WHAP ch. 1-3

Qin dynasty

fell after revolt led by 2 peasants: toppled Qin; Shi Huangdi attacked intellectuals and pressed high tazes to support military expansion and construction of Great Wall made him fiercely unpopular

Sumerians (4000-2000 BCE)

People who migrated into Mesopotamia 4000 bce; created first civilization within region; organized areas into city states

Why were pyramids built?

Pharaohs became gods upon death so they were rewarded with pyramids. They also liked things like amulets, magic, divination, and cats. Cats were thought to be a divine animal.

Huang He (Yellow River) Civilization c. 2000 BCE

The center of early Chinese civilization.

Hammurabi (c. 1792 - 1750 BCE)

The most important ruler of the babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law; established rules of procedures for courts of law, property rights and harsh punishments for crime.

Neolithic Age

The new stone age period; 80000 BCE - 5000 BCE; development of agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals; Two causes: population increase due to climate warming & loss of big game as source of food.

Homo sapiens sapiens

The newest human breed (YOU!) which originated 240,00 years ago; no major changes in human physique or brain size since.

the two forms of writing

hieroglyphics for sacred writing and demonic script for recording contracts and agreement

City-state

A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinter lands ruled by an urban based king

Homo erectus

A less apelike species, characterized by having erect stature and growing brain capacity, and increase in average size; 500,000-750,000 years ago; developed and spread in Africa, then to Asia and Europe;

Sumerian Religion

A polytheistic religion(Gods in image) but each city had patron god; Prayers and offerings to prevent flooding of Tigris and Euphrates; Divine force in natural objects; Flooding as a form of punishment; afterlife of punishment; Influenced Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god which originated in 1200 BCE. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Torah, the Old Testament of the bible.

Decline of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

Archaeologists don't know for sure why this happened. By 1900 BC pottery and uniform bricks' quality declined. Desertification along with invasions are the likeliest cause of the end of this civilization.

Bronze Age c. 4000-1500 BCE

At around 4000 BCE bronze (copper mixed with other metals) tools and weapons were first introduced in the Middle East. It made agriculture more efficient and weapons more deadly.

Sumerian religion A. emphasized a joyous afterlife. B. was monotheistic. C. passed on certain basic elements to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. D. rejected animism in favor of abstract and distant deities.

C

The kingdom of Kush was located in A. Anatolia. B. the eastern Mediterranean. C. Africa. D. Mesopotamia.

C

The most significant contribution of the early Jewish state to western civilization was A. their emphasis on divine kingship. B. their use of elaborate rituals concerning death. C. the development of a strong monotheistic religion. D. their sense of a divine plan.

C

Tightly controlled city-states were typical of the political organization of what region? A. Egypt B. Kush C. Mesopotamia D. Minoan civilization

C

Spread of Agriculture In Neolithic Age

Farming was developed in the Middle East (Turkey, Iraq, Israel) in 10,000 B.C.E. later spreading to India, Europe and North Africa. Rice and millet cultivation developed separately in China in 7500 BCE. Corn-based ag developed independently in the Americas around 5000 BCE.

King Tut

He was dug out in 1922, had cleft pallet, probably scoliosis, had to marry his sister, and died at 17. He was never grave-robbed. He probably died of an infected leg and/or malaria.

Ziggurats

Massive towers usually associated with mesopotamian temple complexes for religious ritual purposes.

What civilization lies between the Tigris and Euphrates river that developed on its own?

Mesopotamia

Daoism

More religious philosophy; arose around same time as Confucianism; appealed to upper classes; stressed humility and frugal living

Six Core and Foundational Civilizations

1) Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (4000 BCE) 2) Egypt in the Nile River Valley (3000 BCE) 3)Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley (2500 BCE) 4) Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley (2000 BCE) 5) Olmecs in Mesoamerica (1500 BCE) and 6) Chavín in Andean South America (1000 BCE)

Importance of Writing in Development of Civilization

1) Tax more efficiently; 2) Contracts and treaties; and 3) Ability to pass on ideas and wisdom;

Positive effects of Pastoral Nomadism

1) Well regulated, with complex and imaginative cultures; 2) The pastoralists' mobility allowed them to spread technological innovations to civilizations more quickly; 3) Improved riding/transportation technology and weaponry :(

Negative Effects of Civilization

1) distinctions in wealth and status increase; 2) class and caste divisions, including slavery; 3) greater separation between ruler and ruled; 4) warlike nature; 5) inequality of men and women; 6) Environmental impact (soil erosion, deforestation and flooding)

Why did people live in river valleys?

