Western civ Final Exam

Absolutism: Theory, characteristics, and Louis XIV

*Theory* -Thomas Hobbs: People live in a state of nature/ can do anything you want; people can so whatever to you or vice versa; Social contract; people gravitate to higher people therefore, now unable to do what they want. Ex) peasants going to work for noble -Jacques Bosseuet; The ruler is there because God choose that person as a ruler the people have no right to question *Characteristics* -Large standing armies -expand influence -increase bureaucracies -taxation more; more money in and gov expanding -Absolution and religion; mutually beneficial relationships (helps keep absolute rule maintained) -Absolution and mechanisms; materials that fewest people as possible had creates wealth *Louis XIV* wanted to do something about nobility secular power; wanted a monopoly on armies (he is the only person who can have one), the palace of Versailles would allow nobles to throw parties he could throw better (showed that he can do better) and did not spend money on their armies; revoke the edict of Nantes and popes decisions can be reversed

Important individuals associated with the Protestant Reformation and elements of their doctrine

- *Henry King VIII*; England breaks away from catholic Rome Henry head of the church in England the pope no longer is

Important individuals and events in the religious wars in Europe

- *St.Bartholomews Day Massacure*; Henry and Mary are supppose to get married one protestant and one catholic Marys mother knowns all kinds are going to be in Paris at same time wants them all killed -*Henry VI* is the first and only King of catholic France *Edict of Nantes*; Protestants had the right to worship *Netherlands and Spain war*- taxed heavily to help the protestants in Europe

Characteristics of the Catholic response to the Protestant challenge

- Censorship of books -Catholic counter-reformation; council trent: meeting to discuss different critiques that protestants brought against them because of Luther

Martin Luther rebellion leading to the 95 theses

- Luther is sparked by the indulgence (donation to the church by sin) the money is used to build st. Peters *corrupt indulgence*

Characteristics of Northern renaissance

-Focused on catholic church -church drifted away from founders -reexamination of christian principles and original intention of the church -*Great Schism* two people were claiming to be the pope

Factors that play a role in the success and spread of the Protestant Reformation

-increase in taxes therefore convert to prostestants

Factors and figures that play a role in the buildup, outbreak, and outcome of the English Civil War

-political conflict and a constitutional conflict parliament and king -parliament creates *petition of rights* must have parliament consent to raise taxes Charles I creates the *dissolve of parliament* and eliminates the individuals who agree with petition of rights *Great Remonstrance* parliament establishes abolish of taxes without parliament consent and must call parliament at least once a year king Charles I sends in army and parliament escapes Charles I leaves London

Why was the Act of Toleration of 1689 significant?

It gave all Protestants freedom of worship.

Napoleon's first exile was to:

The Isle of Elba

This targeting and killing of Protestants in the lead-up to the marriage between Henri of Navarre and Margaret of Valois has been called:

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Italian city states benefitted from their lucky geographic position, which allowed them to tap into rich trading networks.

True

Literacy expanded dramatically, which meant that by 1800 in London and Paris,

nearly all adult males could read.

What was one of the purposes of the treaties of Tilsit, which was signed in July 1807?

the creation of a Franco-Russian alliance meant to enable both allies to dominate Europe

Pietists, Hasidim, and Wesleyans all shared

the enthusiastic mood of religious revivalism.

Why did the East India Company and Great Britain fight the Opium War?

to force China to open ports to British trade

The portion of the Napoleonic Code that forbade women from publishing a book without their husband's express written consent was repealed in the

1960

The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 is best characterized as:

A liberal-leaning political body that was split over the question of whether Prussia or Austria should dominate a united Germany

One reaction to European society during the Belle Epoque was:

A rise in nervous disorders

By 1600, European Expansion created trading routes to

Africa, India, Southeast Asia, South America, and China.

What culture or philosophy influenced Pablo Picasso's The Young Ladies of Avignon (1907)?

