WGST FINAL EXAM

Redstockings

"Male supremacy is the oldest, most basic form of domination."

Combahee River Collective

"The most general statement of our politics at the present time would be that we are actively committed to struggling against racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppression, and see as our particular task the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking. The synthesis of these oppressions creates the conditions of our lives. As Black women we see Black feminism as the logical political movement to combat the manifold and simultaneous oppressions that all women of color face." 1975

Betty Friedan

"The problem lay buried, unspoken for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century in the United States. Each suburban housewife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night, she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question: ''Is this all?''" (Feminine Mystique, 1963)

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

(2015) declared laws which prohibit same-sex marriage are unconstitutional

"Southern Horrors" (1892)

1) Pamphlet created by Ida B. Wells: Anti-Lynching crusader 2) Challenges the white dominant ideology on race, gender, and sexuality by: Redefining Rape, Pointing out hypocrisy in the South, Showing a connection between lynching Black men, and raping black women 3) contains examples and situations that show the hypocrisy of the White men and women who lynch African Americans. 4) This was meant to be read by White citizens to turn their opinions about the African American race around. 5) Lynching decreases after this pamphlet was published

Contraception/Abortion

1. Contraception and abortion in the colonial period 2. Declining fertility in the nineteenth century 3. Suppression and advocacy of contraceptive knowledge 4. The Pill A. Very little evidence that married couples intentionally practiced contraceptive techniques (other than lactation) or induced abortions 1. Usually associated with non-marital sex B. None of the methods were completely reliable C. Coitus Interruptus (withdrawal) D. Herbal and mineral contraceptives E. Abortifacients and emmenagogues F. Manual abortions G. Most adult women probably knew how to induce an abortion (at least theoretically) A. Contraceptives and abortifacients of the colonial period B. Later age at first marriage C. Abstinence D. Probably more contact with doctors and more abortions E. Most popular methods 1. Coitus interruptus 2. Douching 3. Rhythm method

NWSA

1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony 2. Opposed the 14th and 15th Amendments a) Employed racist and nativist arguments 3. Worked to pass a federal constitutional amendment 4. Worked for other "women's" causes

Harriot Stanton Blatch

1. Equality League of Self-Supporting women 2. Women's Political Union 3. Won New York which was a major move A. Born into the suffrage movement as the daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton B. Active primarily in the New York movement C. Built her own commitment to suffrage around women's identity as workers both within the household and through paid employment 1. Insisted that their contributions be recognized 2. Believed that work (and economic independence) was crucial to women's rights 3. Argued that women deserved the vote on their basis of their contributions as workers A. Brought together women workers from the professionals to the industrial workers 1. Needed the vote to ameliorate their working conditions 2. Working-class women who testified before NY Senate Judiciary Committee did not need to rely on worn out arguments 3. Involvement of working-class women finally turned the suffrage movement into a mass movement B. Also courted elite women who could bankroll the organization (and whose participation in public events would draw front page news) A. "We learned over and over again as we toiled in our campaign that sermons and logic never convince, that human beings move because they feel, not because they think." B. In 1913, the WPU collaborated on a movie in which a suffragist saves her fiancé by exposing a corrupt political boss C. "Voiceless Speeches" 1. Women stood with signs, flipping the pages on the stand making the arguments visible D. Speaking in the streets E. Suffrage Parades (1911) F. In 1915, the WPU sponsored Suffrage Day at the Polo Grounds as publicity for an upcoming referendum on woman suffrage A. Women had long petitioned, testified before committees etc. but had little to do with openly partisan politics B. Lobbyists to learned where politicians who opposed women suffrage C. Campaigned against individual politicians who opposed woman suffrage D. Exacted political promises and publicly held politicians to them

AWSA

1. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, Julia Ward Howe 2. Supported the 14th and 15th Amendments 3. Worked primarily on state suffrage campaigns 4. Single-issue organizations

Comstock Law (1873)

1. Made it illegal to send "obscene, lewd and/or lascivious materials through the mail" 2. Including information about contraception and abortion

Carrie Chapman Catt

1. National America Women's Suffrage Association A. Became president of the NWSA in 1915 (after years of suffrage involvement as a lobbyist, writer, and lecturer) B. Re-organized NAWSA as a hierarchical machine with state leaders subject to national direction so that state and national aims would reinforce one another and there would be no honorary positions C. "Winning Plan" 1. Women in suffrage states should work for a federal amendment 2. Women in states where suffrage seemed possible should work for referenda for state constitutional amendments 3. Women in states where a state amendment did not seem possible should work for presidential or primary suffrage (especially in the south) 4. NAWSA would decide which states were which to prevent hopeless campaigns and cross-purpose efforts

