WHAP Review Guide for AP Exam

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia.

Islamic Golden Age

A hypothetical period that describes the status of the Islamic world from the mid-8th to the mid-13th century CE (sack of Baghdad by Mongols). During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own.

Enconmienda

A labor system set up by the Spanish government where Spanish colonists could work the native Americans on their land while compensating them and agreeing to educate some of them and teach them about Christianity. The system was meant to curb exploitation but actually made the exploitation of Native Americans worse.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Teotihuacan

A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450. first major and most significant pre-Columbian metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

Sikh

A member of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India. Developed in the 15th century. They believe in One Immortal Being and the teachings of ten Gurus, starting with Guru Nanak.

Sufi

A member of the more mystical third sect of Islam famous for their dance and their poetry.

Samurai

A member of the warrior class in premodern feudal Japan Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

liberal

A political view that advocates for rule of law, representative government, and egalitarianism.

conservative

A political viewpoint disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones.

Shakespeare

A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment (1700s) era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives (he left it to run by its own natural laws) or in revealing truths to prophets (denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life).

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.

Yellow River

Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley. Its north of China.

Macedonia

Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great

Chivalry

Code of honor and ethics taken by knights.

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu

Collectively unify Japan; begins the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1603, beginning of Edo period (in chron. order)

Truman Doctrine

Common name for the Cold War strategy of containment versus the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism. This doctrine was first asserted by President Truman in 1947.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao.

Twelve Tables

Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic following demands by plebeians.

Absolute Monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.

Silver

Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

Mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism. Economic philosophy in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the mother country; the colonies receive manufactured goods in return.

Ram Mohan Roy

Father of modern India; he called for the construction of a society based on both modern Euorpean science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hindusim.

Radical

Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

Manchurians

Federation of Northeast Asian (from Manchuria) peoples who founded the Qing Empire.

Sun Yat-sen

Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925. First leader of the Nationalist revolution against the Manchu dynasty.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe, including the USSR (glasnost- openness and perestroika - economic restructuring)

Hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit. A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.

Vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord, usually in exchange for the use of land.

civil disobedience

Is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, especially by people who believe the law or the government to not be legitimate or moral.

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph.

Prestor John

Mythical African king, thought to be tremendously wealthy and Christian

Louis Riel

Métis leader, founder of Manitoba, central figure in the NORTH-WEST REBELLION

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Predestination

Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

Mansa Kankan Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru; Rio de la Plata

Four Asian Tigers

South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese president that was catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader from 1962 to 1984 who is most known internationally for actions such as his hard-line stance against the pro-democracy Prague Spring protesters in 1968 and well as overseeing Russia's long, costly, and futile war in Afghanistan.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca required to take by Muslims

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language (very unusual). Some have gone so far as to suggest that these knots were themselves a language, but this probably isn't true.

Hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. Designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

assimilation

The process by which people are gradually absorbed and integrated into another culture.

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

Collectivization

The process seen in the Soviet Union and Communist China to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing--from private hands to large, collective, government operations.

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.

Flu Pandemic of 1918

The deadliest natural disaster in human history. Killed between 50-100 million people following WWI.

Gobi Desert

The desert to the north of China

Militarism

The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

Chavin

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of these is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.

Zoroaster

The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion, Zoroastrianism.

Kemal Ataturk

The founder of modern Turkey. An army officer, he distinguished himself in the defense of Gallipoli and World War I and expelled a Greek expeditionary Army from Anatolia in 1921 through 1922. He abolished the Sultanate and replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Turkish republic 1923.

Varna

The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.

Aborigine

The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia.

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Mahayana Buddhism

Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.

Black South Africa battled against white minority rule prior to 1990 by supporting the a. UN's attempts to elevate living standards b. African National Congress (ANC) c. local township councils d. efforts to desegregate S. Africa's universities e. banished black government in exile

b. African National Congress (ANC)

Westernization

policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

pastoral

refers to a group of people who herd domesticated animals for their livelihood... often pastoral people are also nomadic

Charles III

royal Spanish imperial reformer who attempted to end bureaucratic corruption by introducing the intendant system to the empire

Red Guards

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.

Andes Mountains

the largest mountain range in the world; home of the Chavin and Inca civilizations.

