WGSS Midterm Exam 1
An increase in vertical occupational segregation contributes to a(n) ____. Decrease in gender wage discrimination Increase in the gender pay gap Increase of job opportunities for women Decrease of lower-paying positions for women
Increase in the gender pay gap
Why is the child care and elder care support provided by nonworking female relatives increasingly less available?
Increased labor force participation and migration of women
Campaign to End Fistula operates in 40 countries & emphasizes Increasing family planning services Promoting coerced sterilization Pronatalist programs Female genital cutting
Increasing family planning services
Which of the following is clearly drive by economics? War rape Patrilineality Sexuality-bating Prostituion
Prostitution
Which of the following is most likely to result in a decrease in intimate partner violence (IPV)?
An increase in women's status and power
Identify a long-term medical consequence faced by women who have undergone the FGM/FGC procedure of narrowing the vaginal opening
Difficulty in menstruating
True or false: ethnocentric groups easily acknowledge the ways in which their culture permits discrimination and suffering among identifiable groups of people
False
True or flase: Global women's studies seeks a scholarly understanding of gender inequality cross-culturally and ignores women's empowerment
False
Which of the following are examples of women earning in the informal labor sector?
Sophia who sells vegetables in her neighborhood
In the context of global women's and gender studies, Identify a true statement about feminism.
Feminist ideologies, identities, issues, strategies, and actions vary considerably
Global women's and gender studies and activists typically favor a(n) ___ framework to help people determine when one should respect cultural practices and when one should work for their change.
Human rights
Women's activists who focus on the reform of legal and justice systems that allow the violation of woman's human rights work for ____. Improving women's access to legal advice adopting laws that provide special rights for women Making women conform to the existing law Abolishing law enforcement institutions
Improving women's access to legal advice
Which of the following increases women's dependence upon marriage and their husband's power over them?
Inability of women to own or inherit property in patrilineal societies
Identify the factors that increase women's risk for and tolerance of intimate partner violence. Matrifocality of social identities Stigma associated with divorce illegality of employing unmarried women Low social status of single women
Stigma associated with divorce Low social status of single women
Reproductive rights recognize the basic right of all couples and individuals to____
decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children
The implementation of the principle suggested by the Equal Remuneration Convention requires a(n) ____
objective comparison among jobs to determine their relative value
According to Barry _____ is the reduction of women to their bodies as sexual objects.
sexual exploitation
Unwelcome sexual advances or verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature which has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with the individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, abusive or offensive working environment is known as ________
sexual harassment
In some South Asia, East Asian, Western Asia, and Central Asian countries, son preference is so strong that it means that _____.
significantly more baby boys are born
Valuing male children over female children is known as ____
son preference
In the 1970s, American women of Puerto Rican, African American, Chicana and Native American descent waged a campaign against___
sterilization abuse
Efforts made by activists to educate women in other cultures about what to be concerned with and what to do about it almost always backfire because ____/.
the activists lack the cultural understanding necessary to effectively bring about change
According to many Marxist feminists, the primary basis of patriarchy is____
the economic dependence of women on men
Gender is intersectional because _____
the way gender is enacted and experienced depends on the way it acts together with other social categories and identities
Agents of local criminal networks acquire and sell women or girls to criminal networks in destination countries after winning the trust of women or the parents of girls. This is known as _____ of women and girls.
trafficking
The condition wherein the supporting pelvic structure of muscles, tissue, & ligaments gives way, and the uterus drops into & even out of the vagina is called ______
uterine prolapse
The condition wherein the supporting pelvic structure of muscles, tissue, and ligaments gives way, and the uterus drops into or even out of the vagina is called __________.
uterine prolapse
According to the UN, ______ ______ ______, is any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, mental, or sexual harm or suffering to women.
violence against women
The time availability perspective on gender-based divisions of household labor suggests that women have more time to perform household tasks because ____
women spend less time in the paid workforce
Women's right to vote is known as ___
women's suffrage
Why is it important to describe injustice against women as human rights violation?