"Winning Plan"

1. Women in suffrage states should work for a federal amendment 2. Women in states where suffrage seemed possible should work for referenda for state constitutional amendments 3. Women in states where a state amendment did not seem possible should work for presidential or primary suffrage (especially in the south) 4. NAWSA would decide which states were which to prevent hopeless campaigns and cross-purpose efforts

Reconstruction Amendments (13th - 15th)

13- a. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. (Ratified 1865) 14- a. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. b. Wendell Phillips publicly claimed that this was "the negro's hour" and that women should not jeopardize an amendment guaranteeing black suffrage in order to advance their own rights. c. The representative women of the nation have done their uttermost for the last thirty years to secure freedom for the negro, and so long as he was lowest in the scale of being we were allowed to press his claims; but now, as the celestial gate to civil rights is slowly moving on its hinges, it becomes a serious question whether we had better stand aside and see "Sambo" walk into the kingdom first. As self-preservation is the first law of nature, would it not be wiser to keep our lamps trimmed and burning, and when the constitutional door is open, avail ourselves of the strong arm and blue uniform of the black soldier to walk in by his side, and thus make the gap so wide that no privileged class could ever again close it against the humblest citizen of the republic? - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1865 a. And the word "male" appeared for the first time in the US Constitution. b. Southern states continued to deny freedmen the right to vote. 15- The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. A. Garbage collection 1. Didn't remove garbage 2. Local problem 3. Rural practices in urban areas 4. This is a problem of democracy, according to Adams,: a) Immigrants were not speaking up because they're too busy and it's not going to get anything accomplished b) No travel c) Lowers expectations of democracy; says democracy doesn't work B. Johnny Powers 1. "corrupt" alderman 2. Machine politician 3. Gave out offices as favors a) Didn't actually have to work C. Addams goes in to Hull House to teach/influence 1. Education, speakers 2. Teaching Shakespeare, borrowing art, seeing museums a) Trying to acclimate immigrant neighbors to American culture b) Try to make connections to European culture c) Humans need: clean water, food, shelter, socialization (saloons), creativity, joy, body needs to be taken care of, had to feed the spirit as well D. Inclusion of people 1. Organizations people joined a) Juvenile protection agency- reacted to a perceived problem (1) Gives kids something to do other than steal/be truant b) Studies of typhoid (1) Public health problem

Pauli Murray

1939 Rejected by UNC Chapel Hill Law School because of her race 1941 Entered Howard Law School "with the single-minded intention of destroying Jim Crow" 1944 Rejected from Harvard Law School because of her sex "Jane Crow and the Law" which influenced the Supreme Court to reject the idea that discrimination on the basis of sex might be considered privilege (e.g., jury service) Came to perceive that racial and sexual discrimination were interlocking systems in the lives of black women

Title IX (of the Education Amendments, 1972)

1972- prohibited discrimination in education and that includes preventing sexual assault the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates equal access to education

Clery Act (1990)

1990 Clery Act mandated that colleges and universities must report statistics on campus sexual assault to federal authorities 1972 Title IX prohibited discrimination in education and that includes preventing sexual assault 2013 Violence Against Women Act amended the Clery Act to include information on domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking

Say Her Name

A corrective to media which reports on the deaths of black men, but has less to say about police violence against black women and trans-gender people.

Women's Liberation

A new brand of feminism in the 1960s that attracted primarily younger, college-educated women fresh from the New Left, antiwar, and civil rights movements who sought to end to the denigration and exploitation of women. Radical Cultural, Social, and Structural Change Consciousness raising Younger women Middle and working-class women More likely to identify with "Third World" groups

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

A. "... Only one generation has passed since this Court observed that 'woman is still regarded as the center of the home and family life,' with attendant 'special responsibilities' that precluded full and independent legal status under the Constitution (Hoyt v. Florida). These views, of course, are no longer consistent with our understanding of the family, the individual, or the Constitution... [The Pennsylvania abortion law] embodies a view of marriage consonant with the common-law status of married women but repugnant to our present understanding of marriage and of the nature of the rights secured by the Constitution. Women do not lose their constitutionally protected liberty when they marry."