1. MODE OF TRANSPORTATION: travel and trade 2. FARMING: provide water for irrigating crops 3. FOOD: fish, hunt the animals that come to drink the water 4: FLOODLAND: very fertile farmland

Sumerians of Mesopotamia

1. created the firm cunieform 2. Had a system of numbers based on units of 10, 60, 360 that we use in calculating circles and hours. 3. Each city had a patron god, they built Ziggurats. 3500 BCE

New Kingdom

1550-1070 BCE The expansive of the pharaohs was Hapshepsut who rules for 22 years. Contrary to the habits of the male rulers, she expanded through trade instead of war. The Egyptians spread south in search of gold and slaves. The Egyptians fought the Assyrians, the Persians, Alexander the Great, and the Romans, respectively. There was Akhenaten who tried to create a new god for Egypt Atun. Then there was Akhenaten's son king Tut who changed his name to Tutankhamun and denounced Atun.

Middle Kingdom

2040-1640 BCE The new rulers were from Nubia and had new gods like Ahmen. Ahmen combined with Rha and made Ahmen Rha. It was conquered by the people of Savant. They used bronze weapons, compound bows, and chariots. The hixons conquered ALL of Egypt. The hixons fit in to Egyptian culture and shared their military technology but then the Egyptians killed them all. There was also Ahmosis.

Old Kingdom

2649-2152 BCE. Has pyramids, Sun King Rha (pharaohs were expected to act like gods), the Sphinx that was built for Kephren, the Great Pyramid was built for Khufu.

Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilization placed cultural emphasis on A. astronomy and related sciences. B. the development of an epic literary tradition. C. the significance of the afterlife. D. social equality.

A

Mesopotamia is the region between what two rivers? A. Euphrates and Tigris B. Nile and Congo C. Nile and Euphrates D. Taurus and Euphrates

A

Mesopotamian cities encouraged all of the following except A. the establishment of the first libraries. B. the exchange of ideas. C. specialized manufacture. D. complex political forms

A

The massive towers associated with Sumerian religious shrines were called A. ziggurats. B. Meroe. C. hieroglyphics. D. maat.

A

Which of the following was not a heritage of the ancient Middle Eastern civilizations? A. religions that emphasized tranquillity and harmony with nature B. calendars C. patriarchal form of Mesopotamian civilization D. writing

A

Which of the following was not a social change induced by the transition to sedentary agriculture? A. matriarchal society B. the creation of private property C. new kinds of laws and enforcement mechanisms D. more extensive forms of government

A

Confucius

Also know as Kong Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; author of Analects, philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi.

Confucius

Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher borin in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superiour to be found among the shi

Beyond the basic elements of civilization, what did the Sumerians add? A. occupational specialization and patriarchy B. clearly-defined government and large cities C. social stratification and agricultural surpluses D. pastoralism and monumental architecture

B

Despite its many positive contributions, civilization also A. introduced matriarchal forms of social deference. B. promoted more aggressive behavior and warfare. C. decreased wealth and food surpluses. D. reduced social stratification.

B

In terms of the early stages of civilization, what was one of the major differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia? A. Egyptian civilization was not affected by the need to develop an irrigation system for a major river system. B. Egypt passed directly from precivilization to regional governments without passing through a city-state phase. C. Egyptian civilization never developed a political system with kings. D. Egyptian civilization was generally less politically unified than Mesopotamia.

B

Sargon I, who created the first empire in Mesopotamia, was from the Semitic city-state of A. Erech. B. Akkad. C. Babylon. D. Ur.

B

The Sumerian form of writing, cuneiform, A. was done on papyrus. B. was done on clay tablets with a stylus. C. was done using a brush. D. was more pictographic than the hieroglyphic alphabet.

B

The authority of the pharaohs of Egypt was A. often challenged by foreign invaders. B. enhanced by their status as living gods. C. limited to local city-states. D. hampered by the lack of a writing system.

B

What date did the first full civilizations emerge in the Middle East? A. 1000 B.C.E. B. 3500 B.C.E. C. 2000 B.C.E. D. 5000 B.C.E.

B

Great Wall

Chinese defensive fortification intentend to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi.

Great Wall

Chinese defensive fortifications intended to keep out the nomadic invasions from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi

Han

Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 B.C.E; ruled for the next 400 years.

Han dynasty

Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BCE; ruled for next 400 years; central controlled weakened; invasions from central Asia

ying and yang

Chinese stressed this concept: harmony of nature; people should try to relate to this harmony; avoid excess and appreciate balance ex. hot for cold, male for female

In 1800 B.C.E. the Babylonians achieved the first A. study of astronomy in Mesopotamia. B. monumental architecture in Mesopotamia. C. use of wheeled vehicles in Mesopotamia. D. political unification of all of Mesopotamia.