Because the description of a discriminatory act as a human rights violation gives it more value
_______ involves the groom giving money, goods, or livestock to the parents of the bride in return for her hand.
Bride price
Identify the religion that has a particularly strong negative influence on women's reproductive rights worldwide Taoism Hinduism Buddhism Catholicism
Catholicism
Identify the factors that are often incompatible for women with demands for the long hours, travel, and relocation required for advancement in the organization
Child Care responsibilities, household labor
Countries with ____ force people to have more children by reducing citizens' reproductive choice Higher maternal morbidity Lower concerns for women Coercive pronatalist policies Coercive antinatlist policies
Coercive pronatalist policies
the objective juxtaposition among jobs to determine their relative value is known as ___. Gender equity Human capital approach Gender wage gap Comparable worth
Comparable worth
_____ occurs in the context of an intimate relationship and may include physical violence (such as hitting, slapping, beating, burning), sexual violence (such as rape or being forced to engage in undesired sexual acts), and emotional abuse (such as being humiliated, insulted, intimidated, threatened). Collective violence Self-directed violence Domestic violence Lateral violence
Domestic violence
A(n) ____ consists of money/goods paid by a bride's family to the groom or his family.
Dowry
_____ refers to the staged death of wives by husbands or in-laws for failing to bring money or property at the time of marriage. Honor Killing Dowry murder Parricide Sati
Dowry murder
The UN Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women requires ratifying nations to ___. Identify critical areas of concern for women in other nations Eliminate injustice against women in employment, education, and politics Provide authority to feminist activities over governmental bodies for the welfare of women Adopt women's rights as international human rights
Eliminate injustice against women in employment, education, and politics
People who are quick to think their culture's way is the right and only way to judge and reject the way other cultures do thing are referred to as ____. Patriarchal Ethnocentric Egalitarian Ethnorelative
Ethnocentric
T or F: Female genital mutilation or female genital cutting (FGM or FGC) is carried out during infancy in all practicing regions
False
True or False: Men's control of economic resources decreases women's dependence on men.
False
Identify the best way to respect cultural diversity & advocate for women's rights across cultures Focus on cultural imperialism & educated women about the issues to be concerns with and how to tackle them Focus on cultural relativism and avoid taking up issues that vary with women across cultures Focus on an ethnocentric approach to address the issues faced by women across cultures Focus on those practices of concern to women in their own countries and support their efforts to tackle them
Focus on those practices of concern to women in their own countries and support their efforts to tackle them
___ leads to many health hazards for women including physical/sexual violence, malaria, & chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gender mainstreaming Contraception Reproductive control Gender discrimination
Gender discrimination
Social constructivist & sociocultural explanations for gender inequality assume that ___. Gender roles are psychological constructs Gender roles are biological constructs Gender is static Gender is dynamic
Gender is dynamic
Identify the direct causes of maternal deaths Hemorrhage Sepsis Toxemia Anemia Adenomyosis
Hemorrhage Sepsis Toxemia
Identify the permanent independent international organization that was formally established when majority of the world's governments agreed to form an independent international organization in 1998 to investigate and prosecute crimes including war rape. International Court of Justice International Military Tribunal International Criminal Tribunal International Criminal Court
International Criminal Court
Identify a characteristic of global feminism.
It acknowledges that there are diverse meanings of feminism
Rotua is a heavily populated developing nation. The government of Rotua implemented a stricts one-child family policy. It provides a limited range of highly effective contraceptive methods. Women are coerced to undergo sterilization after the first baby. From the given scenario, identify a true statement about the government about Rotua.
It follows coercive antinatalism
Identify the features of honour killing. It involves the use of emotional, physical, or sexual violence by in-laws to get a wife to extract more dowry from her family. It frequently involves multiple family and community members that conspire to kill a woman. It is viewed as an issue arising out of differences in political ideologies. It occurs in cultures where a woman's virtuous behavior is believed to affect the prestige of her male relatives who are in charge of her.
It frequently involves multiple family and community members that conspire to kill a woman. It occurs in cultures where a woman's virtuous behavior is believed to affect the prestige of her male relatives who are in charge of her.