Sexual Revolution

A. "Same sex" and "Opposite sex" sex 1. Colonial attitudes toward homosexual sex 2. Elasticity of same sex relationships in the nineteenth century 3. Sex as identity in the twentieth century 4. Non-Binary Sex in the twenty-first century B. Contraception, abortion, and the coming of the 1960s sexual revolution 1. Contraception and abortion in the colonial period 2. Declining fertility in the nineteenth century 3. Suppression and advocacy of contraceptive knowledge 4. The Pill

Mackenzie v. Hare (1915)

A. "The identity of husband and wife is an ancient principle of our jurisprudence. It was neither accidental nor arbitrary and worked in many instances for her protection. There has been, it is true, much relaxation of it but in its retention as in its origin it is determined by their intimate relation and unity of interests, and this relation and unity may make it of public concern in many interests to merge their identity, and give dominance to the husband."

"Same-sex sex"

A. "sodomy" was a capital offense under English common law (but it was defined by penetration) B. New Haven (colony) prohibited acts "against nature" among women 1. Women in a few colonies prosecuted for "lewd" behavior C. Sex without penetration? D. Absence of a modern "sexual identity" 1. Acts vs identity

Cable Act

A. "the right of a person to become a naturalized citizen shall not be denied to a person on account of sex or because she is a married woman" B. But if they married men from China or Japan... C. Naturalized citizens could lose citizenship more easily than natural born citizens D. As late as the 1950s, American-born women discovered when they applied for passports, that they were not legally American citizens

Nineteenth-century fertility decline

A. Begin to see evidence that married couples were deliberately limiting the size of their families 1. Women's health and economics B. Over the course of the nineteenth century, family size declined by roughly half C. Why might families have wanted fewer children? 1. Mothering becomes more intensive 2. Apprenticeship and hiring decline 3. Shift from rural to urban economies

Education

A. By 1890, most public secondary schools were open to women 1. More than half of graduates were female B. By 1900, 80% of all American colleges and universities admitted women 1. Mid to late 19th century saw founding of women's colleges as well as land grant universities a) MU admitted women in 1867 C. By 1920 women held nearly half of all undergraduate degrees D. Opportunities were both class and race-based A. Some medical and law schools admitted women 1. Teaching remained the most common profession for women B. Women's colleges employed female professionals C. Few expected to balance marriage and professional life 1. Most school systems fired female teachers when they married

Homosocial world

A. Carol Smith-Rosenburg has identified patterns of behavior among women which modern people might be tempted to label lesbian B. Context is everything 1. Companionate ideal of complimentary roles in a marriage of friends has evolved into an ideology of separate spheres 2. Homosocial world 3. Romantic and sensual does not necessarily equal genital/sexual C. "I wish I could be with you present in the body as well as the mind & heart - I would turn your good husband out of bed - and snuggle into you and we would have a long talk like old times..." - Eliza Schlatter to Sophia DuPont, 1832

Jury Service

A. Generally state constitutions equated voting rights with jury service; after the Nineteenth Amendment, some states called women to serve, but most did not. B. A few, like Florida, allowed for voluntary service... C. Problem, not only because full citizenship entails both rights and responsibilities, but because female defendants were almost always tried before all-male juries D. Gwendolyn Hoyt... 1. Despite the enlightened emancipation of women from the restrictions and protections of bygone years, and their entry into many parts of community life formerly reserved to men, woman is still regarded as the center of home and family life. We cannot say that it is constitutionally impermissible for a State... to conclude that a woman should be relieved from the civil duty of jury service unless she herself determines that such service is consistent with her own special responsibilities. - Hoyt v. Florida, 1961 LXI. Until 1975, it was perfectly legal to require only males to perform jury duty. A. Taylor v. Louisiana B. Ironically, a case in which a man was convicted of rape and kidnapping.

Progressive Reform

A. Given wide-spread education and limited career opportunities for middle-class women... B. At its best... 1. Assumed that half the battle of solving problems was understanding and publicizing them 2. Understanding required research and experience (which should lead to expertise) 3. Growth of sociology and social work as a profession 4. Assumed that the world could and should be made a better place A. One of the major goals of Trade Union women and Progressive Era reformers was protective labor legislation C. Progressive Era - more equal access to education brought some women into the professions 1. Vast majority of women undertaking paid labor were at the bottom in industrial manufacturing, domestic service, and agricultural work

Rise of "sexualities"

