WGS 3220

Nassra Juma Mohammed

"godmother of Zanzibar women's soccer" lobbied to have Zanzibar start a league first Zanzibari player for Tanzanian national team

Kietlinski (Sports, motherhood, and the female body in contemporary Japan)

"mama-san senshu" are mother-athletes reproduction is a factor heavily limiting women's sports because women could waste energy, ruin their marriage/looks, and more while playing sports -- there is an understanding that sports are for young girls and one stops when they are married - those who do not stop are rumored to be lesbian or transgender, thereby ruining marriage prospects attention to personal lives has normalized athlete-mothers and exposed the gendered double standard (no media attention to father athletes) with population decline in Japan, they want to normalize women returning to work after having kids so that women don't postpone childbearing for the sake of work -- see mother athletes as a propaganda tool to help increase birth rate

mão and women's sports

"women hold up half the sky" don't care who wins as long as they get gold change from foot binding, where women were supposed to have tiny feet that forced them to be idle - now women were supposed to contribute to the workforce and be strong, rather than weak and idle

Harkness reading (Out of Bounds: Cultural Barriers to Female Sports Participation in Qatar)

*family, hijab, gender segregation, reputation and physical activity as barriers to participation *gender segregation necessary to participate for some - women shouldn't engage in physical activity in front of men family honor hinges on obedience to cultural norms hijab is gendered behavior and attire, not just the headcovering

swimming at the olympics

1912 - swimming becomes an olympic sport for women, wore bikinis as underwear for see-through men's wool swimsuits chaperones necessary for female athletes swimsuits were uniforms, they featured the flag (different from how women sports often did not have uniforms)

Witches of the Orient

1964 japanese women's volleyball team going for the gold medal went through abusive training regimen - coach was known for it, but he was popular and eventually elected to congress first time volleyball was at the olympics othering/exoticizing the Japanese women

india right persons with disabilities act

2016 loophole in section 3.3 allows discrimination under certain circumstances

importing athletes

2020 Qatari team had 13 men and 3 women, but most were imported is that working within the islamic framework? not really, since most grew up in a different country/culture

India and disabiliites

40-80M disabled people in India but documentation is difficult disabilities are often seen as karmic retribution in Indian culture (sins in past lives) belief that people with disabilities can't perform well 1968 = Paralympic debut 1st medal in paralympics - 1972 - Murlikant Petkarin swimming (gold) government did not support athletes 1976 or 1980 games, so no Indian team competed then gender gap in women's participation in olympics

Qatar national vision 2030

5 major challenges addressing Qatar -modernization and preservation of traditions -needs of current and future generations managed growth and uncontrolled expansion size and quality of expatriate labor force, selected path of development -economic growth, social development, environmental management

St. Leonard's School

A "games" school in the UK known for sport, and students who were most successful in sport had more social capital still emphasis on femininity for women

Manasi Joshi

Badminton, made into a barbie doll first time badminton is a Paralympic sport

Lillian Faithfull

Beale's replacement, the former head of women's hockey encouraged competition, increased the athletic activity roster and opportunities for sport her reasoning for sport was to build elegance and make women fit for childbearing

Horace Wilson

Civil war veteran, hired as foreign advisor to help Japanese "modernize" introduced baseball in 1872/3 to help students get exercise, but it becomes extremely popular as Japan prepares for war against china - attribute the teamwork and discipline of baseball to their victory baseball to prepare men for military

Wu - from 'iron girl' to 'sexy goddess'

Depending on the sport that women athletes compete in in China, the media labels them differently the iron girl is the ideal Chinese woman under Mao, she is physically strong and determined, all of her passion goes into work and political movement - domestic issues are marginalized because that would make her soft post-Mao, masculinization is criticized Chinese diver Guy Jingjing covered about her rumored boyfriend and referred to as a sexy goddess because of her swimsuit Weightlifting is seen as very masculine and those women are often targeted for gender, but the media focuses on their vulnerable emotions and that they are beautiful inside table tennis - sorry and grateful (cried after loss, grateful to male coach for help)