Identify a true statement about the Beijing Platform for Action
It identifies "critical areas of concern" related to the discrimination of women
Type IV FGC/FGM
It includes forms of female genital cutting involving no removal of tissue or alteration of the genitalia, such as pricking, piercing or incising, stretching, burning, scraping, cutting
Type III FGC/FGM
It involves the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal formed by cutting and stitching the labia minora or labia majora, with or without clitoridectomy
Type II FGC/FGM
It involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with partial or total excision of the labia majora
Identify a true statement about the glass ceiling It is further evidence of gender discrimination in paid employment It restricts men from attaining higher pay rates than women It is an objective comparison amongst jobs to determine their relative value It is a factor that limits the micro power of men in comparison to women
It is further evidence of gender discrimination in paid employment
Neither government laws nor the police protect women from intimate partner violence in gender unequal societies because ___. Women often make claims of domestic violence to wrongly frame their partners Women are given alternatives to staying in an abusive relationship It is viewed as a private family matter and a husband's right It is considered to be an issue that requires the involvement of international bodies
It is viewed as a private family matter and a husband's right
Which of the following statements is true about social roles theory It maintains that gender is dynamic & can be changed if gender stereotypes or gender roles change It maintains that gendered roles lead to gender stereotypes but gender stereotypes dp not lead to gendered roles It considers gender to be a biological construct It considers gender and sex as synonymous
It maintains that gender is dynamic & can be changed if gender stereotypes or gender roles change
Women with obstetric fistula are often ostracized & abandonded because ___. It makes personal hygiene difficult to maintain It is a condition common in sexually promiscuous women It is a result of terminating pregnancy It makes conceiving a child impossible
It makes personal hygiene difficult to maintain
Identify a true statement about the Mexico City instituted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1984.
It prevented foreign nongovernmental organizations that receive USAID family planning funds from providing legal abortion services
Identify the consequences of a failure to acknowledge intersectionality and contextualize women's issues and activism. It reduces the usefulness of women's study to promote gender equality It restricts one's understanding of women. It causes the dissolution of the patriarchal gender construct It leads to an approach of cultural relativism in the cross-cultural study of women
It reduces the usefulness of women's study to promote gender equality It restricts one's understanding of women.
In the context of women's paid labor, identify the true statements about women's employment
It reduces women's chances of poverty in older age it is important for poverty reduction of women
Identify a consequence that arises from the lack of paternity leaves in most countries
It reinforces the assumption that mothers are the primary parents
Why is the global study of women considered rich & rewarding? It requires that people accept a patriarchial family system to tackle gender inequality that is embedded in families. It requires people to adopt traditional cultural practices to fight gender inequality It requires people to imagine what it would be like to be a woman in another culture It requires that people learn about different customs, religions, and forms of government
It requires people to imagine what it would be like to be a woman in another culture It requires that people learn about different customs, religions, and forms of government
Identify the steps a government should adopt to eliminate gender pay gap
It should have a commitment to international conventions regarding pay equity legislation
In the context of cultural relativism, which of the following is true of global women's studies?
It states that culture should never be used to justify gender inequality
Identify the suggestion made by the 1951 Equal Remuneration Convention
It suggests that countries enact national laws prohibiting gender pay discrimination
Which of the following are examples of own-account workers? Laura who trades & sells at markets Jane who works as an accounting executive as a retail store Natalia who works in her family-run enterprise Sara who runs a small enterprise from her home without any other employees
Laura who trades & sells at markets Sara who runs a small enterprise from her home without any other employees
Which of the following leads to an acceptance of violence against women by families and authorities?
Lower status of women
Identify a scenario that relates to unwanted sexual attention, a behavioral dimension of sexual harassment identified by the tripartite model
Lucy, a systems analyst, was often provoked by her co-worker with unasked and unrequited sexual advances
According to the materialist explanation for gender inequality, family & social institutions that arose out of material forces led to ___. Male dominance & female subordination A decrease in gender inequality A decrease in the incidence of violence against women Female empowerment
Male dominance & female subordination
Which of the following views gender inequality as the oppression of women as a social, historical and alterable phenomenon?