A. Growing recognition that not all bodies fit into binary sex categories 1. Perhaps a little Aristotle might have made us comfortable with this idea earlier? B. New focus on the artificiality of gender 1. 17th century people understood gender as having more to do with roles than with innate qualities (although they did understand that gender as the natural corollary to sex) 2. Gender has always been artificial and changes as we perform it 3. Increasing numbers of people are recognizing that their sex does not necessarily match the gender they understand themselves to be a) Cis-gendered, trans-gendered, demi-gendered, non-binary/genderqueer

WCTU

A. Largest and most popular women's organization B. Continued many pre-Civil War tactics and justifications 1. Pledges, prayer, and moral suasion 2. Immigration and industrialization had increased alcohol production and consumption C. Openly embraced political tactics by lobbying for anti-liquor laws and national prohibition 1. Remarkable amount of success D. Also branched out into new reforms such as... E. Fight against public graft and corruption F. Clean streets safe housing G. Safe food and water H. Juvenile courts, child labor and age of consent laws I. Protections for female workers

Mamie Till Bradley Mobley

A. Mamie Till Bradley did not aspire to become a civil rights activist, but she was thrust into the spotlight about three months before Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery buss B. Mamie Till Bradley was born in Mississippi, but she and her son lived in Chicago C. 1955 she allowed her 14 year old son to visit his great uncle in rural Mississippi 1. Did not appear to understand the realities of Jim Crow D. Emmett allegedly whistled at, grabbed, and made crude comments to a while woman while in a grocery store 1. 2017 Carolyn Bryant Donham recanted and implied that her testimony was coerced E. Four days later, Emmett Till was kidnapped, tortured, and killed. His body was tied to a cotton gin fan and dumped in a river

Mae Bertha Carter

A. Mississippi sharecropper - married with 13 children - determined that her children would not live their lives as sharecroppers B. Sent her children to a white school in 1965 1. Remember that Brown v. Board of Education was 1954 C. 1969 - Carter family joined with NAACP in a lawsuit that removed the last legal hurdle to desegregation in Mississippi schools

"for the duration"

A. Most companies fired women when men returned home B. Most industries were surprised at how well women performed in new jobs 1. Competent and cheaper C. "For the duration" D. Labor unions had a stronger interest in male employment 1. More importantly, management believed that E. Women (including married women) continued to work but were shunted back into lower paying "female" jobs

NAWSA

A. National American Women Suffrage Association 1. Combined efforts but was best by personal animosities B. Dominated almost exclusively by middle-class/elite, white women C. Very little new to offer 1. Sponsoring the same amendment 1878-1919 2. Natural rights 3. Countering "undesirable voters" 4. Petitioned, met with the appropriate congressional committee, and generally made little progress

"Kitchen Debate" (1959)

A. Nixon v. Communist Leader Khrushchev B. Argued about women's 'ease' in the American capitalism vs communism 1. "Your capitalistic attitude toward women does not occur under Communism" - Soviet women were workers not housewives

Margaret Sanger

A. Nurse in New York City who became horrified by the physical toll repeated childbirth and abortion had on women B. 1916 opened the first birth control clinic in New York and was arrested for maintaining a public nuisance C. Forced NYC government to rethink its stance on the dissemination of contraceptive information (for the prevention of disease) F. "The menace of another pregnancy hung like a sword over the head of every poor woman I came in contact with that year. The question which met me was always the same: What can I do to keep from it? Or, What can I do to get out of this?" (1912)

Stonewall Inn Riots

A. On a Friday evening, NYC police and the ABC (Alcoholic Beverage Control) raided the Stonewall Inn... a common(ish) occurrence B. Usually the police made a few arrests and the rest of the patrons dispersed C. June 1969, patrons instead began to riot and continued to do so for three more nights with increasing participation and violence 1. Joined by members of the counter-culture D. First Gay Pride March (thousands of marches) E. Followed by the formation of groups calling for the end of social and legal discrimination against homosexual people F. Soon some would begin to understand same sex attraction in the wider context of gender politics G. It should first be understood that lesbianism, like male homosexuality, is a category of behavior possible only in a sexist society characterized by rigid sex roles and dominated by male supremacy. Those sex roles dehumanize women by defining us as a supportive/serving caste in relation to the master caste of men, and emotionally cripple men by demanding that they be alienated from their own bodies and emotions in order to perform their economic/political/military functions effectively. Homosexuality is a by-product of a particular way of setting up roles ( or approved patterns of behavior) on the basis of sex; as such it is an inauthentic ( not consonant with "reality") category. In a society in which men do not oppress women, and sexual expression is allowed to follow feelings, the categories of homosexuality and heterosexuality would disappear. - Radicalesbians, "The Woman-Identified Woman," 1970

"Domestic Security" (Cold War)

A. Politicians begin to describe "the American family" as the bulwark against international communism and domestic threats B. Conceived of communism as a temptation to the weak-minded and those who lack self-control 1. Associated communism with unrestrained, "deviant" sexuality C. Build moral virtue and sexual purity (both in terms of continence and heterosexuality) in order to resist communism D. The Republican Mother strikes again? E. The Homey Side of Civil Defense 1. "Is your 'pantry' ready in event of emergency?"