African sculpture

Factors that lead to increased questioning/critiques of the Catholic Church

All catholics; Europe -*Martin Luther*; creates central tenant; salvation comes from faith alone and can not be bought;Gods work is not soul saving; bible to challenge pope *successful critiques* because gain support from nobility because this meant no taxes to be paid to the pope if you just answer local lord; wide audience because of working for the wealthy. -*Jan Hues*; church and state affairs should be separate; priest are corrupt go back to closest relationship with the bible; supported by the peasants because hus offers a version that takes and gives back. -*John Calvin*; Calvinism people are predestination before born god already picks heaven or hell calvinism kicked out of Europe because of Catholicism flees to North America

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church; pope states that 41 against the church doc and he had 60 days to fix them Luther burns popes responds and the pope states him as no longer catholic Start of the Protestant reformation; peasants revolt because of Luthers revision; Luther is against them because the higher nobility back him

Prior to the Scientific Revolution, European science was still dominated by the ideas of:

Aristotle

Why did the politiques in France represent such a radical departure from conventional politics in the late sixteenth century?

As religious moderates, they prioritized concerns regarding state unity over religious loyalties.

Louis XVI called the Assembly of Notables to:

Ask a group of leading nobles to consent to paying a tax

Which of the following nations did Napoleon defeat after the Peninsular War in 1809, thus seeming to solidify his power and resulting in his marriage to Maria-Louise?

Austria

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws and was the key figure in re-envisioning a true, practical science of society?

Baron Montesquieu

Napoleon's plans for the invasion of England were finally abandoned after the

Battle of Trafalgar.

How did the construction of Versailles change the nature of French court life?

Because the aristocracy came to play a prominent role in court life, the king had more opportunities to ensure its obedience.

This Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia is credited with orchestrating the unification of Italy

Camillo di Cavour

The resources associated with these industries were the most important during the First Industrial Revolution:

Coal, Iron, Cotton

Why were the Huguenots deemed a threat by the French monarchy until the reign of Henry IV?

Conversion of French nobles to Calvinism meant that members of the ruling class supported the cause, thus creating an opportunity for resistence to the government.

A characteristic of the lives of Europe's working class was:

Cramped living conditions Long hours Relying on all family members to contribute to the household income

In an effort to establish religious peace in Europe, the Treaty of Westphalia:

Declared that the religion of a state's population was to be the same as their lord

According to Karl Marx's view of history:

Different stages corresponded to the primary economic force of the period

Napoleon adopted this strategy to try to force Britain to the negotiating table after 1807:

Economic Warfare

Louis XIV's revoking of this edict led to a mass exodus of Huguenots from France:

Edict of Nantes

The philosophes placed their hopes for social reform in the hands of:

Educated elites

When we refer to constitutionalism, we are referring to political developments in:

England and the Dutch Republic

Who were the Luddites?

English textile workers who organized to destroy new manufacturing equipment that threatened their jobs

One of the primary difference between slavery in North American versus the Caribbean and South America was:

Enslaved African women were more sought after by slave owners in order to form families and bear children in North American

Erasmus corrected several mistranslations in the Latin Vulgate. Which one concerned one of the sacraments of the Church?

Erasmus contended that the passage translated as "do penance" should simply read "repent."

Louis XIV successfully tamed the French nobility by:

Establishing a monopoly on violence

Europeans succeeded in conquering the Americas for a variety of reasons. Yet this was likely the most decisive facilitating factor:

European diseases

A desire to revolutionize the coal industry led to innovations in the production of iron and cotton.

False

After 1700, there were far more white Europeans than enslaved Africans in the Caribbean.

False

Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and the mutation over time by certain species was unique in that no one else studying the sciences was advancing similar ideas.

False

Charles II was the first European monarch to be tried and executed by his subjects.

False

Europeans' better living conditions encouraged them to have more children.

False

Europeans' religiosity increased during the Belle Epoque, as more people than ever before attended church services.

False

Feudalism was a rigid system of hierarchical power relations between the peasantry, nobility, and urban workers.

False

Frederick William IV of Prussia accepted the crown offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament.

False

Isaac Newton became an atheist as a result of his scientific discoveries.

False

Katharina von Bora was of little help to Luther, outside of her being a symbol of his rejection of monasticism and other Catholic traditions.