Alice Milliat

Expands the number of clubs for women in France President of FSFSF in 1916 sets up the FSFI, an international club movement and a pressure group for the IOC and IAAF to establish a formal olympics docket for women wants women's track in 1920, IOC says women aren't capable Organizes the 1922 women's olympics, pressures the IOC and IAAF to incorporate more events for women The pressure to the IOC from the rapidly expanding ladies games led to the IOC adding women's track to the docket, but only 5 events - so Milliat calls for a boycott because she proved women can do the full docket Milliat refuses to disband the WWG until there is a full program in the olympics for women, and women are represented in the IOC

Academia, En Avant, Femina-Sport

First French championship for women between these three clubs (July 1917) Le Miroir Image Post-WWI - goals change to emphasize fitness after losses in war by 1920 there are 4 clubs, and by 1922 there were 130 Alice Milliat uses FSFSF to expand clubs

Federation Francaise Feminine de Gymnastique et d'education physique (UFGF)

First major sports club for women in France (Lyon), founded in 1912 about making women healthy and graceful, not tough and competitive women's athletics develops from sports clubs like it

Gertrude Ederle

First woman to swim across the English Channel, beat men's record as well (by 2 hours) first time seeing two-piece swimsuit, silk instead of wool media frenzy because they were allowed to show swimsuit pictures, which usually were censored

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

Founder of the modern Olympic movement - revived it as retribution after the Franco-Prussian War (reason for militaristic components like the biathlon) does not approve of women participating in competition - they should "crown the victors" - no women at the first games in Athens (1896)

Stoke Mandeville Games

July 1948 Inspiration for paralympics only for former veterans, only wheelchair sports Until 1960, just for veterans 1960 - starts being same year as olympics 1976 = first non-wheelchair events

Islam and sport

Koran has emphasis on physical fitness - need to be a "strong believer" - Mohammad recommended fitness like riding, swimming, archery, running regardless of gender Modesty rules *issue of choice*

Sport and Women Chapter 2

Norway divided into sports districts along county borders club model with associations for each sport, for large associations like football and skiing there are specific sport-related districts within geographical districts very little extra support for women's sports compared to men's - lots of money for sport but often not for women's (separate budgets by gender) gendered difference in motivation for sports (body image vs competition) organized sport not sex-segregated women do men's sports, but men don't do women's sports women have leadership positions but men have more influence

Norway and uniforms

Norwegian beach handball team rebelled and tried to wear shorts in 2020 olympics - fined for transgression men on committees always try to make uniforms skimpier to make sure gender is visible shows that women's uniforms are more for aesthetic while men's are for athletic comfort 2011 - badminton said women must wear a dress or skirt, and women boxers told to wear skirts so gender was discernible (sport as a male preserve) "sex sells"

Mariyappan Thangavelu

Paralympic high jumper, gold in rio 2016 and flag bearer for India in 2020 placed second among able bodied competitors in 1st competition at age 14 - recruited for Paralympic team focus is often on the story of how he became disabled (bus ran over his leg at age 5 and stunted his growth)

Deepa Malik

President of Paralympic Committee of India 1st woman medal winner as Paralympian, 1st disabled person to be head of PCI 4 medals in 2016, 10 as of today - she represents the changes in india combats stereotypes about disabled people - doubted potential, liability, always sad, can't be included, lack of family support, etc.

Lysa reading (Qatari female footballers: negotiating gendered expectations)

Qatar hosting the 2022 World Cup meant they needed to invest more in women's sports family Obnligations/values for women in Qatar make sport difficult *4 barriers: family, hijab, gender segregation, reputation sports seen as an uneducated career (Harkness) subversive accommodation lack of modesty in publicity university as a safe space for sport but often dominated by foreign players

Women's Olympics

Started by Alice Milliat, 1922 - 7 countries participated the IOC forced them to change their name for the second one to the "International Ladies Games" people needed to have unquestionable femininity to participate ("real women") by 1934 (4th women's world games in London) there were 19 countries participating. 1934 = last one, WWII stopped 1938 Milliat refuses to disband the WWG until there is a full program in the olympics for women, and women are represented in the IOC

