Western Humanities midterm #1

freize

A decorative horizontal band usually placed along the upper end of the wall.

solomons temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.

dactylic hexameter

A poetry in which a line consists of six feel in the pattern stressed, unstressed, unstressed, etc

lyric poetry

A short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings

epic simile

A simile developed over several lines of verse

Peloponnesian wars

About 431 BCe there is a fallout with the other city states Delian league- athens enters into an alliance with other greek city states after the persian war Other sity states accuse athenians of using money donated for the league for their own building projects Athens tried expand and other city states get uneasy League divides into two factions- athens and her allies and sparta and her allies Sparta and allies declare war on athens There are a series of wars and truces but the spartans fianllt defeat athens in 404 BCE The golden age of athens over

virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied

column of trajan

Commemorates victory over Dacians Depictions of battle but also soldiers engaged in building and infrastructure projects

What major innovations in architecture did the Romans employ?

Concrete Arch Barrel vault Groin vault Roman aqueduct - take water from higher elevation and bring water to the cities Colosseum

bust

Depiction of someone of chest and shoulders up

cycladic civilization

Early Bronze Age culture of Greece in the Aegean Sea during 3200-2000 BC. Known for their flat female idols carved out of the island's pure white marble centuries before the great Middle Bronze Age (Minoan) culture arose in Crete, to the south.

Etruscans

Etruscans living in modern day tuscany ( north central) Spoke a non european language that has not been desiphered Religion similar to pantheon of greek and roman gods Borrowed and admired greek art but did not directly imitate it Etruscans expand and conquer Rome about 600 Model of 6th-century etrucan temple- unlike greek temples but scultpure on top of temples Apollo of Veii (510-500 BCE) large painted cotta and the bronze sculpture

saul

First king of Israel

Erechtheion art

Ionic, multi-purpose Housed the wooden statue of athena (athena polis) Also commemorated poseidon striking water Porch of maidens- caryatids ( columns shaped like a young women)

proverbs

Kh = ketuvim - writings ( psalms, proverbs etc)

alexander the great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia

priam

King of Troy; father of Hector, Paris, and Cassandra confronts achillies to get hectors body back has a heart to heart

historical analysis

Look at time period, what we know about time period What we know about artist Context to painting

metope

Metopes contained scenes of lapiths vs the centaurs, greek vs amazons, gods vs giants - all allusions to greek deafeat of the persians

stoicism

Mind over circumstance Greek philosophy that becomes popular in Rome Cicero, Marcus Aurelius, Seneca The universe is ordered by divine reason, and man cannot change the course of events We should accept our situation and control our emotional reactions as we seek virtue Calamity is virtues opportunity - Seneca

Palace of Knossos art

Minoan

Which ancient Aegean civilization is the subject of the Iliad and the Odyssey?

Mycenaeans

cave paintings

Natural pigments usually mixed with spit or animal fat or other liquids Applied with sticks, fingers or blown on Range from very large to small

abrahamic covenant

Prosperity will be blessed (will receive the land of canan Abrahams posterity would have the opportunity to receive the blessings of the priesthood Throught abraham and his prosperity all the children of the earth will be blessed Christ would come from abrahams lineage Abrahams posterity will be as numerous as the sands in the sea

aristotle

Pupil of plato and studied at the academy Tutor to alexander the great Founded his own school - the lyceum Unlike plato, aristotle felt that things had some part of the forms in them. So an apple would contain both physical materials and the form within it ( hylomorphism) For aristotle knowledge comes by studying the things that exist in the world rather than a contemplation of the forms Unmoved nover- prime mover- there must be an immortal, unchanging being ultimately responsible for all wholeness and orderliness ina sensiable world

equestrian statue of marcus aurelius

Roman

cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers

allegory of the cave

Seeing is not always true; Plato uses this to say that we only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know

solomon

Solomon reigns- builds the temple and the great palace United kingdom of israel Temple of solomon Temple mount

sophocles

Sophocles wrote about 120 plays, only 7 survive Won first prize at the competition over 20 times Close friend of pericles and active in athenian politics Several of his plays ( agamemon, electra, ajax etc) deal with characters from the iliad

code of hammurabi

Stele of hammurabi- contains the code of hammurabi ( first written code of laws) Hammurabi receives the code from the god shamesh ( god of justice) How does the relief sculpture on the stele help legitimize hammurabis code of laws in the eyes of the people

Iconography

Symbols or representations used in the art of a specific culture that draws on descriptions or stories from the well-known oral or literary traditions of that culture.