Materialist explanations
Identify the features of a gender-responsive budget analysis
Measures government commitment to women's specific needs and rights Focuses on the unpaid care economy in which much of women's time is spent
Identify a scenario that exemplifies the behavioral dimension of sexual coercion
Mina refuses a job offer because she was required Mohave sex with her boss as a condition of employment
The primary motive of the corporations that play a large role in making reproductive technologies available to women is ____. Concerns about women's reproductive rights Concerns about population explosion Monetary profit Philanthropy
Monetary profit
Which of the following is a form of sexual exploitation allowed by society? Custodial rape Normative rape Date Rape non-normative rape
Normative rape
In the context of the attitude of Western feminists toward the practice of FGC, African feminists argue it is important to understand FGC is ___. Not intended to harm girls & women Practiced by women-hating people Practiced by barbaric cultures Not intended to affirm social status
Not intended to harm girls & women
Force marriage occurs when _____. A man wants to remarry for another dowry or to produce a son One or both partners cannot give free/valid consent to the marriage One of the partners indulge in physical violence on the other partner A woman's family is unable to provide the agreed upon dowry
One or both partners cannot give free/valid consent to the marriage
The degree to which an establishment is perceived by employees to be insensitive or liberal of sexual harassment is known as ____. Organizational tolerance Double burden Practical gender interest Double jeopardy
Organizational tolerance
Identify a true statement about abortion laws based on the findings of the World Health Organization.
Removing abortion restrictions reduces maternal morbidity from unsafe abortion
Identify the rights recognized by reproductive rights.
Right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence Right to information that enables to make free and responsible reproductive choices
Identify the forms of sexual slavery. Cohabitation Sex trafficking Lobala Forced marriage
Sex trafficking, forced marriage
Nina, a talented young executive, was denied a promotion by her immediate superior because she refused to sleep with him. According to the tripartite model of sexual harassment identify the category of sexual harassment faced by Nina
Sexual coercion
______ incites violence against women & reduces them to commodities for market exchange.
Sexual objectification
Why is occupational segregation, part-time work, and human capital not enough to explain all the reasons for the gender wage gap?
Some of the gender wage gap is due to outright gender wage discrimination
Identify a criticism laid out by some African feminists against the Western effects to help fight discriminatory practices toward women.
The Western effort leaves out input from affected women on how to best change a discriminatory practice
Identify a concern raised by women's activists about pharmaceutical corporations from industrialized countries that aggressively promote and market contraceptives
The corporations downplay side effects and risks of contraceptives to keep research costs down
Identify the factors responsible for sexual harassment from a feminist perspective Absence of horizontal occupational segregation in the public sphere The cultural approval of violence against women The sexual objectification of women Gender-role socialization processes that promote male dominance Time bind & double burden place on women in management positions
The cultural approval of violence against women The sexual objectification of women Gender-role socialization processes that promote male dominance
What is a concrete ceiling? The gender-based divisions of labor & social roles The concentration of women in lower paying, female-dominated jobs The dual burden of racism & sexism faced by women at workplace The tendency to restrict women's leader
The dual burden of racism & sexism faced by women at workplace
Identify a cause for gender health disparities in diagnosis and treatment in the United States.
The medical practice and research have disproportionately focused on men.
Identify a difficulty faced by women who have obstetric fistula
Their babies usually die from difficult or blocked labor
The increased risk of sexual harassment toward women from ethnic minorities is due to ___. Their marginality & lack of power The double burden enforced on them Their higher potential of work The time bind they go through
Their marginality & lack of power
Women's economic dependence on the men in their lives increase
Their risk and tolerance of domestic violence
Identify a characteristic of the women who have undergone FGM/FGC They cannot adopt contraceptives methods They are at significantly higher risk for C-sections They are at a significantly higher risk of contracting uterine prolapse They cannot conceive children naturally
They are at significantly higher risk for C-sections
According to the idea of human capital approach, women get paid less because ____. Employed women & men tend to work in comparable jobs & employment sectors Women have reduced their in-home labor by lowering their standards They are less skilled, less educated, or less experienced workers than men typically are They are not segregated or concentrated in female-dominated jobs
They are less skilled, less educated, or less experienced workers than men typically are
Identify a true statement about political systems controlled by men. They tend to provide equal liberties for women. They tend to provide special rights for women. They maintain legal systems that support women's safety They are not inclined to think about women's reproductive rights and health issues
They are not inclined to think about women's reproductive rights and health issues
Identify a characteristic of informal justice systems. They tend to uphold equity against patriarchal dominance. They consist of men who uphold customs and religious laws They tend to be considerate of the issues concerning women They have a balanced representation of both men and women
They consist of men who uphold customs and religious laws
Even though women have entered the paid workforce in record numbers, their economic power is diminished because ____. They are given less micro power They have greater macro power They frequently receive less pay for their work than men They are mostly employed in the informal sector
They frequently receive less pay for their work than men
Identify the true statements about transnational feminist movements.