Sport and Women Chapter 8

Tanzania has a club model, but there are many non-club teams - groups that are not club teams struggle because they need high-levels of organization to register. clubs have advantages in finding sponsorships due to government registration women's teams have trouble registering because they usually don't meet the requirements men's sports more physical, women's more aesthetic Netball is a women's sport, but often exluceded from programs even though it is the most popular sport for women 80s/90s turned to privatization and focused on elite athletes, but that meant there was little preparation time so it is difficult to qualify for the olympics scholarships mostly for boys marriage stops sports for women because husbands don't want them to play

Samia Suluhu Hassan

Tanzania's female president who was widely condemned for making comments about women soccer players being unsuitable for marriage

Cheltenham Ladies' College

UK/Western Perspective girls ages 11-18 attended, they insisted that girls and boys get similar education with the motivation of them helping their husbands and teaching their sons to raise future leaders of the British Empire maintain femininity even in sports - dressed in long skirts and corsets even for sport

Ping Pong Diplomacy

US previously refused to recognize mainland china because of communism, question of whether Taiwan or china represented china in olympics US and China exchange ping-pong players, 1971, US ping-pong team was invited to all expense paid exhibition trip to China to compete, normally Americans weren't allowed into China because of Communism, leads to Nixon and Mao Zedong becoming friends

Hargreaves 4 reading

aboriginal sportswomen Cricket as the first sport for aboriginal sportswomen success from poverty stereotype try to succeed within the framework that exists in Australia or create aboriginal-specific sports organizations to make opportunities aboriginally as relational concept - wouldn't identify as such without the racial structures white people brought in

Education city

academic imperialism - export of Western ideas, traditions, and values through universities (although universities are there at the request of the Qatar government) made up of western satellite universities, they offer opportunities for women in sport

Women's sports foundation

advocacy, education, and information about women's sports in the U.S.

Inokuchi Akuri

asked by the government to study physical education in Massachusetts, becomes certified to teach it in schools eventually head of department of Japanese Calisthenics, and calisthenics turns into gymnastics to make it more interesting

Gordon reading

birth control in australia, generally very feminist and okay with birth control social movements in Australia are allied, socialists worked for birth control rights

Great Leap Forward and sports

catch up to Britain in sports in 7 years and US in 15 sports as a better measure of success than trade/economy, easier to see measure of economic/political power through sport

Sport and Women Chapter 16

club system sports imported through westernization promote sports for young women and high school girls - "kenbo" as a mother who bears a healthy child to be a leader in the next generation only 1 exclusively female sport but 8 exclusively mens sports women managers aka women who clean and do chores for the men's teams

UNHRW and india

comment about how india treats disabled people as second-class citizens

Bahiya Mansour Al-Hamad

competed in shooting, one of the first 4 Qatari women to go to the olympics (flag carrier in 2012, the first year of women)

Judo

concerns about the Japanese sport being dominated by English and french Kaori Yamaguchi and Ryoko Tamara - super successful judo champion women, Kaori even had a show named after her, based on her

Leigh and Benin reading

covers the relationship between Alice Milliat/FSFI and the IOC/IAAF - fighting for a full women's track program in the olympics while the IOC and IAAF were getting frustrated with her "The Pioneering Role Of Madame Alice Milliat and the FSFI* in Establishing International Trade and Field Competition for Women"

one child policy

deng xiaoping wanted to control the population explosion, but for cultural reasons, men were prioritized over women -- led to abortions of female fetuses, infanticide, and high numbers of Chinese female babies in orphanages so that families could use their one child to be a boy and take care of the family in the future also led to bachelor towns and trafficking for omen for men who are desperate for wives but there aren't enough women to marry them

Learning to skateboard in a war zone (if you're a girl)

documentary about Skatistan, a facility that teaches poor young women to read and write, as well as to skateboard girls worry about what they'll do when they're older, most are forced to stop going after 12 years old because they can't leave the house anymore at 13 boys are allowed to be proud of skating, but not girls - dreams of skating publicly for fun are ruined by risk to women being in public and especially by defying gender norms

New Generation Queens

documentary about Zanzibar muslim women's soccer team (most of Zanzibar is muslim), got to play in a tournament but forces kept them from succeeding (didn't have water, money to be successful, etc.), the team doesn't have a permanent practice field and gets pushed around a lot

Boxing girls of Kabul

documentary about women in Afghanistan learning to box and competing against other countries - they lost because of less resources than other countries but they proved that muslim women can box and play sports questions about what happens to them now when there is evidence of them defying the rules of Afghanistan and the Taliban can target them and their families as they return showed different family responses to women defying regulations

sports illustrated swimsuit issue

existed since 1960s, but 1997 was the first year that it featured female athletes no-win situation - no attention without sexuality but get shamed for using sexuality

Tanzania and soccer

family opposition to playing push for women to play CHANETA (women's netball) instead of soccer fear that sports will change women's sexuality - association with lesbian/homosexuality is problematic because the league would be shut down, homosexuality means jail time in most of Africa including Tanzania

Avant Lekhara

first Indian Paralympic gold in 2021, 8th medal so far shooting

Kinue Hitomi

first major Japanese sportswoman, was supposed to play tennis but when no women from her school competed in track, she tried and won the long jump, leading her to focus on track media focused on her gender and personal character as much as her athletic skill - "giantess" 1928 olympics - 2nd place in 800M, which crossed the line between masculinity and femininity, she was also muscular and took up space After the media damaged her reputation she wrote opinion pieces about how Japan needed to catch up to the west in women's sports opportunities obituary still labeled her as manly and questioned her gender

Sport and Women Chapter 1

goes through different things that are gendered in society sport seen as free activity in leisure time, including competitive sports and other pjysical activity sports are culturally contingent certain body image ascribed to people who do certain sports

Yang Wenjun

gold in canoeing 2004 - gets a 3bd apartment, father got a white collar job, and family mode into his new house hated canoeing but can't do anything outside of it because he doesn't have a real education and he might lose all his perks if he stops competing 2002 as breakout year,m won $28K in asian games won again in 2008, wanted to quit but government didn't allow

Devendra Jhajhria

gold in javelin 2004 and 2016 emphasis on life before disability and how disability changed him, how he became an "inspiration" first Indian Paralympian to get 2 medals

advantages of Chinese system

government pays for everything (coaching, room/board, equipment)

subversive accomodation

government policies encourage them to play but society and culture don't

Dorthea Beale

head mistress at Cheltenham said that competition was highly unfeminine, and record-keeping was masculine in nature. She would not allow the women at Cheltenham to exert themselves or compete against other schools

Atomi Kakei

helped with her father's school, then opened a school for girls called the Atomi school emphasize on exercise (dance), but not sports yet, dance opens the door to sport

Fanny Blankers-Koen

her background and athletic performances earned her the nickname "The Flying Housewife" Dutch athlete who won 4 golds in 1948 while competing as a mother having kids as proof of femininity, way to get sponsors

Maehata Hideko

how sport can impact class - came from a. family of tofu makers but sporting success allowed her to marry up to a high class doctor after getting the gold sport (swimming) strengthened her after disease had religious permission to be raised as a boy and therefore was encouraged to be active 1932 olympics - silver in 200M breaststroke returns to Japan at age 18 (marriage age) brothers encourage her to keep training for Berlin 1936, could be disgraced if she does worse Hideko gets the gold medal in breaststroke, beating a German competitor• also one of the first events covered by satellite radio got married after getting gold, and as a swimmer her body was more feminine, and breaststroke is more graceful so she was societally accepted unlike Hitomi

development through 4 pillars (Qatar)

human development social development economic development environmental development --goal: become an international leader in sports by hosting big events

medical model of diability

impairments/illness are real difficulties but not main problems, individuals are the problem and the focus is on the medical profession to "cure" them personal limitations as cause of disability what india uses

Parasocial interaction

interacting with individuals (real or fictionalized) through a medium that can lead to the devel of perceived relaties with those individs and thus contributes to important dimension of uses and gratifications research distinguish from inspiration porn

Fuzhou Sports School, Fujian Province

kids as young as 4 practice for up to 8 hours each day to start them as young as possible scouts find children with talent and put them in a sport that might be good for them emphasis on how good you are, not money to get into schools - costs china $7million per gold medal amateur school so it still has an educational portion, but as you move up the ladder to professional schools and municipal/national teams, there is less education (many athletes can't read past a 5th grade level) the pool gets smaller as you move up the ladder, and only a very small portion reach the level of the actual national team/olympics 80% of athletes suffer from health problems related to overtraining - unemployment, poverty, and/or chronic health problems are common for that 80%

Faezeh Hashemi

launched Islamic Women's Sports Federation cycling as a symbol of political and physical freedom 1993 - women's islamic games, every 4 years until 2005, hosted by Iran, completely run by women Hashemi was imprisoned for her activism toward cycling, opponents referred to her as a prostitute to shame her

Somerville College, Oxford (1879)

led to the emergence of the collegiate female athlete - but no "recruitment" yet. still maintained femininity and avoided sports that might be seen controversially as too masculine

ESPN body issue and Paralympic women athletes

making bodies of all types/abilities interesting

disadvantages of Chinese sytem

money goes to government if you win since they paid for training doping accusations for kids as young as 15 because of pressure - lack of oversight and kids don't speak out bc they want to stay in the program (similar to USA gymnastics sexual assault)

Zou Chunlan

national champion weightlifter in china even former champions struggle to make ends meet destroyed by a system that said it would take care of us forever works cleaning baths in a spa or something bc didn't get support

Beginning of the IOC/Olympics

no women in the first games in Athens The second games (1900) were in Paris, there were 997 athletes and 22 were women - the olympics were not a big deal yet and people competed without knowing it was the olympics because it was up to the host cities of who could play and what sports they could have, Paris allowed women in some sports (but not many)

Columbia cycling uniforms

nude coloring in a non-sexual way made people upset, and said that the women cyclists looked naked because of the positioning of the gold have to be using sex to sell their sport for nudity to be acceptable

Brady chastain

nude soccer photo slippery slope of selling sport in sports illustrated vs selling in playboy (Tennis playboy cover)

AIAW (Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women)

objectives: to help schools extend sports programs for women, stimulate leadership, help athletic programs stay consistent with educational aims Achievements: publish rules, disseminate scheduling, represent members on matters related to women's sports (lends credence to title IX 1972) ran women's sports on the collegiate level until NCAA takes over in the 80s

Shah Rukh Khan (tweet)

one of the most successful Bollywood stars tweeted about hanging out with Paralympic athletes in India but really just inspiration porn

Hargreaves 3 Reading (the muslim female heroic)

opposition between islam and western culture islamic countries women's sports solidarity council (ICWSSC) shows that sports can be adapted to meet needs of faith, and blame western ideology for the exclusion of muslim women subject or object? - object because they are pressured to play for the sake of the country and don't really have agency

Sports as politics, olympics as battlefield

post-wwii animosity toward Japan from allied powers and former colonies, so Japan hosted major sporting events to show their importance

title IX

provide an equitable sports experience (although does not mention sports specifically) 3 ways to satisfy: 1) proportion (quota) - same percentage of student as percent of athletes 2) continual expansion for underrepresented sex 3) full and effective accommodation of interest and ability causes massive increase in women's participation on both high school and college level

Noor Al-Malki

ran 100m but pulled hamstring one of first 4 women to olympics for Qatar

Aspire Academy

recruit athletes from other countries to use state-of-the-art facilities and have better chance at competing in olympics than they would in home countries where competition is stiffer

Chinese sports schools

recruited but don't get to decide which sport you play prioritize sports that the west focuses less on - better chance of success sports success to prove success of government system modeled after soviet sports schools in Moscow and Leningrad

Qatar and olympics/major sporting events

require more opportunities and representation for women before they can be picked for olympics, but are hosting 2022 World Cup and have hosted many other large tournaments 2012 -- first women from water in olympics (4)