Torah

T = torah - first 5 books of moses

romulus and remus

Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus raditionally said to be descendents of aeneas romulus considered the founder of rome

colosseum

Tuscan (doric), ionic, Corinthian columns Seated 50,000 people Built for the people by emperor Vespasian Flavian amphitheater by romans Colosseum comes from the statue of apollo- now gone Paid for with spoils of Jewish war 76 numbered entrances Animal hunts, execution of prisoners, gladiator fights, naval battles

Ziggurat

Uruk, Ur (huge religious structures) (its the platform for the temple)

What were some characteristics of Etruscan art?

Verism = extreme realism

Corinthain

Version of the Ionic order Column capital was elaborate, decorated with acanthus leaves Invented at the end of the 5th century Used much in Hellenistic and Roman times

stele

Victory stele of naram sin - an upright stone slab or pillar with inscriptions or design, often used to commemorate an event or mark an important location

helen

Wife of Menelaus, Queen of Sparta

nike of samothrace ( winged victory) hellenistic

Winged victory Overlooking a harbor, Probably commemorated a naval vicctory Perched on the bough of a ship probably positioned in an open sanctuary facing the sea 18 feet tall Reconstructed piece by piece in the

plato

Writing are mostly dialectic investigation truth through dialogue of opposing views Belief in forms - allegory of the cave Concerned with the creation of the ideal state- rule by philosopher kings Founded the academy (academics) - considered the first true precursor to our universities Most famous works, the apology, the paedo, the crito, the republic, the symposiums Allegory of the cave What do the chains represent (closed mindset, traditions, lack of education) What do the shadows represent ( the way we perceive things) What does the sunlight represent ( truth knowledge) Why can light be uncomfortable at first (its different from what they always have known) Platos forms A form is the essence of a thing that makes it what it is. Everything we see or perceive is just an imperfect, transitory representation of a perfect, unchanging form We were acquainted with the true forms in an earlier existence and becoming acquired

epic of gilgamesh

based on an actual king of Uruk, the most complete text we have comes from about 1800 BCE-written on clay tablets in cuneiform and discovered in the library at nineveh, extremely popular and influential in ancient times but then lost until about 1866 when it was organized and translated-tablets are still being discovered, stories of the flood and creation that are similar to old testament stories, considered an epic poem but not necessarily a poem in the traditional western sense Major themes Natural man vs civilized man Quest for immortality and the inevitability of death What is the individuals role and responsibility in society? We are part of a whole Ecological responsibility vs industrialization What is true love and true friendships

oedipus

a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta

kore

an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes.

terra cotta

baked earth; hard, brownish-red pottery

julius ceasar

becomes dictator in 45 BCE( declares himself dictator for life) and is assassinatd 1 year late Julias caesar and pompey, previously allies, contend for power and pompey is killed 31 BCE- julius caesars appointed successor, octavian, defeats mark antony at the battle of actium- antony and cleopatra both die by suicide

Prehistoric/Prehistory

before written records Paleolithic - old stone age Mesolithic - middle stone age Neolithic - new sone age Hunters, gatherers and pastoralists Small groups No huge social classes Not a lot of excess produce

epicureanism

belief in atoms/ molecule

tiresias

blind prophet who advised Odysseus

Capitoline Brutus

bronze republican rome

Apoxyomenos (Scraper)

by Lysippos of Sikyon; Roman marble copy of original; Rome, Italy; ca. 330 BCE • New canon of proportion in which the bodies were more slender than those of Polykleitos • Athlete scraping the oil from his body after exercise • Nervous energy, lacking in balanced form • Lysippos began to break down the dominance of the frontal view in statuary...view from multiple angles • Figure breaks out of box that usually confined him (look at feet)

porch of maidens art

caryatids ( columns shaped like a young women) erechithon temple

abraham

considered the father of the israelite people, abraham movies from UR and eventually

stele of hammurabi art

contains the code of hammurabi ( first written code of laws)