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Bronze Age

the latter part of the Neolithic Era is often to reffered to as this, because the people figured out how to make bronze.

emancipation

the liberation of a group of people from the control of other people. Typically, emancipation relates to the liberation of people under a coercive labor system, such as slavery or serfdom. Emancipation may also refer to female emancipation, in which women achieve rights equal to those of me.

migration

the movement of people from one area to settle in another area. Migrations can be voluntary or forced, such as with slavery

Constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

What are the most prominent features of San life?

They were a hunting & gathering society. They had adequate food & a short working week. A society based on mobility, sharing & equality.

Asoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.

Ghana

West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's

secular

When something such as a government or cultural product is not based on religion it is said to be this.

Umayyad Dynasty

Who: Governor of Syria, Muawiya, and his successors, Shi'ites, Sunnis, Kharijites, Uthman. What: Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China and deep into Asia, claiming Afghanistan for a Muslim base. Fell apart due to tension in the kingdom between the Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Kharijites, the malawis (Muslim converts) and born Muslims, and the religion and state. When: 661-750 Where: Middle East, Damascus Why: Beginning of great strife in the Muslim community

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

Theodora

Wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constantinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

Khadijah

Wife of Muhammad and was influential in the formation of Islam

Eva Duarte Peron

Wife of an Argentinian president. Champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Nirvana

Within several Indian religious this is the peace of mind that comes from ending the cycle of rebirth. For some it is from overcoming suffering while for others it comes from joining with Brahman.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.

Comfort girls

Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan's empire expanded.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war.

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Oceania

a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)

Rama

Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

Prague Spring

The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Abraham

"Father" of monotheism and of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Shinto

"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits

Laozi

"founder" of Daoism, supposedly wrote the Daodejing Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao, "the way."

Wang Mang

"socialist emperor," reigned 9-23 CE, briefly took over mandate from Han

Magna Carta

"the Great Charter"; a written legal agreement signed in 1215 that limited the English monarch's power.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Theravada

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods

Battle of Hastings

(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Seven Years' War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) Utopian socialists who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most noteable was New Harmony (1826) which failed.

Henry Bessemer

(1813-1898) An English engineer who created the Bessemer procces, a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Rudyard Kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Great Purge

(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.

Council of Nicaea

(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time.

Battle of Tours

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.

Harsha

(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.

Fascism as an Ideology

-Opposition to communism as a threat to tradition and private property -Ultra nationalism and glorification of the state -Militarism and glorification of war as the ultimate expression of power -Alliances with big business and destruction of the labor unions -Rejection of liberalism and democracy, which were seen as weak and ineffective

Causes of Global Depression

-Overdepression on American loans and buying -Increase in tariffs and protectionism -Industrial and farming surpluses leading to deflation -Poor banking management

Impact of the War on the Allies

-Though victorious, Britain was profoundly affected by the Great War. It had lost a significant percentage of its youth and its economy was strained. - Italy was one of the Allied leadership nations and had been promised large pieces of the Austrian Empire when the Allies won. Italy continued to press fore more territory along the Adriatic coast. -The United States was elevated to a world-power status but was not really interested in playing that role. Conservatives won the White House and the country largely retreated from European affairs.

Outcomes of WWII

-World War II only had 2 winners since many of the Allied powers were devastated (especially France and China). Britain was crippled economically and was already losing control of parts of its empire. Possession of the A-bomb meant that the United States was now alone at the pinnacle of power, and except for the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, none of its territory was damaged. -The Soviet Union had faced annihilation and survived to emerge as a great military power. Its losses had been almost 27 million people, and whole tracts of land had been decimated. Once victorious, the USSR participated in the founding of the United Nations and in the War Crimes Tribunal.

Hallmarks of the Renaissance

-a new view of man as a creative and rational being -a rediscovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge -Unparalleled accomplishments in literature, music and art -a celebration of the human individual

Mao's Initial Changes to China - Political

-a one party totalitarian state was established -communist party became supreme -government attacked crime & corruption

Outcomes of the Protestant Movement

-a redrawing of the religious map of Europe, with mostly Protestants in the north & Catholics in the south -a decline in the power of the Roman Catholic church -further power struggles between the citizenry and monarchs; in England, when radical Protestants took over the Parliament, civil war erupted and the king was arrested & later publicly beheaded -a series of wars that would pit Catholics & Protestants against each other for the next 200 years

Totalitarian Regime

-a single leader with almost unquestioned authority -a single party in charge of all government -creation of a police state to terrorize and control the populace -aggressive elimination of all opposition groups

Changes in Industry - Before Industrialization

-agricultural/rural economy -family farm economy -home based manufacturing -rural populations

Mao's Initial Changes to China - Economic

-all business were nationalized -land was distributed to peasants -peasants were urged to pool their land & work more efficiently on cooperative farms

Stalinism as Practiced

-centralized control of the economy -world leadership of the international communist movement -forced collectivization of all farming -promotion of atheism and repression of organized religion

The large, densely populated, permanent earliest civilizations shared many common characteristics?