Feminization of occupations

A. Process by which occupations become less prestigious (and pays less) when women enter them in large numbers B. Clerical work had been a low-level business job with the expectation of promotion C. Typing pools

Women and the Professions/Working Women

A. Professional women comprised only about 8% of working women 1. Primarily teaching and nursing B. About 5% clerical jobs C. About half were farm laborers or domestic servants D. Almost 30% in manufacturing 1. See immigration and the rise of industrial capitalism E. Women were usually clustered at the bottom of occupational hierarchies

Fannie Lou Hamer

A. Sharecropper on a plantation in Rulesville, Mississippi B. Married woman with two adopted children and deep roots in the community 1. Involuntarily sterilized when she went to the hospital to have a stomach cyst removed C. 1962 - attended a SNCC mass meeting promoting voter registration 1. Learned that she and other African Americans theoretically had the right to vote 2. First of 18 people who volunteered to travel to the country courthouse to register D. 1964 - helped to form the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 1. Alternative to the Mississippi Democratic Party which refused to allow African American participation and could not be counted on to support a national Democratic ticket 2. Testified at the Democratic National Convention A. Pres. Johnson's interruption B. Jailed and beaten nearly to death at Winona after returning from a voter registration workshop 1. Blinded in her left eye and permanently damaged kidneys C. "Is this America, the land of the free and home of the brave, where we have to sleep with our telephones off of the hooks because our lives be threatened daily, because we want to live as decent human beings, in America?"

Social Security Acts (1934 and 1939)

A. Social Security Acts of 1934 and 1939 are usually considered the most important part of the New Deal reform B. Two tiers of "security" 1. "Workers" who contributed to the social security fund and received pensions at retirement (Social Security) 2. "Needy" who received assistance and were subject to stringent financial and moral regulations (Welfare) C. This would make some sort of sense were it not for the fact that most people in both groups worked or had worked

Settlement House Movement

A. Started in England with male college students B. Middle-class women (and sometimes men) moved into poor neighborhoods with the aim of understanding and improving them 1. At their best, understood middle and working class, native born and immigrant to all have something important contribute 2. Less attractive, "Americanization"

"The Pill"

A. The first contraceptive device (other than abstinence) with a nearly 100% success rate. B. 1960: The Pill went on sale C. 1962: 1.2 million women taking it

Alice Paul

A. Unmarried, New Jersey Hicksite Quaker with experience in the militant wing of the British woman suffrage movement B. Worked briefly with NAWSA but formed the independent Congressional Union in 1914 (reorganized as the National Woman's Party in 1917) which focused exclusively on a federal amendment for woman suffrage A. While working with NAWSA, Paul was in charge of the national efforts B. Organized a parade in DC on the eve of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration 1. Take advantage of crowds

1913 Suffrage parade in D.C.

A. While working with NAWSA, Paul was in charge of the national efforts B. Organized a parade in DC on the eve of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration 1. Take advantage of crowds

Equal Rights Amendment

A. Written by Alice Paul in 1921 B. Introduced in to Congress in 1923 and every session since C. Passed in congress in 1972 D. By 1982, 35 states had ratified it E. 38 states were necessary for the amendment to be enacted F. In the early 20th century most women opposed it G. Of course, many people (including women) opposed the 19th Amendment as well 1. Gender relations 2. "Undesirable Vote" 3. The Anti Suffrage Quartette: White Slaver, Big Biz, Liquor, and the women who sing along A. Tended to further the immediate interests of professional women and women in higher paying jobs 1. Also opened up the possibility that more women might be able to advance into those jobs B. Undermined protective legislation which ensured maximum hours for women and children working in industry 1. And those reforms often spread to men as well C. Divided women ideologically between those who believed that absolute "equality" benefited women and those who believed that women needed protection as a group