Augestus of prima porta

cupid in sculpture to show Augustus was a descendant from the gods, he is points like a public speaker, and armor to show Divine connection Military prowess Great orator gods are behind me so you should too

pantheon

pan= all theos= gods Temple to all the gods Columns are one piece Could accommodate a perfect sphere Pantheon dome and oculus open air The biggest dome we have seen yet

What is the role of fate/destiny in Greek literature? What can men/women control? What do they not have control over? How do the gods interact with humans?

people may not be able to escape their final fate, but they can make things more difficult or make things easier by their behavior

small female sculptures ( fertility goddess)

prehistoric art - Many of these small sculptures of women were termed venuses by early archeologists. Fertility goddess or good luck charm exaggerated reproductive

Fresco

painting on wet plaster-plaster dries and the painting becomes part of the wall (fresco=fresh)

she-wolf

Capitoline she-wolf (5th century BCE) (romulus and remus) The wolf from roman times, babies not added until renaissance

Bull Leaping Fresco, Minoan art

palace at knossos

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

"Greek philosophers who lived before Socrates - Anaxagoras; Anaximander; Anaximenes; Atomists, the; Democritus; Empedocles; Heraclitus; Leucippus; Parmenides; Pythagoras; Thales; Zeno of Elea",

Agamemnon

(Greek mythology) the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War The wrath that caused the death of so many people, begins on the 10th year of trojan war at camp of greeks (misaleans). Agamemnon wont give back the daughter of apollos priest and Achilles gets mad because its hurting the army, so he says he is not going to fight anymore.

laocoon hellenistic

(Greek mythology) the priest of Apollo who warned the Trojans to beware of Greeks bearing gifts when they wanted to accept the Trojan Horse Lot of movement, lots of emotion Lots of twisting and diagonal lines

sappho

(born ca. 612 B.C.E.) One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love.

odysseus

(main character) Son of Laertes and Anticleia, husband of Penelope and father of Telemachus. A cunning, shrewd and eloquent hero. Came up with the idea of the Trojan horse which led the Greeks to victory against Troy. "Man of many wiles".

psalms

(means prase) (very poetic) (meant to be sung)

DAVID

- Second king of Israel -moves capital to Jerusalem - brings ark of the covenent - appoints solomon as his heir and solomon becomes king at davids death

nebuchadnezzar (babylon)

- powerful king of Babylon who took the best of Judah as exiles - destroys Solomon's temple to subdue the rebellion

Homer

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

persian war

499 greek unsuccessfully try to aid greek cities Battle of marathon Persians attack again under Xerxes and defeat sparta and sack athens Athenians defeat the persian navy at sea and then win on land Persains return home in defeat Golden age of greece begins Pericles becomes the dominant force in athens and a great patron of the arts A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Praciteles

4th century BC sculptor; had an immense influence on his contemporaries; characterized by "gentle melancholy". During this period, Greek sculpture featured emotional facial expressions and skill in depicting drapery and anatomy. Sculpted "Hermes" and the nude "Aphodite".

babylonian captivity

50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon Time of the babylonian captivity in the bible( daniel, shadrach, meshach and abed-nego refuse to eat the kings meat)

The art of which ancient Aegean civilization served as inspiration for modern artists like Picasso, Modigliani, and Brancusi?

Abstract, stylized figures Almost always of women Male harp player one of only one they have of a man Found mostly in tombs Made of marble Served as an inspiration for several modern artists (picasso, brancusi,modigliani) Most have come from illegal art market so we do not have contextual evidence

lysippus

Alexander the Great's personal sculptor, created stock representation of god-like Alexander, with tousled hair and eyes looking upward

ara pacis- imperial rome

Altar of Peace built to commemorate the Pax Romana

the aeneid

An epic poem by Virgil chronicling the adventures of the Trojan prince Aeneas that portrayed the Roman ideals of duty, piety and faithfulness; Aeneas was the ancestor of Romulus

arch

Arches usually celebrated military victories Celebrated the victory of the Romans in Jerusalem in 70 CE It was during this invasion that the temple was destroyed and the Jewish diaspora began

What innovations do we find in sculpture of the archaic period? What are some elements we might expect to see on a kouros or kore? What was the purpose of a kore or kouros? How did these sculptures change from the beginning of the archaic period to the end?

Architectural innovations Entasis- columns are thickest ⅓ of the way up and then taper at the top ( opposite of minoan columns) All the columns lean slightly toward each other Columns not evenly spaces( closer at corners) Stylobate (floor) is convex(higher in center) Major building project supported by Pericles Celebrates the Athenian victory over the Persians Built over existing complex (archaic temples were destroyed when Persians sacked the city in 480 BCE many Kore and Kouros statues buried Phidias- sculptor/directed building

mosaic

Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

conceptual representation

Assembles the distinctive characteristics of figures and objects as they are viewed from different perspectives rather than a single, fixed vantage point

To which goddess was the Parthenon dedicated?

Athena

phidias

Athenian sculptor who supervise the building of the Parthenon. built a statue of zeus at olympia was one of the seven wonders of the world Cella housed a chryselephantine( ivory and gold) statue of athena sculpted by phidias (no longer existed)

Augestus

Augustus of prima porta ( 20 BCE) - cupid in sculpture to show Augustus was a descendant from the gods, he is points like a public speaker, and armor to show Divine connection Military prowess Great orator

heinrich schliemann

German archaeologist who discovered nine superimposed city sites of Troy, No physical proof of Mycenaeans or trojan war until Heinrich Schliemann- makes his fortune and then dedicates the rest of his life to finding troy and Mycenae

tholos (beehive tomb) art

Giant dome mycenaeans doesnt see another dome like this until pantheon in rome

acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

achilles

Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad anger issues

kouros ( kouroi) archaic

Greek, "young man." An Archaic Greek statue of a young man.

Whose work led to the discovery that ancient Troy and Mycenae really did exist?

Heinrich Schliemann

dying gaul

Hellenistic - Dying Gaul (on the Altar of Zeus at Pergamum)

seated boxer hellenistic

Hellenistic Greek. c. 100 B.C.E. Bronze. Greek original Looks tired, after a fight

Why is the term Hellenistic used to refer to this period?

Hellenistic period describes the continued influence and spread of greek culture

Philosophy of Socrates

I seem to have this slight advantage occor him, that I dont think I know what I dont know (apology) is the first step to wiso admitting our own ignorance? I asked myself whether I would prefer to be as I was, without their wisdom and without their ignorance; or to have both their wisdom and their ignorance; and I answered... that I was better off as I was ( apology) First step towards wisdom is recognizing our own ignorance. We cantnnot learn is we think we already know Many of platos dialogues use socrates as the main conduit for philosophical ideals, but there is much debate over which ideals were those of socrates and which were those of plato

dome

Imperial Rome Pantheon dome and oculus open air The biggest dome we have seen yet Pantheon

patricians

In 509 BCE the Romans overthrow their king and establish a republic ruled by 2 elected consuls and a senate composed of patricians ( upper class citizens) Senate- consisted of patricians ( upper class) and appointed for life. Had incredible power

socrates

No personal writings- everything we have comes from others Socratic method- modern term -asking question until a contradiction is exposed Socratic irony- socrates commends his subject for being wise but we know that he is going to expose his ignorance. He professes his own ignorance while expounding wisdom 399 BCE - put on trial for denying gods and corrupting the youth. Sentenced to death Prominent men did not like being challenged or made to look unintelligent Many of socrates followers were anti- democratic and socrates had connections to the oligarchs which had tried to overthrow the democracy Socrates did challenge the greek myths of the gods. He felt that they got in the way of learning about the true nature of the divine. Socrates believed in an absolute, higher good Apology- platos account of socrates defense at his trial

platos ideal state

Non democratic- plato felt democracy ws like the unenlightened prisoners running the state Philosopher kings that were educated since birth and could understand the fors would rule. They would rule out of obligation not out of desire fro power. Guardians with strict and censored education would uphold the philospoherkings Children would be raised communally by the guardians Sick and frail would be treated medically to ensure a strong race We emulating the wrong people, celebrities, athletes etc, instead of great thinkers Merits of these ideals? Problems?

Telemachus

Odysseus and Penelope's son never met his father

penelope

Odysseus' wife super cool stays totally loyal fights off terrible men

Mycenaean Civilization

Odyssey and iliad take place Mainland greece Trojan war (1250 BCE) No physical proof of Mycenaeans or trojan war until Heinrich Schliemann- makes his fortune and then dedicates the rest of his life to finding troy and mycenae Subject of the lliad about the time of the exodus in the bible Excavates the roman city of llium in turkey and finds ruins of try ( around 1870) Excavates Mycenae Lion gate

pericles

Pericles becomes the dominant force in athens and a great patron of the arts sophocles close friend supported major building project in acropolis

odyssey

Poem written by Homer telling the story of Odysseus's return from the Trojan Wars to his home in Ithaca

lliad

Poem written by homer about Trojan war

house of tragic poet

Pompeii, Italy, 1st C BC mosaic

archaic smile

The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE. The smile is the Archaic sculptor's way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

civilization ( major characteristics of a civilization)

The word civilization comes from the word civitas meaning city, but the cultural connotations are much wider. Civilization is usually defined as having most of the following characteristics Cities Specialization of lavor/trade government/ laws Organized religion Monetary system Writing system Agriculture

Why does Homer begin the Iliad by singing of the "rage of Achilles"? How does Achilles anger affect the events of the Iliad?

The wrath that caused the death of so many people, begins on the 10th year of trojan war at camp of greeks (misaleans). Agamemnon wont give back the daughter of apollos priest and Achilles gets mad because its hurting the army, so he says he is not going to fight anymore. Achilles' best friend puts on Achilles' armer and leads the men and hector tills his best friend. Achilles goes and kills hector, drives hectors body by the chariot.

Pompeii and Herculaneum

These cities which were buried when the volcano Vesuvius erupted in AD 79 have helped us learn much about Roman culture.

Ionic Column

This is a Greek column with short, fluted shafts and scroll-like decorations on its capital.

doric

This style of column features simple, heavy columns without bases.

caryatids

a female figure that functions as a supporting column

Implied lines

a line not actually drawn but suggested by elements in the work

blebeians

a member of the lower social class

Theseaus and the minotaur

origin of the minotaur, long myth

Parthenon art

doric Peripteral temple- features single ro of columns which surrounds a two room cella ( housed statue of god or goddess) Doric order (except for the inner frieze which is ionic Ictinus and callicrates- main architects Cella housed a chryselephantine( ivory and gold) statue of athena sculpted by phidias (no longer existed) Architectural innovations Entasis- columns are thickest ⅓ of the way up and then taper at the top ( opposite of minoan columns) All the columns lean slightly toward each other Columns not evenly spaces( closer at corners) Stylobate (floor) is convex(higher in center)

verism

extreme realism

cyrus the great ( persia)

free the jews from the babylonian captivity

how was art often used to legitimize a leaders actions or right to rule in Mesopotamian society? how is the stele of hammurabi and example of this?

hammurabi stele showed a god telling him the code, so he is saying the code isnt from me its from the gods

how do david actions lead to bigger and bigger sins?

he keeps lying and doing bad stuff and it digs him deeper and deeper

canon of proportions

he mathematical formula used to create a harmony of proportions ( of the body) polyclitus

city states

heroic age dark ages and then _______ polis/poleis

hector

iliad character Achilles kills him, treats his body terribly he kills Achilles best friend father is priam

black-figure vase painting

in Greek pottery, the silhouetting of black figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes (ex: Corthinthian black-figure amphora with animal friezes)

red- figure vase painting

in Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background with painted linear details. firgures are red background darker. allows more detial and to play with colors. (ex: Herakles wrestling Antaios)

golden mean

in most cases true virtue lies in between two extreames, examples - boorishness— WITTINESS- buffoonery or cowardice— COurage— recklessness

alter of zeus in pergamum

in pergamum(turkey today (180 BCE) A lot more of emotion, much more chaotic Lots of diagonal lines right in the middle of motion to show emotion

in mediares

in the middle of things

minoan civilization

island of Crete - 4,000-1400 BCE first advanced European civilization use of syllabic writing sewage systems, running water, bathtubs, flushing toilets some script not translated many earthquakes and volcanoes subsisted on trade fell to Greek invaders

apollo at veii etruscan

large painted cotta and the bronze sculpture etruscan ( would have been on top of an etruscan temple

visual analysis

line, color, space, what details we see

meander

maze like pattern

hieratic scale

medieval and ancient art, comes from word hierarchy, the biggest person in art the best or most important person in the piece

What is significant/unusual about the portrayal of the Dying Gaul, The Ludovisi Gaul, and other similar depictions on the Altar of Zeus?

more emotions the dying gaul is unusual because usually sculpture was the winner of the battle not the loser

how does hellenistic art differ from classical greek art?

more movement more emotion less perfectness

relief sculpture

mostly on friezes)(sculpted out but still attached to back of building) and sculpture in the round mostly on pediments)

what major societal changes do we see as people move from a hunting/gathering/pastoral lifestyle to cities, how did these changes affect art

neolithic revolution Farming The birth of civilizations Sedentary lifestyles- people settle in permanent communities instead of moving around the Specialization of labor Armies, city walls, and weapons Government and laws Monetary (trade) Cultural diffusion Writing Religion

Be familiar with the major storyline and themes of the Iliad and the Odyssey that we discussed in class.

odyseey Your actions have consequences Penelope and servants faithfulness Yearning for home The danger of obstacles and distractions that may cause us to lose sight of our most important goals Fate vs free will The power of true love Loyalty and honesty Hospitality iliad How do you continue on after suffering a devastating loss? How do our perception and feeling toward someone change when we actually have meaningful personal interaction with them? What human experiences are common

oculus

open air top of pantheon

votive sculpture

put these sculptures in the temples to represent you, as stand ins to worship when they have to go to work (very large eyes)

vault

roman architectural innovations

concrete

rome started with acrcituctual advancement more stable

polyclitus

sculptor and mathmetition Doryphorus (spear bearer) Contrapposto - weight shifted onto one leg- other parts of the body must be adjusted Balance of tensed and relaxed diagonally Serene, timeless expteession Conon of proportions - mathematical formula used to create a harmony of proportions ( of the body)

musical instrument

small, basic instruments, prehistoric art

epithets

standardized descriptive adjectives for major characters

How did epic poetry develop? What are some elements we might expect to find in an epic poem?

stem from an oral tradition and were meant to be recited Usually begin with an invocation to a god ( muses in greece and rome lots of repeats so easier to memorize

cyclopian masonry

stone construction using huge, irregular blocks without mortar; characteristic of Bronze Aegean age

aqueduct

take water from higher elevation and bring water to the cities Colosseum ( 80 CE)

forum

the center of public life in Rome

what voices do we usually hear? what voices are often unheard?

the conquers tell the story, doesn't usually understand the culture

cella

the main room of a temple where the god statue is housed

Why did Paris steal Helen? What myth explains why he thought he had the right to take her?

the myth about the goddess fighting over the most beautiful

archaic period

the period of Greek art from 900 to 500 BC. It was the earliest period of great vase painting and the beginning of monumental stone sculpture stiff

optical representation

the representation of people and objects seen from a fixed viewpoint

pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture Sculpture found on the friezes and pediments of the Parthenon

what are the limitations of history?

the winners tell the story the story. the story is only from one perspective, dont get other perspectives,

Why did Virgil write the Aeneid?

to show that Rome's past was as heroic as Greece

aesops fables

told Fables that teach the reader lessons bout life or give advice on how to live.

cuneiform

wedged-shaped writing) the first system of writing that we know of,

epic poetry

written in dactylic hexameter, begins in medias res, he has wandered 7 years already use of epic similes a long poem that tells a story Homer

What does Odysseus do to anger Poseidon? In what other ways do he or his men make their journey more difficult?

yelled at the cyclopes his name as he was leaving

three goddesses

• Three goddesses (from the east pediment of the Parthenon); by Phidias; Acropolis, Athens, Greece; ca. 438-432 BCE • Probably Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite • Understanding of human form, muscle and bone mechanics, and clothed forms • Heavy fold of garments reveal and conceal main and lesser body masses...also create interesting light and shade