-diverse people -specialization (people with different jobs) -social stratification (some people had more status than others) -trade

The earliest civilizations (cities) led to more complex societies... what do these societies often have in common?

-food surplus -cities -specialization -trade -social stratification -organized government -complex religions -written language -arts/architecture

Changes in Industry - After Industrialization

-manufacturing/urban economy -wage earning economy -factory based manufacturing -urban populations

Mao's Initial Changes to China - Social

-peasants were encouraged to "speak bitterness" against landlords (10,000 landlords were killed as a result) -communist ideology replaced Confucian beliefs -schools were opened with emphasis on political education -health care workers were sent to remote areas -women won equality (but had little opportunity in govt. & were paid less than men) -the extended family was weakened

Factors of industrialization

-technical knowledge and invention -a large population to serve as a workforce -possession of natural resources like coal and iron ore -investment capital (money) to build factories -a stable and capitalist-minded government

Innovations of the Tang & Song Dynasties

-the 1st use of the compass to aid maritime navigation -a water-powered clock, demonstrating facility in mechanical engineering -the invention of gunpowder (first demonstrated during the late 1000s ce - explosive combination of surfer & saltpeter & would alter weapons technology forever) -philosophy (neo-Confucian thought delved into ancient texts & further codified traditional Chinese philosophy; it blended Confucianism w/ elements of Daoism & Buddhism) -a printing press with movable type -stylized & symbolic landscape painting -paper money, letters of credit (flying cash)

Sun Yixian's 3 Principles of the People

1. Nationalism: self-determination of the Chinese people; freedom from foreign influence (pertaining to both Manchu rule & European encroachment) 2. Democracy: self-rule with a constitutional government 3. Socialism: "The People's Livelihood," which combined a desire to modernize with a desire to institute land reform in China

What are 5 pillars of Islam?

1. Statement of faith: There is no God but Allah & Muhammad is his messenger. 2. Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca 3. Give alms (charity) to the poor 4. Fast during the holy month of Ramadan 5. Make a pilgrimage (or haji) to Mecca during one's lifetime if able

Pachcuti and Huayna Capac

1438-1471 and 1493-1527, Incan rulers who expands Incan territory into an empire

Joan of Arc

100 Years War; French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king, she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake Led the French to victory in Battle of Orleans in the 100 Year War. Later was burned at the stake after being accused of being a witch.

Great Schism

1054 Ce. A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. The split between medieval Christianity into Eastern and Western parts. The East and West had been angry with eachother for a long time with politics and religious differences. The leaders of each side decided to cut ties with the opposing side.

William the Conqueror

1066 invades England, brings Feudalism 1028 CE. Duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England. Known for his illegitimate birth.

Battle of Manzikert

1071 CE. Saljug Turks defeat Byzantine armies int his battle in Anatolia Byzantine asked Europe for help.

First Crusade

1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.

Ibn Rushd

1126-1198 CE; qadi of Seville who followed Aristotle in seeking rational understanding of the world, helped shape Islamic philosophy and influenced scholasticism

Medieval Japan

1185 - 1608 a period of Japanese history when aristocratic Japanese warlords controlled land and economy.

Thomas Aquinas

1200-1274, begins the scholasticism movement to reconcile rational thinking and religious faith Leader in Scholasticism who wrote Summa Theologica.

Kublai Khan

1215 CE. Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty. Actively promoted Buddhism, descendant of Chinggis Khan. The last Khan.

Batu

1236; grandson of Chinggis Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, conquers Russia

Kubilai Khan

1260-1294, overthrows Song Dynasty, establishes Mongol, Yuan dynasty in China

Osman Bey

1281 founded Ottoman Dynasty

Tamerlane

1336 CE. Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia.

Timur-i Lang

1336- 1405 Last major nomad leader; 14th-century Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405., Also known as Tamerlane; leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405. Often falsely associated with Mongols and was known for brutal destruction of Asia Minor and Northern India

Hundred Years War

1337 CE. A series of wars between England and France over French territory. It eventually resulted in England's retreat from France which allowed France to centralize its power under a series of monarchs known as Bourbons. Lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

Black Plague

1348 CE. A disease that spread by way of rodents from the Yunnan region of Southwest China througout Central Asia, Black sea ports, the Mediterranean Sea, and Western Europe. Spread through trade. Was deadly and caused by anti-Semitism as Jews were accused of poisoning wells.

Zhu Yan Zhang/Hongwu

1368-1394; established Ming Empire, removes Mongol influence in China, will eventually isolate China

Ju Yuanzhang

1368; peasant born leader who founds the Ming Dynasty, expels Mongols

Ju Yuan Zheng

1368; peasant born leader who founds the Ming dynasty, expels Mongols

Sunni Ali

1400s CE. Created Sunni Dynasty, ruled 30 years, many military campaigns/victories, conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade, focus on trading empire.

Zhenghe

1405-1433; Chinese explorers, represents only widespread Chinese exploration

Mehmed the Conqueror

1432 CE. Ruled an absolute monarchy and centralized his power in Turkey. Expanded into Servia, Greece, and Albania.

Mehmed II

1453, Ottoman conquest of Constantinople Conquered Constinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. Continued his conquests in Asia and in Europe as far as Belgrade. Regarded as a national hero in Turkey.

Johannes Gutenberg

1455; brings printing press to Western Europe; a German goldsmith and printer. Introduced modern book prinitn into Europe and is famous for his Gutenberg Bible. Probably invented mechanical moverable type that started the "printable revolution".

Ivan the Great (III)

1462 begins to expel the Mongols from Russia, finished by 1480

Suni Ali

1464-1492 Ghana (first empier) becomes Mali in 1200s hen becomes Songhay under ___, each is the city-state with the most power

Vaso Da Gama

1469 CE. A Portuguese navigator and explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. Explored the kingdoms of east Africa and traveled to India, where he set up trade relations between Portugal and India.

Niccolo Machiavelli

1469-1527; wrote The Prince, supports absolutism A Renaissance author that emphasized realistic discusions of how to sieze and maintain power. One of the most influencial authors of the Renaissance

Ferdinand and Isabella

1469; marriage unites Castile and Aragon kingdoms to unite Spain and drive out Muslims

Michelangelo

1475 CE. An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, considered on of the most impressive artists of all time. Known for painting the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of St. Peter's Basiclica.

Hernan Cortes

1485 CE. A Spanish conquistador who led expeditions across Ocean to the Americas and Mexico. Caused the Aztec Empire to be destroyed with the help of native allies and he brought big pieces of Mexico under the rule of King Cortez was lso part of the Spanish people that started the first part of the Spanish colonization of America.

Shah Ismail

1487 CE. Founder of the Safavid Empire, made Twelved Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it among his Sunni subjects.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 CE.In 1494, Portugal and Spain were fighting over the newly discovered American lands so the Treaty was drawn up. Drew a north-south line through the western Atlantic Ocean. made everything east of the imaginary line Portugal's and everything west Spanish.

Atahualpa

1497 CE. Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. Became emperor after he defeated his older half brother after their father died. Was captured by the Spanish and tried for ransom himself with gold but was executed by their leader Pizarro and the Spanish.

Ismâ'il

1501-1510; leads Safavid conquest of Persia

Alfonso

1507-1543, Kongo King that converts to Christianity, appeals to Portugal to stop the Atlantic slave trade

Nzinga Mvemba

1507-1543, Kongo King that converts to Christianity, appeals to Portugal to stop the Atlantic slave trade

John Calvin

1509 CE. Protestant reformer who preached the concept of predestination. Led his own Protestant group from France during the Reformation. His religion, Calvinism, maintained that God had a predetermined fate for all humans. Stated that only a few people, the Elect, couldb e saved. Centered his church in Geneva, Switzerland. Powerful influence in religious development in France and Scotland.

Battle of Chaldiran

1514 CE. The Safavids vs. Ottomans, Ottomans won and this symbolized the two greatest world powers clashing together. Religious wars (Sunni vs. Shia)

Protestant Reformation

1517 CE. A religious movement that established Protestantism as its own branch of Christianity in Europe and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. Began when Martin Luther nailed a list of 95 theses detailing his frustrations with the Catholic church on a church door. Protestantism spread throughout Europe, eventually becoming the official religion of the Church of England under Henry VIII. Began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are known as Protestants

Council of Trent

1545 CE. A group of chruch officials who oficiated over the counter-reformaiton period. Set downt eh Catholic interpretation of religious doctrine and clarified the Catholic Church's view on important religious issues, such as the nature of salvation. Punished heretics and reinstated Latin as the official language of worship.