False

Marie Antoinette was well-loved by the populace of France

False

Napoleon experienced greater military success at sea, rather than land.

False

Philosophes differed from philosophers because whereas philosophes concerned themselves with abstract theories, the philosophers were dedicated to solving the real problems of the world.

False

Sigmund Freud discovered radiology and was the first physician to use hypnosis with patients.

False

The "Concert of Europe" referred to the intense imperial competition among European countries following Napoleon's downfall.

False

The Cavaliers supported Parliament during the English Civil War.

False

The Congress of Vienna was careful to take into account the desires of local people when they redrew the map of Europe.

False

The Ems Telegram was a communication sent from Napoleon III to Wilhelm I that was so insulting that it caused the Prussians to declare war on the French.

False

The Grand Army was made up entirely of Frenchmen when Napoleon led it into Russia in 1812.

False

The Second Industrial Revolution was similar to the first in that Britain dominated the new industries and extended its economic dominance of the world.

False

The ideas associated with nineteenth-century liberals and conservatives closely mirror the ideological positions of groups of the same name in the twenty-first century United States.

False

The influence of the French Revolution was confined to the years 1789-1815.

False

The philosophes sought to create happiness in the next world (the afterlife) rather than focusing on its creation in this world.

False

ean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most conservative of the philosophes.

False

Which of the following statements correctly describes changes in Europe following Napoleon's defeat?

Few European sovereigns held that they had a divine right to rule.

In which parts of Europe outside Switzerland did Calvinism gain the most adherents?

France, the Low Countries, England, and certain parts of the Holy Roman Empire

The Edict of Nantes:

Gave Protestants the right to worship in France

During the decades after 1820, which of the following became the center of a number of religious movements aiming to make religion consistent with the liberal ideas that arose after the Enlightenment?

Germany

The Industrial Revolution began in:

Great Britain

Which of the following groupings correctly list the five great powers of Europe in the 19th century:

Great Britain, Austria, France, Russia, and Prussia

Why was Anne-Robert Turgot a significant figure during the Enlightenment?

He began what would be the most ambitious reforms attempted in France until the French Revolution.

Napoleon led a French expedition to attempt to conquer Egypt because:

He could threaten the British control of India

Which of the following sentences encapsulates the French poet Baudelaire's opinion of realism?

He disdained convention in a headlong pursuit of what was new.

What did Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, do to demonstrate his devotion and to gain access to the Church's Treasury of Merit?

He displayed relics that, when viewed, released a Catholic believer from many years in Purgatory.

The interest in travel and exploration during the eighteenth century led to the Royal Society engaging Captain Cook to make an expedition. Which of the following correctly describes Cook's legacy?

He was considered an English martyr after being killed by natives.

Which of the following statements describes Disraeli's most impressive legacy?

He was principally responsible for officially creating a British empire.

The power struggle following the death of this King was intensified by religious rivalries between the great families of France:

Henri II

An alternative name for French Protestants was:

Huguenot

Zwingli and Luther disagreed about the composition of the sacraments in the Eucharist. Which philosophy seems to have influenced Zwingli's interpretation of Christ's words, "This is my body"?

Humanism, for Zwingli, applied linguistic analysis to the passage.

Which of the follow is a characteristic of absolute rule:

Increasingly centralized states Strong, ambitious dynasties Mercantilism

The "rebirth" referred to in the Renaissance was the rebirth of:

Interest in Classical learning

An important consequence of the Franco-Prussian War was:

It destroyed the balance of power system that had been established by the Congress of Vienna The unification of Germany The establishment of a lasting Franco-German antagonism

What was the importance of the Wilkes affair?

It gave some of the most substantial evidence at the time that the Enlightenment might have political results different from those the absolutist monarchs had intended.

How was the Enlightenment different from the Reformation?

It largely spread through existing institutions and practices.

Which of the following statements about the Glorious Revolution in Ireland was true?

It made clear that the majority of Irish subjects did not choose to depose King James II.

The significance of the Battle of Trafalgar was:

It prevented Napoleon from launching an invasion of Great Britain

Which of the following describes the effects of the founding of the Bank of England in 1694?