800m race (1928)

serious athletes - the women competed in uniform and wanted the gold it was a new race for women that the IOC used to try to prove that women couldn't do it the news sensationalized it as a failure ("11 wretched women littering the track") a few men were unable to finish the 800 but the women all did, and threw themselves on the track after - led to the sensationalized articles 800m for women doesn't come back until 1960, and no more than that until 1500m in 1972 - no marathon until 1984

social model of disability

society as the problem; create an environment where all can be included (needs societal acceptance and money for infrastructure)

Beach volleyball controversy

some athletes like skimpier clothes because less chafing choice in uniforms for empowerment and functionality could be better, rather than forcing sexuality agency makes it scandalous

Sport and Women Chapter 15

sports Great Leap Forward, connection between Mao and women's sports, then the post-Mao era where progress was lost (focus only on elite athletes instead of whole population)

Tokyo women's normal school

start with dance and discussions of grace, move toward physical education and then sports

paralympics

starting with seoul in 1988, the city that hosts the olympics also hosts the paralympics, have the same sponsors too Ludwig Guttman started Paralympics as a doctor - people devalued people who were disabled during war but Dr Guttman used sports in his treatment of disabled veterans (wheelchair basketball), changed the idea that people were doomed to die alone after becoming disabled currently second largest sporting event (after olympics)

"national" sports of japan

sumo and baseball (both male sports) highly masculine in origin and performance sumo used to be religious - the outcome was predetermined and performance was a tribute to the Gods sumos are 220-440 pounds, so they purposefully take up space baseball spread through western imperialism, establish western schools and Japanese students attend us schools

Nada Arkaji

swimming, one of first 4 women for qatar came back in 2016 as one of two women competing

History of swimsuit / Annette Kellerman

swimsuits used to be a dress with pantaloons, a neckpiece, and tights - weight would drag you under so not meant for swimming Annette was told to swim to strengthen her legs, swam for athletics rather than leisure as women were supposed to 1907 - introduced a smaller swimsuit, it had sex appeal but was much more functional than a dress suits became known as Annette Kellermans

Aya Majdi

table tennis - one of first four women olympians for qatar

Bhavina Patel

table tennis gold medal in 2020 paralympics for india

Anderson reading

talks about rising phoenix documentary specific imagery related to prosthetics/wheelchair/muscles inspiring potential future adaptive athletes

Dong - long march of women and sport in mainland china

timeline of women's sports in china from progress during the GLF to prioritization of elite athletes only after Mao women athletes seen as more successful than men - special support for promising female athletes conflict between traditional forces and more self-assured, modern women

Hijabs and sport

uniform options expanding means muslim hijab women can play beach volleyball and soccer Fifa banned Iran from the olympics because they did not allow head coverings for "sanitary reasons" / worry that it could be yanked off, considered promotion of religious symbols - officially changed rule in 2014 after asian football confederation challenged FIFA FIBA still wouldn't change until 2017 more acceptance means more options for buying athletic hijabs

Chalkley-Rhoden reading

very little coverage of women's sports in Australia compared to men's, but the tone and content is better than most western countries as it's less sexualized or stereotyped women need to win to get coverage, but men get it regardless

Cui Dalin

vice minister, general admin of sport of china says that china will train them to have more skills so they can get jobs after retirement nearly 70% of athletes in Tokyo were women - female athletes are less likely to defy the coaches and they won't complain more families opt out of the sports system as they become wealthy and can afford other educational opportunities sports school system targets rural/low income groups because they have less options, overwhelmingly women because parents don't want to invest in daughter's edu as much as son's

CHANETA

women's netball, only sport for women in Tanzania

Ryoko Tamara

won judo championship at 14, nicknamed after predecessor Yamaguchi for her success won silver in 1992 olympics, flag bearer 1996 (silver again), and was undefeated in all major championships from 1996-2000 married a Japanese baseball player in 2003, won gold 2004, had a baby in 2005, won bronze in 2008 olympics and became an MP in 2010 instead of practicing for 2012 helps prove returning to work after childbirth is possible

Tokyo hosting the olympics

would have been first asian host in 1940, but games canceled for WWII - Hideko's success and nationalism led to their hosting Tokyo finally gets to host in 1964, shows that they are back to the world's good side ("family of nations"), still first asian host showcase modernization and recovery from the war, and "athlete-mommies"