NOW

At a meeting of state commissions on the status of women in 1966, a group of women tried to introduce a resolution that the EEOC enforce its mandate to enforce non-discriminatory hiring practices with regard to sexual discrimination. The conference of state officials replied that they did not have the authority to take action. was founded that afternoon... WE BELIEVE that the power of American law, and the protection guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution to the civil rights of all individuals, must be effectively applied and enforced to isolate and remove patterns of sex discrimination, to ensure equality of opportunity in employment and education, and equality of civil and political rights and responsibilities on behalf of women, as well as for Negroes and other deprived groups

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

C. 1908- Supreme Court made an exception for women in protective labor legislation D. "It is impossible to close one's eyes to the fact that she still looks to her brother and depends upon him... her physical structure and a proper discharge of her maternal functions - having in view not merely her own health, but the well-being of the race - justify legislation to protect her from the greed as well as the passions of man."

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

C. Most states then outlawed abortion and the dissemination of contraceptive information 1. Connecticut and Massachusetts went the furthest. They outlawed practicing any form of contraception. 2. The ban was not lifted until 1965 when the Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional

Hoyt v. Florida (1961)

D. Gwendolyn Hoyt... 1. Despite the enlightened emancipation of women from the restrictions and protections of bygone years, and their entry into many parts of community life formerly reserved to men, woman is still regarded as the center of home and family life. We cannot say that it is constitutionally impermissible for a State... to conclude that a woman should be relieved from the civil duty of jury service unless she herself determines that such service is consistent with her own special responsibilities.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

F. "...the ancient inequality of the sexes, otherwise than physical, as suggested in the Muller Case has continued 'with diminishing intensity.' In view of the great - not to say revolutionary - changes which have taken place since that utterance, in the contractual, political and civil status of women, culminating in the Nineteenth Amendment, it is not unreasonable to say that these differences have now come almost, if not quite, to the vanishing point... we cannot accept the doctrine that women of mature age... require or may be subjected to restrictions upon their liberty of contract which could not lawfully be imposed in the case of men under similar circumstances..." (1923)

Black Lives Matter

Founded by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman who killed Trayvon Martin in Florida (2013), and the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri by a white police officer (2014). Grown into a global network "Black liberation movements in this country have created room, space, and leadership mostly for Black heterosexual, cisgender men—leaving women, queer and transgender people, and others either out of the movement or in the background to move the work forward with little or no recognition. As a network, we have always recognized the need to center the leadership of women and queer and trans people."

Radicalesbians

G. It should first be understood that lesbianism, like male homosexuality, is a category of behavior possible only in a sexist society characterized by rigid sex roles and dominated by male supremacy. Those sex roles dehumanize women by defining us as a supportive/serving caste in relation to the master caste of men, and emotionally cripple men by demanding that they be alienated from their own bodies and emotions in order to perform their economic/political/military functions effectively. Homosexuality is a by-product of a particular way of setting up roles ( or approved patterns of behavior) on the basis of sex; as such it is an inauthentic ( not consonant with "reality") category. In a society in which men do not oppress women, and sexual expression is allowed to follow feelings, the categories of homosexuality and heterosexuality would disappear. "It should first be understood that lesbianism, like male homosexuality, is a category of behavior possible only in a sexist society characterized by rigid sex roles and dominated by male supremacy."

Intersectionality

Idea that a person's experience is shaped by multiple inequities People do not experience life based individually on class, race, sex, sexuality, but rather on the intersection of those things. Cannot be separated in a person's life Makes the argument that patriarchal power is the most important factor in the subjugation of women problematic. Made the participation of women involved ethnic nationalist causes in the "mainstream" women's movements problematic. Women involved in movements like Black Power, Chicano movement, Asian movements, Native American movements usually formed their own women's groups within those movements rather than working with groups dominated by white women

Loving v. Virginia (1976)

In 1976, the Supreme declared unconstitutional laws which prohibited interracial marriage interracial marriage was illegal from 1691 to 1976

"The personal is political"

Individuals' personal problems have social and political causes. Therapy is aimed at helping clients change their own behavior and become active participants in transforming society.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin... ban discrimination in public places and employment (sex and race)

Taylor v. Louisiana (1975)

LXI. Until 1975, it was perfectly legal to require only males to perform jury duty.

Uprising of the 20,000

Labor strike involving primarily Jewish women working in New York shirtwaist factories that began in November 1909 and ended with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in March 1911.