D

Most agricultural societies tended to be A. matriarchal. B. patrilineal. C. matrilineal. D. patriarchal.

D

One of the most important codifications of Mesopotamian law was accomplished during the reign of A. Nebuchadnezzar. B. Sargon I. C. Akhenaton. D. Hammurabi.

D

The comparative stability of Egyptian civilization was in part due to Need a hint? A. constant political innovation. B. the self-sufficient nature of the Egyptian economy that limited contacts with other people. C. their imitation of Assyrian political forms. D. the unifying influence of the course of the Nile River.

D

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the Egyptian system of writing? A. It was accomplished with a stylus on clay tablets. B. The Egyptians failed to develop a system of writing. C. It was referred to as Linear A. D. It was primarily pictographic.

D

Early Chinese Writing

Developed between 2000-1000 BCE in pictographs, Writing began in China in order to record communications between the human world, and the divine world. A uniform writing system bonded Chinese people who spoke different languages.

Qin[chin]

Dynasty established in 221. B.C.E at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty, fell in 207 B.C.E.

cuneiform

Earliest form of writing based on wedge like characters in the Middle East around 3500 BCE. With this they can send messages, record wisdom, and tax more efficiently.

Mohenjo Daro and Harappa City Plan

Early Indian cities, very advanced, sewers and multi story homes, surrounding citadel (grain holder), surrounded by farmlands based on cotton, wheat rye and peas. Trade was likely with China and Sumeria.

Ancient Egyptian Civilization (3000 -332 BCE)

Egyptian civilization emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egyptian civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized Egyptian civilization. They had pharaohs and pyramids. They thought gold was divine. They were rich until the droughts.

basin irrigation

Egyptians farmers used flood waters to fill basins and canals.

Catal Huyuh

Established in 7000 BCE it was a 5000 person Neolithic community based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Southern Turkey. The best studied neolithic settlement.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 BCE

barbarians

Greeks regarded all non-Greeks as barbarians.

Sumerian Government

In each city-state, the ruler was responsible for maintaining the city walls and irrigation systems. He led his armies in war and enforced the laws. As government grew more complex, he employed scribes to carry out functions such as collecting taxes and keeping records. The ruler was seen as the chief servant of the gods and led ceremonies designed to please them.

Achievements of Sumer

Invented the wheel (used it), used the arch, made temple towers called ziggurats, developed some algebra, charted constellations of stars, created the base 60 number system, first to use the plow, and created bronze.

Indus River Valley Civilization c. 2500 BCE

Located in South Asia in present day Pakistan and India. Well organized river valley civilization based on agriculture. Used bronze, but technology was generally inferior to the Sumerians and Egyptians.

Kingdom of Kush

Located in present day Sudan; became independent by 1000; conquered Egypt in 715 - but their bronze weapons were no match for the Assyrians iron weapons so they lost Egypt to them in 672; learned iron technology - new capital at Meroe (rich in iron); phonetic alphabet; domesticated elephants; Sometimes called 'Black pharaohs"

Zhou dynasty

Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew the Shang and established second historical Chine dynasty that flourished 1122-256 BCE

Zhou [joh]

Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origins; overthrew the Shang and establish second historical Chinese dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 B.C.E.

Nomadic Pastoralism

Pastoralism emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia during the Neolithic era. Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than hunter-foragers.

Phoenicians

Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; created the first alphabet based on sounds and not real images.

Civilization

Societies distinguished by reliance on 1. ability to produce food surpluses usually around rivers for sedentary agriculture 2. creation of cities 3. to form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy involving social inequalities. 4 social stratification, centralized government, shared values (ex. religion and writing)

Mesopotamia (4000-1500 BCE)

The area of present-day Iraq that witnessed the first civilization. Mesopotamia literally means "between the rivers" (Tigris and Eupharates).

Legalism

Started during Qin and early Han periods; pragmatism; favor of of an authoritarian state ruled by force; did not get approval as much as Confucianism

Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE)

The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metallurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. Religion focused on fertility, sacrifice and oracles, people who could tell the future.

Paleolithic Age

The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; humans learned simple tool use, shaped rocks and sticks for hunting and warfare; greatest achievement: spread of species over much of Earth's surface

Silk Road

Trade in silk and other luxury products generated a network of roads through central Asia

Babylonian Empire (1800- 1600 BCE)

Unified all of Mesopotamia 1800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion;