West in the World Final Exam HW Q's

According to Marx and Engels, the world of their time period was characterized chiefly by the struggle between what two groups?

Bourgeoisie and proletariat

Rudyard Kipling wrote "The White Man's Burden" to advocate for which of the following?

US expansion in the Philippines

The 1833 Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies made provision for...

?

Which of the following best describes the overall tone of "The White Man's Burden"?

A sense of obligation that 'superior' people groups have a duty to 'inferior' ones to become more like them.

According to John Green's Crash Course video on the Renaissance, what was the most important factor in explaining the start of the Renaissance in Italy?

Accumulated wealth, chiefly from trade.

Which of the following is true about feudal Europe and its relationship to the world around it? a. Its relationship with people of other cultures was chiefly one of either indifference or mutual respect, but nearly always peaceful. b. Contact with Islamic civilizations helped Europeans renew contact with classical texts that had been lost and acquire new technologies that accelerated learning and development. Correct c. The rise of Islam in the 7th century was significant only for the Byzantine Empire and other areas of southeastern Europe.

B. Contact with Islamic civilizations helped Europeans renew contact with classical texts that had been lost and acquire new technologies that accelerated learning and development

Why does John Green argue that it is important and beneficial for us to think about the historical rise of the West?

Because it will help formulate policies that may create a more general improvement around the world

Why do some historians feel that the French Revolution was more truly "revolutionary" than the events of the American Revolution before it?

Because the American Revolution left the preexisting social structure more or less intact, while the events in France swept away much of it traditional social structure.

Which of these is a reason why William Acton believes that there is a need for better regulation of prostitution in England?

He is concerned that prostitutes with no other options will spread contagious diseases

Which statement best describes the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

Enlightenment thinkers drew hope from the Scientific Revolution that major issues could be resolved by way of reason.

On Saint Domingue, who were the Maroons?

Escaped slaves who formed gangs and lived in the forests.

Which of the following was the LEAST important motivation behind the Spanish and Portuguese conquests of the Americas?

Establishing permanent settlements with their families

According to Eric Cunningham's article on "How to Read Primary Sources," what are primary sources?

First-hand materials such as letters or speeches that provide real-time records of authentic historical events.

The conversion of what group of people to Catholic Christianity was a key event in the shaping of medieval Europe?

Franks

What images did James I use to explain the powers of the king?

Gods, Fathers, and Heads

Which of the following best describes Otto von Bismarck's reason for believing that Prussia should accept Austria's offer of peace in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866?

He wanted to avoid driving Austria into an alliance with France, Russia, or other anti-Prussian states in Europe.

Which Spanish conquistador led the destruction of the Aztec Empire and the murder of tens of thousands of its inhabitants?

Hernan Cortes

Which of the following is true of Napoleon's long term legacy?

His empire spread ideas that inspired many of the nationalist movements of the 19th century.

Why did many of the island states of Oceania fall under the influence of European colonization during the era of New Imperialism?

Imperial powers viewed the islands as key strategic refueling ports for Pacific travel.

How did the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing affect British-Chinese relations?

It acknowledged Chinese independence but compelled them to make economic concessions to Britain.

What was the effect of the 1801 Constitution of Haiti?

It angered Napoleon and led to the dispatch of a large French expeditionary force, which restored French rule

According to the descriptions of the Duc de Saint-Simon, which of the following best characterizes the court of the French king Louis XIV?

Louis lived an incredibly lavish lifestyle and demonstrated enormous vanity.

Which of the following was true of the end results of the Atlantic Revolutions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

Many of them ended with some form of authoritarian rule.

In general, living and working conditions for people in new cities created by the Industrial Revolution were ...

Often very difficult, including the harsh exploitation of women and children

On what basis did John Locke argue that humans, although they ought to live in a state of liberty, do not necessarily live in a 'state of license'?

People, by their reason, know that because of their equality, it is not right for them to harm others or their property.

In arguing for the doctrine of predestination, Calvin leaned upon what sources of authority?

Primarily the Bible, with support from the writings of early church fathers, like Augustine.

In authoring the 95 Theses, Martin Luther chiefly intended to do what?

Provoke a public debate over the church teachings on indulgences.