It provided stable and dependable credit to the government and merchants

How did King Henry IV's promulgation of the Edict of Nantes in 1598 reflect the principles of the politiques?

It recognized certain cities as protected and self-governed by the Huguenots, situated in Catholic France.

How did the "new nationalism" of the late 19th C differ from previous forms of nationalism?

It was associated with the political right and was anti-democratic, whereas previous nationalist movements had been associated with liberalism and democracy

Why were Russian leaders so keen to gain territory in southeastern Europe, even though it drew Russia into conflict with the Ottoman Empire?

It would give them access to the Mediterranean Sea by means of a warm-water port.

Which European country failed to achieve its objective in Africa?

Italy

What was the fate of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, which was formed in 1898?

Its members needed to work largely in exile due to efforts by the police to crush it.

Who built the first internal combustion engine coupled with a "horseless carriage"?

Karl Benz

Liberalism was an ideology primarily supported by the:

Middle-class

A characteristic of the Society of Jesus was:

Missionary activities Dedication to education Militarism

Like the natural world, the philosophes believed that human actions were governed by universal rules otherwise known as:

Moral Laws

This individual is most responsible for the spread of nationalism in Europe:

Napoleon Bonaparte

The leader of France during the Franco-Prussian War was:

Napoleon III

The Battle of Eylau in 1807 suggested that

Napoleon's great victories would eventually end, for he had only won a narrow victory.

In which way was the intensity of anti-Semitism in France especially surprising?

Only a very small percentage of the population was Jewish.

An important factor contributing to the duration and ferocity of the Thirty Years' War was:

Outside aid to both Protestant and Catholic forces

The act which is traditionally pointed to as marking the beginning of the English Civil War was:

Parliament's passage of the Great Remonstrance

The three main divisions of society in 1500 were:

Peasants, the nobility, and the clergy

This was the primary economic activity of enslaved Africans in the Americas:

Plantation agriculture

What forms did anti-Semitism take in Europe?

Pogroms Discriminatory legislation Prejudice

Which of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years' War?

Poland would eventually be partitioned between Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Which of the following best characterizes the economic trajectory of the Spanish exploitation of their possessions in the Americas:

Policy of plunder followed by a more thorough exploitation of natural resources

Which of the following played a role in the outbreak of the French Revolution

Poor harvests Problems with Louis XVI Economic crisis

How did Protestant church music differ from Catholic music?

Protestant congregations participated in group singing.

Which religious group most objected initially to Copernicus' theory?

Protestants

Contrary to the mindsets of their contemporary philosophers and artists, early promoters of the academic discipline of sociology relied on ________ to analyze the human condition.

Reason

An important goal for conservatives in nineteenth-century Europe was:

Reestablish the privileges that the Revolution and Napoleonic era had swept away

Some scholars have suggested that it is misleading to label the technological and industrial advances of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the "Industrial Revolution" because:

Revolution implies a single, dramatic transformative event

Leopold II's pursuit of this resource led him to oversee the perpetration of thousands of atrocities in the Congo:

Rubber

What impact did the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 have on Russia?

Russia's humiliating defeat contributed to the Revolution of 1905 and persuadedRussia to bring Britain into its alliance with France, for protection against the rising power of Germany.

These were informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women, which gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church:

Salons

Which of the following statements about Catherine the Great of Russia is true?

She explored Enlightenment principles but did not put them into practice.

Following this battle in the Russian campaign, Russian forces adopted a scorched earth strategy to deny resources to the invading Grand Army:

Smolensk

Why did Spain not involve itself in the acquisition of colonies while other European countries gained territories?

Spain had lost its colonies to the United States in the Spanish-American War of 1898.

The invention of this machine helped British textile factories to compete with weavers in India:

Spinning Jenny

The application of this technology to cotton mills led to their proliferation across Great Britain:

Steam engine

The most important industries associated with the Second Industrial Revolution were:

Steel, electricity, and chemicals

In the Kulturkampf, Otto von Bismarck

Targeted Catholics for discrimination because he believed their national loyalties were suspect

One of Napoleon's most decisive victories occurred when he crushed a combined Russian and Austrian force near Vienna. This battle is referred to as:

The Battle of Austerlitz

Observations of the carnage and aftermath of this battle in 1859 led Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross on October 26, 1863.

The Battle of Solferino

What instigated the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in China?

The Boxers, a secret Chinese nationalist society, were opposed to Western influences and perpetrated attacks on European missionaries, merchants, and soldiers.

The primary destination for enslaved Africans in the Americas was:

The Caribbean and South America

Which of the following played a role in the gradual fading of the Italian Renaissance:

The Catholic Church's effort to reestablish its control over thought and art

The "reconquest" refers to:

The Christian conquest of former Muslim territories on the Iberian Peninsula

The Prussian alliance with Austria in this war set the stage for the Austro-Prussian War:

The Danish War

What did the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony demonstrate about the settlers' interactions with Native Americans?

The English Protestants of the colony sought to evangelize the Native American tribes.

Louis XVI's calling of this institution was effectively an admission that he could no longer govern alone:

The Estates General

This event that occurred in the fourteenth century was a significant blow to the unquestioned authority of the church:

The Great Schism

Although called the Northern Renaissance, a primary distinction between Northern Renaissance and its Italian counterpart was

The Northern Renaissance more closely engaged with the contemporary teachings of the Catholic Church

Although called the Northern Renaissance, a primary distinction between Northern Renaissance and its Italian counterpart was:

The Northern Renaissance more closely engaged with the contemporary teachings of the Catholic Church

1648 marked the end of the wars of religion and beginning of:

The Old Regime

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of mass politics?

The advent of mass literacy

The Glorious Revolution entailed:

The ascension of William and Mary to the throne of England The overthrow of James II The Passage of the English Bill of Rights

The June Days in Paris is best associated with:

The beginning of a successful conservative counterrevolutionary attack against the forces that supported the Revolutions of 1848

Which of the following played a role in the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848:

The conservatism of Europe's peasantry That the armies by-and-large stayed loyal to the established governments Political divisions between liberals and democrats

An important outgrowth of middle-class culture in the nineteenth century was:

The creation of distinct public and private spheres

A common image evoked by the term "the Enlightenment" across languages is:

The dawning of a new age of reason

Spanish military power suffered a significant and ultimately permanent setback following:

The defeat of the "Invincible Armada"

A basic feature of mass politics in late nineteenth century Europe was:

The extension of the right to vote to all adult men

The important transportation innovation associated with the First Industrial Revolution was:

The locomotive

Which of the following statements describes the group that truly became the ascendant class by the mid-nineteenth century?

The middle class became Europe's dominant social group.

Why was the French novelist Gustave Flaubert prosecuted for his novel, Madame Bovary?

The novel's frank depiction of sexuality and extramarital affairs alarmed authorities.

This invention in 1450 revolutionized the way that information was conveyed and its spread in fifteenth century Europe:

The printing press

An important reason why Martin Luther's reform efforts were successful while previous attempts had failed was:

The protection of powerful German princes

The Restoration refers to:

The return of the Stuart Monarch to the throne of England The reestablishment of the Church of England The reestablishment of a full Parliament

Nineteenth-century European nationalists sought to create national identities in their compatriots through:

The standardization of language The creation of nationalist organizations The stressing of common histories

The Middle Passage refers to:

The trans-Atlantic journey from Africa to the Americas

An important argument from "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" was:

The universe could be explained completely through the use of mathematical models

Although fiction writers toward the end of the nineteenth century did not dramatically depart from the earlier style, why did several provoke controversy?

Their unflinching descriptions of the negative aspects of bourgeois society, especially its sexual hypocrisy, enraged critics.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the "middling sort" of the eighteenth century?

They consisted of a discrete group who did not work with their hands but were not wealthy.

Which of the following was true of the romantics, a group of artists and thinkers in part inspired by the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

They exalted emotions and instinct.

Why were European authorities so troubled by the growth of socialism?

They feared that socialists' loyalty lay primarily with their social class rather than the nation

What did the members of the British Labour Party hope to accomplish in their first Parliament?

They hoped to introduce social welfare policies and restrict the excessive power of large business corporations.

Which of the following statements describes the significance of the successful rebels and political groups that emerged from the British civil wars?

They introduced drastic political and social reforms that inspired future revolutionary movements.

How did Austria and Prussia "switch sides" in 1812?

They joined the growing allied coalition against Napoleon.

How did avant-garde artists demonstrate their opinion of and attitude toward middle-class mores and taste, in keeping with their watchword, épater la bourgeoisie?

They produced art that was seen as morally questionable or alien and bizarre.

The Ludites were famous because:

They rejected industrialization and destroyed the machines that made them redundant

Which of the following statements describes the state of books in the Netherlands and elsewhere?

They served as common signs of prosperity for merchants and professionals.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the actions of many European monarchs and ministers during the period 1600-1640?

They sought new ways to cooperate with traditional institutions and elites to control their power.

Which of the following best describes the Nobles of the Robe:

They were members of the new nobility who had purchased their ranks

How were Jews perceived by some European nationalists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

They were perceived to be outsiders who had no national homeland

What duties did Zwingli ascribe to Christian magistrates?

They were to establish the correct form of public worship and to enforce appropriate public behavior.

Which of the following statements about the significance of Isaac Newton's work in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is correct?

Through simple, easily understood equations, Newton's work seemed to restore the physical universe to the perfection attributed to it by Ptolemy.

An important reason why Europeans looked to Africa for enslaved labor was:

Too many indigenous peoples had died of disease to provide a large and stable workforce

A Jewish Reform movement took shape in Germany in the 1820s and was presented as radical and modern.

True

An important difference between Martin Luther and John Calvin was that Calvin emphasized total obedience to God's will rather than reconciliation

True

An important difference between Martin Luther and John Calvin was that Calvin emphasized total obedience to God's will rather than reconciliation.

True

Concentration camps were first utilized by the British in the Boer War.

True

Martin Luther saw himself as a restorer rather than a rebel.

True

Martin Luther's teachings and critiques of the Catholic Church became increasingly radical after 1517.

True

Napoleon created several kingdoms after his victories and gave each of his brothers one to rule.

True

Napoleon helped design a university system that became the foundation for the system France has today.

True

Salon culture was empowering to women because they were the primary gatekeepers.

True

The European powers that defeated Napoleon in 1814 reestablished the Bourbon Dynasty and placed Louis XVIII on the throne of France.

True

The French Revolution struck the first major blow in continental Western Europe against monarchical absolutism.

True

The French especially took to riding bicycles, made more comfortable with the upgrade of John Boyd Dunlop's rubber tires.

True

The Industrial Revolution was one of the central transformations in modern history.

True

The Levellers were a group of soldiers within the New Model Army who believed all adult men should have the right to vote.

True

The Netherlands were part of the Spanish Empire when war broke out between them in 1572.

True

The Scientific Revolution was above all a revolution in thought.

True

The man who became James I of England was already a king prior to his ascension to the English throne.

True

The mass production that resulted from plantation agriculture in the Atlantic System turned onetime luxury goods into everyday necessities.

True

The philosophes believed that the progress of civilization was in the hands of humanity.

True

The uprising in Paris in February 1848 that overthrew Louis-Philippe is often portrayed as the event that inspired revolts across Europe.

True

Vizier Kara Mustafa led the siege of Vienna and was defeated by Jan III Sobieski.

True

When the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party split into two factions in 1903, consisting of the more moderate Mensheviks and the radical Bolsheviks, the latter claimed to be in the "majority," but in truth the Mensheviks had the larger following.

True

What ideas infusing right-wing movements convinced their adherents that violent conflict was a positive thing?

Very often these movements had members who applied Darwinian ideas to societies at large; thus, they accepted the notion of inevitable conflict between nations and races, in which only the "fittest" would survive.

What conflict in the New World did Britain's attempts to keep its colonies from trading with France cause?

War of 1812

The power wielded by the Holy Roman Emperor in the early 17th C is best characterized as:

Weak, with the Emperor acting primarily as a figurehead

An important factor determining the likelihood that a person would be enslaved in Africa was

Where the person lived

Which of the following statements correctly describes Charles I's execution in 1649

While a prisoner, Charles I pledged to make concessions, but victory by the New Model Army helped ensure his execution.

What happened to the new religious orders created for women in the Catholic Church by the end of the sixteenth century?

While several of these groups had ministered to the public, they were all enclosed (cloistered) by the end of the century.

An important abolitionist in the British Parliament in the late 18th and early 19th C was:

William Wilberforce

What did modernism in art in the late nineteenth century represent at its core?

a conscious break with earlier styles of art

What did Nikolai II establish for the first time in Russian history?

a form of parliament

Absolutist states idealized the notion of

a well-ordered police state relying on reason and managed by central authority.

Cosmopolitanism was encouraged by nobles' and professionals' doing which of the following?

abandoning local cultural life in favor of the books, ideas, and music from urban centers such as Paris and London

Which of the following was a cause of the large increase in agricultural production in most countries in Europe, with the exception of the "charmed circle"?

an expanded number of acres under cultivation

British capital used to finance the ________ was a prime example of globalization.

building of American railroads

The German romantic writers joined French revolutionaries in their devotion to the nation, but many of them increasingly

denounced Napoleon's desire to create a multinational Europe.

Why did Great Britain organize a protectorate in Egypt in 1882?

ensure that its Asia-bound ships could pass through the new Suez Canal

In his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther categorically condemned the pope.

false

Luther displayed scant religious sensitivity before his conversion experience while an Augustinian monk.

false

Marta Skawronska was a Latvian maid who later became famous

for ruling the largest empire of the time as Tsarina Catherine I.

Thomas Hobbes's claim in his book Leviathan that life was "solitary, poore, nasty, brutish and short" was an argument

for the establishment of states imposing order and laws.

The well-ordered Russian absolutist state did much to limit internal violence and the exploitation of tenants and serfs, yet at the same time it

forced peasants to pay increased taxes.

The Peninsular War witnessed small bands of insurgents fighting the French through what were often surprise attacks. What was this type of fighting known as?

guerilla warfare

For which of the following is Daniel Defoe known?

inspiring the realist novel

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

made Protestantism illegal on French soil

The formation of the Confederation of the Rhine was a signal that

midsized German states were now part of the French sphere of influence.

Louis XIV's death provoked the Prince Regent to

move the royal court out of Versailles and back to Paris.

What was the purpose of the Kulturkampf directed by Bismarck?

remove Catholics from influential positions and reduce the Catholic Church's role in education

The Carbonari were secret societies spreading across Europe that advocated for

revolutionary democracy in Italy and beyond.

The unprecedented size and scale of fighting forces between 1618 and 1648 meant that

soldiers systematically stole goods in order to survive

One of John Locke's most influential arguments was:

that all men have certain natural rights

What did Erasmus learn from the humanist Lorenzo Valla

that the New Testament should be read and studied in its original language

Alexis de Tocqueville saw the United States as a land of democracy, pluralism, and social equality, but also a land that was threatened by

the "tyranny of the majority" over individuals.

The liberal politics that emerged after 1800 was committed to

the advancement of free market

Which of the following was a result of the Crimean War?

the first coordinated attempts at battlefield nursing and the founding of the Red Cross

David Hume's book The Natural History of Religion aligned the Scottish Enlightenment with

the idea that belief in God had its origin in superstition and fear.

The Enlightenment concept of "utilitarianism" advocated

the measurement of value based on the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Which of the following did the Paris Commune oppose, resulting in a bloody conflict?

the new national government led by Adolphe Thiers

Which of the following was both the most efficient system designed by Napoleon and the greatest cause of resistance to his empire in France and the French territories?

the new practice of conscription

How did the Enlightenment differ from earlier intellectual movements?

the participation of a much broader section of society in the debates

What did the Paris Commune briefly restore, which harkened back to the days of the French Revolution?

the revolutionary calendar of the French Revolution

Why were salons in France initially organized?

to instruct newcomers in the traditions of the court

René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed everything from the Appalachians to the Rockies for the king of France.

true

The increased power of trade unions over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was evident in the growing number of strikes in the workplace.

true