They involve the coming together of feminist nongovernmental organizations to work across international borders in campaigns They are based on the core belief that women are entitled to the same rights as men
Identify the similarities shared by the majority of women all over the world They structure their lives according to their personal & society's needs They live in patriarchial societies They are part of cultures with legal, political, economic, and cultural structures that support gender inequality They are expected to financially support their families
They live in patriarchial societies They are part of cultures with legal, political, economic, and cultural structures that support gender inequality
According to materialist theorists, which of the following best describes the status of women during the Neolithic period? They enjoyed a superior status in the family system They were viewed as commodities to be controlled Their status in society was equal to that of men Their participation in agriculture exceeded male participation
They were viewed as commodities to be controlled
Identify the maternity protection measures for pregnant employees They will not be exposed to health hazards They will be provided at least 12 months of paid maternity leave They will have time off to have children & return to their job without discrimination They will be given higher wages by their employer during maternity leave They will be permitted breast-feeding breaks They will not face employment discrimination
They will not be exposed to health hazards They will have time off to have children & return to their job without discrimination They will be permitted breast-feeding breaks They will not face employment discrimination
Identify a true statement about the UN Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women This treaty was ratified by the US in 1979 This 1979 treaty is yet to be signed by almost all UN member states This is a product of the 4th World Conference on Women (FWCW) held in Beijing This is basically an international bill of rights of women
This is basically an international bill of rights of women
Identify a true statement about women's experiences of gendered violence. Those are not influenced by their level of education Those are not affected by cultural differences Those are influenced by intersectionality Those are upheld by matrilineal systems
Those are influenced by intersectionality
Identify the cultural factors that lead to cross-cultural differences in women & men's labor force participation Traditional gender roles Demands of care labor Global recession Coercive antinatalism
Traditional gender roles Demands of care labor
_____ is one instances of women treated as properly & is a form of modern-day slavery.
Trafficking of women
Which of the following are true of transnational feminist movements? Transnational feminisms recognize political participation for women as the most important goal of feminism Transnational feminisms acknowledge there are diverse meanings of feminism Diverse values are erased as part of building of alliances in transnational feminisms Diversity & difference remain central values in transnational feminisms
Transnational feminisms acknowledge there are diverse meanings of feminism Diversity & difference remain central values in transnational feminisms
T or F: Cultural and social norms approaches to FGM/FGC acknowledge that FGM/FGC are entrenched cultural practices that are best understood & changed by the people in those cultures.
True
Which of the following types of FGM/FGC is also known as clitoridectomy? Type II Type I Type IV Type III
Type I
In 2007, ____ was launched to unite the work of thirteen United Nations (UN) entities with the goal of ending sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings.
UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict
Identify the basis for a multicultural approach to women's studies. Passing judgements on societies fostering traditions that treat women differently Understanding the influence of culture on women's issues and women's experiences Bringing about change in one's society as people support women in other cultures Imposing superior ways of one's owns culture on other inferior cultures.
Understanding the influence of culture on women's issues and women's experiences Bringing about change in one's society as people support women in other cultures
Why has the ratio of women's unpaid labor to men's shrunk in industrialized nations such as the United States?
Women have reduced their in-home labor by lowering their standards
Identify a trend observed in gender health disparities
Women suffer from malnutrition at twice the rate as men
Identify a characteristic of a more gender-equal world according to the sex-role spillover theory
Women will be more likely to be assertive regarding the unacceptability of sexual harassment
In the context of maternal morbidity, which of following categories of women have high risk for obstetric fistula? Women with small pelvis due to childhood malnutrition Women who have reached menopause Young women who are physically immature Matured women in their forties
Women with small pelvis due to childhood malnutrition Young women who are physically immature
The number of countries legalizing abortion has grown dramatically in the last 20 years, largely due to Women's activism Pronatalism Coercive antinatalism Anti-corporate activism
Women's activism
The majority of woman all over the world live in heteropatriarchal cultures where ____.
bearing and caring for children are a chief source of status and identity for women
Forced marriages are common where there is poverty in combination with the practice of ____.
bride price
China's one child family policy, first institutes in the 1970s and ended in 2015, provides one of the most extreme examples of
coercive anti-nationalism
In addition to awareness of intersectionality, to fully understand the cultural, social, political, historical and economic situations surrounding woman's issues and activism, it is important to ____.
consider women's issues and activism in the material contexts in which they are situated.
Uterine prolapase can occur due to___
difficult prolonged labor and carrying heavy loads
All procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injurty to the female sex organs for cultural or other nonmedical reasons are called ____.
female genital mutilation
The disadvantage of females relative to males is called ____
gender equality
The verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey insulting, hostile and degrading attitudes toward women are called ___
gender harassment
The several ways in which health risks, experiences, and outcomes are different for women and men, girls and boys refer to____
gender health disparities
In most societies, employed women and men tend to work in different jobs and employment sectors, and men hold the higher positions compared to women in the same job category. This is known as ____
gender occupational segregation
According to the sex-role spillover theory, sexual harassment would decline as ___
gender roles change and as men relate with women on the basis of their work roles
Paying women in the same jobs less just because they are women and because the skills associated with "women's jobs" are devalued is known as ____-
gender wage discrimination
The process that examines how national budgets impact women and girls differently than men and boys is known as ___
gender-responsive budget analysis
Violence against women (VAW) has its roots in ______.
historical and structural inequalities in power relations between males and females and males' abuse of that power
A tradition whereby it is seen morally justifiable to kill a close female blood relative if she does something to dishonor the family is known as ______.
honor killing
The tendency for occupations mainly held by men to have substantially highe pay rates & status as compared to those mainly held by women is known as horizontal occupational segregation.
horizontal occupation segregation
Sex refers to the _______ differences between females and males relating reproduction and genital organs.
inborn biological
identify a statement that best describes informal labor sector it involves work where people get a paycheck & pay taxes it involves jobs in the feminist & political organizations it involves "under the table" & "off the books" employment it involves female-dominated jobs in the public sphere
it involves "under the table" & "off the books" employment
An individual's knowledge of his/her/their legal rights is called ____
legal literacy
The death of a woman while pregnant or within forty-two days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management is called _____/
maternal morbidity
The time off for mothers following the birth of a child, which is important both for women's health and for child development, is known as ________.
maternity leave
Identify the prerequisites for women's full participation in the labor force Maternity leave High wage Reduced work hours Child care
maternity leave, child care
According to many feminists, ______ is at the heart of women's lower status and power.
men's greater economic power
With the evolution of societies based on money, men's labor appeared to have more value because _____.
men's labor was more likely to be used in exchange for money or goods
Since gendered divisions of household labor and child care arise out of traditional gender ideologies, it follows that more egalitarian beliefs about the genders result in ___
more egalitarian divisions of household labor
In comparison to countries with liberal abortion policeis, countries with restrictive laws have ____
more than four times the number of unsafe abortions
___________ is a perspective that emphasizes helping people to understand, accept, and value the ethic differences between groups, with the ultimate goal of reaping the benefits of diversity.
multiculturalism
The idea that gender inequality is embedded in family, cultural, economic, political and social structures is sometimes referred to as ____.
patriarchy
Government policies that force people to have more children by reducing citizens' reproductive choice are called coercive ____.
pronatalist policies
In the context of explanations for gender-based division of household labor, ____ emphasizes that the division of household labor reflects the comparative economic power of women and men
relative resources perspective
Health topics including family planning, fenerative tract infections and cancers, infertility, maternal mortality, morbidity, unsafe abortion, and female genital cutting refer to ________
reproductive health
The idea that people are less likely to assign men and women to roles that call for qualities associated with the other gender is emphasized by the _____
role congruity theory
The term ____ describes how employed women frequently work one shift in paid work and another shift doing household labor before or after paid work
second shift