Which of the following was true of the 14th century outbreak of the Great Plague?

Scarce labor in rural communities improved the bargaining power of peasant laborers.

Which of the following accurately describes the views of kings like James I regarding the people they ruled?

Subjects had a religious and moral obligation to obey the monarch.

Which of the following best describes John Green's overarching point about historical methodology?

That every work of history has a particular perspective, about which we must think critically

What does John Green mean when he describes "inclusive pluralism" as a possible explanation for the so-called "rise of the West"?

That inclusive economies and pluralistic governments contribute greatly to the success of nation-states.

When Ignatius cautions his readers against talking much about "predestination" or "faith," his chief concern is that doing will have what effect?

That people will become lazy with regard to their works.

The creation of syncretic New World religions such as Haitian Voudun was evidence of what phenomenon?

That slaves on sugar plantations had to be frequently replaced by newly enslaved peoples from Africa and thus remained relatively closely tied to their original cultures.

In their efforts to protest unfair taxation by the British Parliament and boycott British products, what organizational bodies did the American colonists create?

The Committees of Correspondence

Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness was a commentary on what historical context?

The Congo River during the period of King Leopold's rule.

What important 17th century event formed the backdrop for John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government?

The Glorious Revolution

In its fourth "Session," the Council of Trent insisted that people should use only what edition of the Bible?

The Latin Vulgate

When Luther, in Theses 81-89 of the 95 Theses, lays out the questions being raised by the laity of the Church, what concern is he trying to highlight?

The Pope's abuse of his power to secure greater wealth for the Church is causing people to lose respect for him

In what context did the Communist Manifesto first get published?

The Revolutions of 1848.

What factor chiefly made it possible for a relatively small group of Spanish mercenaries to conquer the large Aztec Empire?

The Spanish carried diseases

Which of the following was NOT an Enlightenment idea endorsed by influential documents of the Atlantic revolutions such as the American Constitution or the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

The abolition of slavery

Which of the following is true of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 17th-19th century Japan?

The shoguns enacted laws that effectively closed japan to international trade or other cultural interactions

In the Leeds Woolen Workers Petition of 1786, what is the chief concern of the petitioners?

They are concerned that new machines will throw thousands of laborers into unemployment.

How do Marx and Engels feel that the bourgeoisie have changed Europe's relations with the world at large?

They argue that European states are using cheap commodities to forcibly dominate overseas trading markets.

Why do some scholars argue that the directional axis of a continent is an important factor in understanding the development of particular civilizations and the dispersal of agriculture?

They feel that continents with an east-west axis have a significant advantage, because the peoples on the continent could import animals and crops from other regions with relative ease.

According to Eric Cunningham, what are secondary sources?

Works such as textbooks or historical monographs that provide us with a historian's interpretation of the significance of particular events

According to John Stuart Mill, the 'tyranny of the majority' is ...

a key threat in modern government systems and something against which people must constantly guard.

The "Canton system" in 17th and 18th century China demonstrated the power of the Qing dynasty by doing what? a. By allowing European merchants only a fixed period of time each year for trade. b. By dispersing Chinese merchants to widespread regions of Asia and the Pacific. c. By requiring Chinese citizens to provide two years of free labor in service of the emperor.

a. By allowing European merchants only a fixed period of time each year for trade.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Enlightenment ideas spread mostly among the educated elite and had very uneven influence across different parts of Europe. b. Universities were important centers of Enlightenment thought throughout Europe. c. Enlightenment thinkers were, almost without exception, atheists.

a. Enlightenment ideas spread mostly among the educated elite and had very uneven influence across different parts of Europe.

In the face of the Protestant challenge, the Church in Rome established a new body responsible for trying heretics and enforcing orthodoxy called the Sacrum Officium, better known as the ... a. Inquisition b. Order of Sacred Believers c. Religious Orthodoxy Enforcement Body d. Sacred Office

a. Inquisition

Which of the following is true about the Neolithic Revolution? a. It had its origins in at least four discrete regions of the world. Correct b. It eventually transformed the social structures of every human society as they abandoned hunting and gathering as mode of human existence. c. It began at a single point of origin and diffused from there to the rest of the globe. d. It took place chiefly during the last 3,000 years of human history.

a. It had its origins in at least four discrete regions of the world.

Which of the following statements best describes something revolutionary about the American Revolution? a. It threw off the rule of an imperial monarchy and replaced it with a government that did not have a king. b. It created a government that extended legal equality to all people under its rule. c. It supported radically new protections of property rights. d. It established the first government to elect its leadership on the principle of universal suffrage.

a. It threw off the rule of an imperial monarchy and replaced it with a government that did not have a king.

What had been the original motivation for constructing the Berlin Wall in 1961? a. The government of East Germany needed to stop the flow of defectors to the West. Correct b. The government in West Berlin feared the arrival of migrants from Eastern Europe. c. The government of West Germany feared a communist military invasion of West Berlin. d. The government of the USSR feared that the West was using Berlin as a point of entry for espionage.

a. The government of East Germany needed to stop the flow of defectors to the West.

When Benjamin Barber contrasted "Jihad" with "McWorld" in his 1992 essay, to what was he referring? a. The inherent tensions between homogenizing globalization and divisive cultural ideologies. b. The question of whether the world would be dominated by religion or commercial interests in the future. c. His forecast of inevitable violent conflict between Western civilization and the Islamic world. d. The problem of deciding whether to eat from an ethnic restaurant or an American one. Feedback

a. The inherent tensions between homogenizing globalization and divisive cultural ideologies.

Why did the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank and IMF in the 1980s and early 1990s come under widespread criticism? a. The programs required deep cuts in spending on social services and education in developing states. b. They showed overly great deference for the sovereignty of states receiving loans. c. The programs did not do enough to protect against wasteful spending by corrupt governments.

a. The programs required deep cuts in spending on social services and education in developing states.

Which of the following best describes the activities of Renaissance humanists a. They read the ancient texts of Greek and Roman civilization as though their authors remained living people with important ideas for their own world. b. They did all their work in the visual arts, painting and sculpting the human form in new ways. c. They focused chiefly on human anatomy as a field of study. d. They were atheists whose works chiefly aimed to disprove the ideas of the Church.

a. They read the ancient texts of Greek and Roman civilization as though their authors remained living people with important ideas for their own world.

What was the goal of Mao Zedong's "Great Leap Forward" in communist China when it began in 1958? a. To transform mostly rural China into an industrial power. b. To purge the ranks of the Communist Party of anyone not aligned with Mao's vision. c. To make China the world's leading superpower, countering the influence of the US and the USSR.

a. To transform mostly rural China into an industrial power.

How did the humanism of the Renaissance contribute to the Protestant Reformation ignited by Martin Luther? a. By demonstrating clearly the superiority of classical systems of learning to the Church-dominated education of the medieval world. b. By promoting free inquiry and a sense of intellectual emancipation from traditional authority structures. c. By impoverishing the Church of Rome as it spent enormous sums patronizing Italian artists. d. By promoting an anti-religious spirit that was countered by Luther's spiritual reforms.

b. By promoting free inquiry and a sense of intellectual emancipation from traditional authority structures.

How did Adam Smith view the decision of a government to impose high tax duties on imported goods in order to protect their domestic producers? a. He favored it, if the result was that the state could accumulate greater supplies of gold or silver. b. He opposed it as nearly always being either useless or harmful regulation. c. He favored this, as it would help protect jobs.

b. He opposed it as nearly always being either useless or harmful regulation.

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the age of New Imperialism? a. Industrialization impeded the imperial ambitions of many states as the new machines of war were very difficult to move to other parts of the world. b. Newly industrialized states sought access to raw materials by taking control of other territories. c. Factories desperately needed the labor that could be acquired by hiring people in overseas colonies. d. Industrial countries were looking to export their surplus supplies of resources such as coal and iron in the colonial markets.

b. Newly industrialized states sought access to raw materials by taking control of other territories.

How did the Protestant and Catholic Reformations affect the politics of the new national monarchies? a. Settling the religious identity of the state became a monarch's most important function. b. State leaders exercised more direct control over the affairs of the church, especially in Protestant areas. c. Religious leaders found themselves totally marginalized from the affairs of state for the first time.

b. State leaders exercised more direct control over the affairs of the church, especially in Protestant areas.

Which of the following movements did NOT contribute to the "destabilization of the spiritual worldview" between the 15th and 17th centuries? a. The Scientific Revolution b. The Reconquista c. The Protestant Reformation d. Renaissance Humanism

b. The Reconquista

When Francis Fukuyama wrote about the "End of History," what did he mean by this concept? a. The study of history has become irrelevant in our modern world of technology. b. The ascendance of liberal democracy represents the end of a long evolutionary struggle to develop a form of government free of major internal contradictions. c. The process of studying the past had reached its end in terms of our ability to understand anything fundamentally different or new about the choices of people in the past.

b. The ascendance of liberal democracy represents the end of a long evolutionary struggle to develop a form of government free of major internal contradictions.

In the observations of Alexander Falconbridge, one of the consequences for African peoples of the slave trade was... a. that the preference for male slaves was causing serious gender imbalances in their societies. b. that the trade was fostering enmity among them and destroying their social interactions. c. that Europeans were using this as an opportunity to seize African land. d. that they had become uniformly opposed to the slave trade as a great moral evil.

b. that the trade was fostering enmity among them and destroying their social interactions.

On the question of good works (or "works of mercy"), Luther argues in the 95 theses that they are...

better than buying pardons

Which of the following is true about the end results of the Council of Trent? a. The council worked quickly and decisively to enact sweeping reforms of Roman Catholic theology and practice. b. The prolonged debates and decisions of the council revealed deep divisions within the Roman Catholic tradition and severely weakened the authority of the Pope. c. After many years of debate, the council ultimately upheld the church's teachings and dogmas and rejected reconciliation with the Protestant reformers.

c. After many years of debate, the council ultimately upheld the church's teachings and dogmas and rejected reconciliation with the Protestant reformers.

Which of the following best describes Ronald Reagan's position on US and Soviet relations with regard to nuclear weapons? a. He believed that nuclear war was a sad but unavoidable reality. b. He was firmly committed to nuclear disarmament. c. He believed that America needed to maintain a strong nuclear arsenal because the Soviets could not be trusted. d. He was firmly committed to continuing to build the American nuclear arsenal.

c. He believed that America needed to maintain a strong nuclear arsenal because the Soviets could not be trusted.

What state's economic recovery after World War II made it the model for East Asian economic development? a. Korea b. China c. Japan d. Vietnam

c. Japan

Which of the following is true of the national monarchies that emerged in 16th and 17th century Europe? a. Their kings preferred to rely on the members of the high nobility for help with governance. b. Tax collection remained a haphazard endeavor in the hands of local officials. c. Militaries expanded as medieval forces led by nobles were replaced with standing armies loyal to the crown.

c. Militaries expanded as medieval forces led by nobles were replaced with standing armies loyal to the crown.

How did Lech Walesa summarize Poland's economic situation in the wake of communism's collapse in that country? a. Poland's workforce was so demoralized by decades of Communist rule that it would need to rely on external aid for the growth of its economy. b. Because Poland had embraced political freedom, their long term economic prosperity was assured. c. Poland and all of the Eastern bloc economies needed an overhaul that would require significant time and resources. d. Poland was in a uniquely bad spot compared to the other states of Eastern Europe.

c. Poland and all of the Eastern bloc economies needed an overhaul that would require significant time and resources.

What ancient discipline did Renaissance humanists see as perhaps the most important for their own time? a. Philosophy, because their chief concern was how to live an ethical life. b. History, because they felt it essential to have a detailed chronicle of their own past. c. Rhetoric, because it best equipped a man for success in the Italian city-states. d. Mathematics, because it was the language of God's creative work.

c. Rhetoric, because it best equipped a man for success in the Italian city-states.

William Acton's 1857 essay on prostitution was aimed chiefly at what goal? a. Arguing that prostitution should be made legal, as long as it was carried out freely by the women involved. b. Arguing that French attempts to regulate prostitution were evidence of French corruptness and debased moral condition. c. Summarizing French attempts to regulate prostitution by categorizing it and supervising certain aspects of the trade. d. Arguing for the immediate elimination of prostitution in England on a moral basis.

c. Summarizing French attempts to regulate prostitution by categorizing it and supervising certain aspects of the trade.