Glamour Girls of 1943

Performed work of men by laboring in factories during WWII making planes/jeeps/parachutes/etc

Miss America Pageant Protest (1968)

Protest action at the 1968 Miss America Contest Planned by NYRW, esp. Robin Morgan Drew crowd of about 400 participants Crowned a sheep, deposited items of oppression into the "Freedom Trash Can," called attention to unrealistic ideals and the commercialization of beauty Posters that read "Up Against the Wall, Miss America," "Miss America Sells It," and "Miss America is a Big Falsie" hardly raised any woman's consciousness and really harmed the cause of sisterhood. Miss America and all beautiful women came off as our enemy instead of as our sisters who suffer with us...We didn't say clearly enough that we women are all forced to play the Miss America role - not by beautiful women but by men we have to act that way for, and by a system that has so well institutionalized male supremacy for its own ends. This was not very clear in our guerilla theater. Women chained to a replica, red, white, and blue bathing suited Miss America could have been misinterpreted as our blaming beautiful women. Also crowning a live sheep Miss America sort of said that beautiful women are sheep..."

Robin Morgan

Protest action at the 1968 Miss America Contest Planned by NYRW Any man who claims he is serious about wanting to divest himself of cock privilege should trip on this: all male leadership out of the Left is the only way; and it's going to happen, whether through men stepping down or through women seizing the helm. It's up to the brothers—after all, sexism is their concern, not ours; we're too busy getting ourselves together to have to deal with their bigotry. So they'll have to make up their own minds as to whether they will be divested of just cock privilege or—what the hell, why not say it, say it!—divested of cocks.

STOP-ERA

STOP = Stop Taking Our Privileges Initially, opposition to the ERA was confined to the far right wing of the Republican party, but that changed with the rise of the New Right Organized partly in response to the 1977 National Women's Conference Different from individual rejection of feminist ideals Organized and politically savvy movement

#MeToo

Started with civil rights activist and sexual assault survivor Tarana Burke - 2006 Working with disadvantaged girls and reassured the many who had suffered sexual assault that they were not alone - "me too" 2006 Her "Me Too" Campaign helped to raise awareness about sexual violence MeToo goes viral - 2017 Actress Alyssa Milano invited her Twitter followers who had experienced sexual violence to text "me too." Within days, 40,000 people had responded and 12 MILLION had used #metoo on social media At roughly the same time, The New York Times published its investigation into decades of sexual assault claims against Harvey Weinstein Check your newspaper

"Rosie the Riveter"

What most people associate with WWII. A. Meeting the needs of wartime production meant that the United States had to enlarge its labor force B. Moved into occupations which had been closed to women C. Tended to be more lucrative than "traditional" women's jobs D. Job opportunities changed but remained sex typed 1. Manual dexterity 2. Repetitious E. Employers were shocked by how well the experiment succeeded 1. US government paid to retool factories in order to accommodate women 2. Female workers performed as well as their male counterparts and they were cheaper. F. "Why should men, who from childhood have never so much as sewed on buttons, be expected to handle delicate instruments better than women who have plied embroidery needles, knitting needles, and darning needles all their lives?" - Manager in automotive plant G. Women's domestic work also took on new patriotic and political overtones. H. Women's Work on the Homefront (production and conservation) 1. Canning food 2. Gardening 3. Sew in factories 4. Patch up old clothes 5. Join red cross student reserves to be called for medical service 6. Join the waves (female navy unit)

Phyllis Schlafly

Why should we lower ourselves to "equal rights" when we already have the status of special privilege?  Quickly became the most important anti-feminist leader and one of the most important conservative politicians of the late twentieth century "Family Values" as opposed to feminism Appealed primarily to white, middle-class, Christian women Argued that women's "traditional" place in the family was natural and that American women were privileged, not oppressed Argued that feminism was unnatural and bad for women Simultaneously, built on feminist gains and argued that the most mainstream feminist ideas (particularly equal pay) were common sense

WAVES

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (Navy) 1. Unmarried women with no children under 18

Ida B. Wells

Women activist who lead the movement to ban lynching--> fed. anti-lynching laws failed b. Argued that white Southern men used accusations of rape as an excuse to murder black men c. Argued that most intercourse between black men and white women was often consensual d. Her findings have been upheld by modern historians. See Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (read the section on Reconstruction only if you have a strong stomach)

Feminization of poverty

Women in general are more likely that men to live in poverty (12.8% vs. 9.3%) 36% of unmarried women with children live below the poverty line More than half of all poor children live in female-headed households Divorce tends to raise men's standard of living and to lower women's

WAACs

Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (Army) 1. No children under 14

Anti-suffrage movement

a movement that aimed to prevent women from gaining the right to vote in the United States. Quartette: White Slaver, Big Biz, Liquor, and the women who sing along

