes.

Which gases in the air are noble gases thus non-reactive?

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Methane Response: That is correct! Carbon Dioxide is carbon and oxygen. Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Methane is carbon and hydrogen.

Which gases in the atmosphere are compounds of two or more different elements?

Boyles Law

Which law describes what happens to pressure and volume when mass and temperature are held constant?

Charles Law

Which law describes what happens to volume and temperature when mass and pressure are held constant?

Closest to the Earth's surface to the tallest mountain. Response: That is correct! The pressure change is the largest closer to the Earth's surface.100% at the Earth's surface and 30% at Mt. Everest, so a 70% pressure drop.

Which part of the atmosphere has the largest change (or difference) in pressure?

VOC, PM, CO, NO2 Response: Correct! These pollutants all come from motor vehicles burning gasoline or diesel fuels.

Which pollutants come from gas or diesel-burning motor vehicles?

pressure

decreased volume increases what?

process of differentiation

earth separated into layers and the crust cooled, steam in the atmosphere collapsed and formed the ocean

2.8 billion years ago what formed?

life forms evolved to use sunlight to split water molecules and release oxygen as waste product

snowball earths

mass glaciation, icy shell reflected sunlight, however volcanos pushed through and the heat arose. there were 3 snowball earth

CO = headaches, drowsiness, death NO2= lung irritation and respiratory disease Ground level ozone= decrease crop SO2= acid rain and ecosystem VOC= headaches, drowsiness, death

match the pollutants to its health effect

most common elements and gases in the earths atmosphere

nitrous oxide, hydrogen, krypton, methane, helium, neon, carbon dioxide, argon, oxygen, nitrogen

22.4 liters of space at STP

one mole of any ideal gas takes up how many liters of space at STP?

constant. (PV=k)

pressure x volume = ....?

STP 0 degrees celcius / 100 kPa

standard temperature and pressure

atmosphere

swirling mass of gas made of five distinct layers. the clouds, wind, storms are composed of it. burns up meteors and protects us from UV from the sun

the great oxidation event

the change of Earth's atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing, brought about by oxygen-generating photosynthesis. some life forms were poisoned by the amount of oxygen, others adapted

what was the purpose of the moon?

to stabilize earths tilt and regulate climate

early atmosphere

very little free oxygen, lots of carbon dioxide, lots of water vapor. violent place, intense heat and pressure. blanket of steam - which formed atmosphere