Which of the following was NOT a powerful Islamic state in 16th century South Asia and/or the Middle East? a. The Ottomans b. The Mughals c. The Fatimids d. The Safavids

c. The Fatimids

John Stuart Mill's essay On Liberty is primarily concerned with what argument? a. The question of whether liberty was preferable to political stability. b. The critique of the idea of liberty as expressed in the French Revolution of 1789. c. The extent to which government can interfere with the liberty of the individual. d. The legitimacy of the political revolutions of 1848, which had demanded liberty for the citizens of European nations.

c. The extent to which government can interfere with the liberty of the individual.

Michael Farday's 1856 letter is a good illustration of what consequence of industrialization? a. The high rates of unemployment in rural communities where farming technologies had taken hold. b. The poor moral quality of the working class people in cities. c. The pollution of the environment caused by rapid urban growth. d. The destruction of old historic treasures in the rush to build new city dwellings for workers.

c. The pollution of the environment caused by rapid urban growth.

Which of the following activities of the Catholic Church does St. Ignatius of Loyola NOT say should be praised by those who follow his Spiritual Exercises? a. Confession to a Priest. b. Relics of the Saints c. The preaching of Indulgences. d. The hearing of Mass often.

c. The preaching of Indulgences.

To what does the term "cultural imperialism" refer in the context of the post-Cold War world? a. The military conquest of smaller cultural groups by larger ones. b. The inevitable conflicts over cultural values that have sprung up as a result of globalization. c. The processes by which the US and other Western powers export both commodities and cultural values to the developing world. d. The advent of new empires that seek to destroy the cultures of their rivals. Feedback

c. The processes by which the US and other Western powers export both commodities and cultural values to the developing world.

In Erasmus's satirical work, In Praise of Folly, which of the following was NOT a critique he leveled against the "religious and the monks"? a. They have become conceited about their own piety exhibited in ceremonies and other human traditions. b. They have so little education as to be more or less illiterate. c. They are overly concerned with education and give little attention to their own spiritual wellbeing. d. Some of them practice such excessive begging that they have actually turned people against beggars who have real need.

c. They are overly concerned with education and give little attention to their own spiritual wellbeing.

Edmund Burke, as a forerunner of 19th century political conservatism, judged the French Revolution as a failure because...

c. it had overthrown France's hereditary monarchy.

When Copernicus first published his views on the heliocentric universe, the reaction was...

chiefly critical, leading to his work being withdrawn from circulation for a time.

In his address to the Christian nobility, Luther disputes the claim of the Church in Rome that a temporal ruler has no power over a spiritual one on what basis? a. Because the state exercises complete control over taxation. b. Because Luther argues that earthly authority is actually more important. c. Because the Church of Rome has surrendered all of its authority by way of its corrupt practices. d. Because all Christians are members of one body and therefore equal, except in terms of their earthly offices.

d. Because all Christians are members of one body and therefore equal, except in terms of their earthly offices.

Why does Immanuel Kant argue that violent revolution is NOT a step towards an enlightened society? a. Because revolutionaries are never enlightened thinkers themselves. b. Because change needs to be brought about by legal authorities with political or moral legitimacy. c. Because Enlightenment will never extend beyond the ranks of society's educated elites. d. Because revolutions would simply replace one set of prejudices with another.

d. Because revolutions would simply replace one set of prejudices with another.

Of the following ideologies demanding changes in the social and political order of European life in the middle of the 19th century, which represented the LEAST immediate threat to that order? a. Democracy b. Nationalism c. Liberalism d. Communism

d. Communism

Which of the following statements is true of Giorgio Vasari's assessment of Leonardo da Vinci? a. He judged Leonardo chiefly to be a celebrity, who preferred fame to actual achievement. b. He thought Leonardo's only real abilities were in the field of painting. c. He judged Leonardo as being inadequately attentive to perfecting his various artistic endeavors. d. He found Leonardo richly gifted in a range of activities but that left many works undone because of Leonardo's extremely high expectations.

d. He found Leonardo richly gifted in a range of activities but that left many works undone because of Leonardo's extremely high expectations.

Why did Cardinal Bellarmine and other Catholic leaders see the idea of a heliocentric model of the universe as a danger? a. He wanted to have clearly observable proof, which no one had found. b. He could not understand the mathematics that lay behind the concept. c. He was concerned that it was a Protestant strategy to further undermine the church. d. He found the idea to be contradictory to the Scriptures, as well as the teachings of the church fathers.

d. He found the idea to be contradictory to the Scriptures, as well as the teachings of the church fathers.

How did de Busbecq characterize the differences between the Ottoman Turks and the people of his own country (in modern Belgium)? a. He thought that Europe had the superior military tradition, but that the Ottomans had a more just judicial system. b. He thought that Ottoman strength was purely a result of their superior military tactics. c. He found the Ottomans inferior because of their Islamic religion. d. He thought the Ottomans rewarded ability and service, while his own people cared only about the position one held at birth.

d. He thought the Ottomans rewarded ability and service, while his own people cared only about the position one held at birth.

Which of the following is true of the effects of the Industrial Revolution? a. The newly wealthy "industrial bourgeoisie" gained easy access to the privileges of power and wealth in England and elsewhere in Europe. b. Because industrial economies were found chiefly in Europe, the rest of the world was largely untouched by these developments and experienced few effects of the changes it brought. c. Industrialization caused cities to become less population dense, as competing industries tried to stake out their particular areas of dominance. d. Industrialization posed a serious cultural and intellectual challenge that became one of the central issues for leading thinkers of the nineteenth century

d. Industrialization posed a serious cultural and intellectual challenge that became one of the central issues for leading thinkers of the nineteenth century

According to John Green's Crash Course video, how might we best characterize people's response to the advent of rail travel in the era of industrialization? a. There was near universal enthusiasm for the new possibilities that it represented, since its speed advantages were evident. b. There was near universal rejection of the railroad, because the earliest rail systems could not operate reliably or offer any great advantages to horse powered travel. c. Initial enthusiasm for the technology eventually gave way to widespread fear of the technology, because it proved too unsafe. d. Initial fears of the new technology eventually gave ways to feelings of security as people became familiar with railroads.

d. Initial fears of the new technology eventually gave ways to feelings of security as people became familiar with railroads.

Which of the following is true of the New Imperialism period between roughly 1870 and 1914? a. It was largely a continuation of the rivalries created during the era of Atlantic exploration. b. The main action was the attempt to build up large amounts of territory across a single continent, such as in Russia. c. It was exclusively the domain of old European powers such as Britain, France, and Spain. d. It was accelerated by the emergence of new state powers such as the United States, Germany, and Japan.

d. It was accelerated by the emergence of new state powers such as the United States, Germany, and Japan.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the overall effects of the "counterculture" as a movement in US history? a. It represented a resort to unchecked hedonism. b. It was the most transformative political movement of the twentieth century. c. It had relatively little long term influence on American society. d. Its challenge to order and obedience left a permanent mark on American culture.

d. Its challenge to order and obedience left a permanent mark on American culture

Which of the following expressions of cultural discontent did NOT occur in the critical year of 1968? Select one: a. Protests at the Democratic National Convention b. The "Prague Spring" in Czechoslovakia c. Student strikes in Paris d. Woodstock open air concert

d. woodstock open air concert

Galileo's discovery that the topography of the moon was more or less the same as that of the earth's surface was important because...

it challenged the Aristotelian concept of celestial bodies having a different quality than the earth.

On the subject of marriage, Olympe de Gouges generally argued that ...

it should be viewed as kind of social contract between a man and a woman, with equal protection of their property rights.

For John Calvin, teaching the doctrine of predestination is important for Christians because...

it should produce in them a suitable humility.

Which labor-intensive crop did Europeans introduce in the Americas, thereby creating the first major demand for slave laborers?

sugar

Which of the following accurately describes items shared back-and-forth between Europe and the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

plants, animals, and diseases

The fact that people as diverse as the philosopher Francis Bacon, the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, and the mathematician Galileo Galilei all played a major role in the Scientific Revolution is evidence that...

there was much greater fluidity to the idea of "natural philosophy" (the overall study of nature) during this time.

When Europeans encountered evidence of the thousands of human sacrifices committed by the Aztecs, their reaction was

to destroy the religious materials of the Aztecs, believing them to be the work of the devil.