Women's Rights

a movement that argued women should have the same rights as men Liberal Political and legal change Work through political advocacy Older women Middle-class women

Equal Rights Association

a. Formed by women who had been active in abolition b. Attempted to link black suffrage with woman suffrage c. Divided over the Fourteenth Amendment d. Broke into separate organizations over the Fifteenth Amendment i. NWSA (Stanton and Anthony) ii. AWSA (Lucy Stone)

"New Woman" / Gibson Girl

a. Gibson Girls b. Social Activities and Sexual Mores c. Education and Professional Opportunities d. Reform i. Municipal Housekeeping ii. Settlement Work iii. Suffrage (later) a. Character created by Charles Dana Gibson and widely imitated i. Both artists and real women b. Ideal (self-consciously) modern woman i. Self-confident, intelligent, independent, beautiful ii. At the same time conservative c. Literate but leisured d. Athletic but leisured e. Most often depicted in the context of courtship

Occupational segregation

a. Male: i. Work/Labor ii. Public/Politics iii. Authority iv. Money v. Selfish vi. Lustful b. Female: i. Home/Leisure ii. Domestic/Family iii. Influence iv. Service v. Selfless vi. Sexually "Pure" (and Personally Pious) a. Women had long based their work within the household (as had men) b. Understanding of the home changed i. No longer a workplace (although, strangely, most earlier activities continued) ii. "Haven" c. Motherhood i. Intensive (and less extensive) ii. Education of and influence on children 1. Continuity with Republican Motherhood iii. Not confined to women who had given birth to children Most help wanted listings were sex segregated It was legal for employers to discriminate against pregnant women or those with children Sexual harassment was not recognized as a form of discrimination Early 1970s, women earned about 59% of what men earned

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

a. Pivotal figure in developing the Woman's Rights movement b. Connected by marriage and friendship to abolitionists, Hicksite Quakers, and others involved in reform movements c. Seneca Falls - upstate New York in general was a center for revivals and reform movements a. 1840 Henry and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled to London for the World Anti-Slavery Convention b. Convention refused to seat the American female delegates i. Despite arguments that sexual segregation was no better than racial segregation ii. All the women were forced to sit behind a low bar and restricted from speaking c. Stanton became acquainted with many female anti-slavery leaders i. Lucretia Mott agreed to hold a Woman's Rights Convention when they returned to the US

Minor v. Happersett (1875)

a. The question is presented in this case, whether, since the adoption of the fourteenth amendment, a woman, who is a citizen of the United States and of the State of Missouri, is a voter in that State, notwithstanding the provision of the constitution and laws of the State, which confine the right of suffrage to men alone... b. The argument is, that as a woman, born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, is a citizen of the United States and of the State in which she resides, she has the right of suffrage as one of the privileges and immunities of her citizenship, which the State cannot by its laws or constitution abridge.

Dating

a. Victorian culture had been largely homosocial i. Encouraged deep friendships between women, but often left married couples with little in common b. Modern leisure culture tended to be more heterosocial i. Men and women were expected to be friends ii. Leading to the development of "companionate marriage" c. Rise of "dating" - courtship conducted in public spaces i. Commercialized and particularly important for working-class men and women living in cramped tenements

Women voters, 1869-1890s

a. Wyoming Territory (1869) i. Offset the votes of black men ii. Encourage women to move to Wyoming b. Utah Territory (1870-1887, 1896) i. Battle over polygamy c. Colorado and Idaho (1890s) i. Linked to Populist monetary reform

"double duty"

c) Ignored social discrimination which left most working women doing more work (treated women like men when the two tended to have different domestic responsibilities)

Consciousness raising

making people aware of values and commitments that they previously took for granted

GI Bill

provided educational opportunities as well as low cost housing and business loans

1950s "traditional family"

sedate wives as in Leave It To Beaver, but this is also the period in which the bikini became popular.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Emancipation

the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.

Sexual harassment

was not recognized as a form of discrimination is a legally recognized form of discrimination, whether "quid pro quo" or "hostile working environment" Became a national issue after Anita Hill's testimony in Clarence Thomas's Senate hearings for the Supreme Court in 1991

Triangle Factory Fire

worst industrial accident in american history occurred in 1911 when 146 garment workers died in a fire at the triangle shirtwaist company in NYC -led to public protests and investigation by NY state that led to stricter fire codes, a shorter work week for women and minors, and the abolition of labor for those under the age of 14