Akbar

1556-1605; seeks religious peace in India, bans Sati, restricts child marriage, creates new religion (Din-I Ilahi), rules over the height of Mughal Empire The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.

Abbas I

1587-1629; height of Safavid culture and empire

Henry IV

1598; issues edict of Nantes to bring religious peace to France

East India Trading Company

1600 CE.English Company originally seeking trade in the East Indies before seeking their chance and taking over the government.

Michael Romanov

161; ends time of troubles that followed Ivan IV Romanov dynasty rules Russia until 1917 revolution

Louis XIV

1643-1715; epitome of absolutism in France, built palace at Versailles Ruled France as an absolute monarchy where he ruled under divine right and patronized the arts. Fracne was almost always at war, increasing the size of the empire.

Aurangzeb

1659-1707; Mughal emperor whose reign was marked by many wars of expansion; had very little religious tolerance, earned resistance of Hindu subjects. Decline of Mughals, full return to heavy persecution of women in India, sati continued, seclusion, child marriage, etc

Isaac Newton

1687; principles of motion (gravity) Mathematical laws governed the universe.

Osei Tutu

1717; powerful Asante king, example of the power of Asante kingdom built on complicity in the Atlantic slave trade.

Napoleon Bonaparte

1769 CE. A general of the French military, used his reputation and popularity to overthrow the Directory in 1799. Instituted many Enlightenment style reforms in France, but he is best known for trying to expand France's emprie. Conquered most of Europe but was eventually defeated and exiled by the European powers he was trying to dominate. Became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1914. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Mettermich

1773 CE. German-Austrian politician and statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era. Major figure on the negotiations leading to and at the Congress of Vienna and is considered a major figure of the development of policy.

Samuel Crompton

1779, a Brit who combined the best features of the spinning jenny with the water frame -> spinning mule/Crompton's mule.

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

Haitian Revolution

1791 CE. A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness. The only successful slave revolt in history. Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Nicholas I of Russia

1796 CE. The Emperor of Russia, also known as one of the most reactionary. Reached its peak by spanning over 20 million square kilometers.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Also advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people. Believed that people have the right to rebellion against a government that doesn't protect their natural rights.

Usuman Dan Fodio

1804; led Sufi Islamic revival in North Africa

Charles Darwin

1808 CE. Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Book "On the Origin of Species" detailed his observations and planted the seeds of his theories. most of Darwin's contemporary scientists became convinced of his thoery, but mahy skeptics existed both then and now.

Battle of Waterloo

1815 CE. Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. Put a final end to his rule as Emperor of the French. Marked the end of the period known as the Hundred Days.

Shaka Zulu

1818-1840s; oversees the mfecane (destructive wars) and expands Zulu empire in Southern Africa used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

Opium Wars

1839 CE. War between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over th opium trade. Ended with the Chinese treaty to the British opening of 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants adn teh grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges.

Yellow Turban Revolution

184 CE. A peasant revolution against Emperor Lingdi of the Han dynasty of China. Named for the color of the scarves the rebels wore over their heads. Marked an important part of history for Taoism.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.

Communist Manifesto

1848 CE. A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Alfred Dreyfus

1859 CE. French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason raised issues of anti-semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Leopold III

1870'S - King of Belgium. Began imperial domain in Africa. He privately hired Stanley to represent him in signing treaties with local rulers. At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the Congo Free State was authorized under Leopold's private rule. Became notorious for exploitation of rubber, ivory and minerals and peoples. Belgian government took over from Leopold the year before his death in 1908.

Mustafa Kemal

1881 - 1938, father of modern turkey, known as (Ataturk) let Turkey through an intensive period of reform that sought to eliminate vestiges of the Ottoman past and orient Turkey even more towards the West.

Berlin Conference

1884 CE. Conference hosted by Otto von Bismark where the major European powers could set up rules for the partition of Africa (how future colonization rights and boundaries would be determined in Africa). It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

Jomo Kemyatta

1894 CE. The first prime minister and then president of free Kenya. Created a one party system so members of his own tribe would always be in power. Set up Pan-African Federation in power.

Sadino

1895 CE. Rebel leader of Nicaragua until the 1930's when he was assasinated in a coup which put Somozo in power. Fought for land reform and basic civil rights.

Boxer Rebellion

1898 CE. An anti-colonist, anti-christian movement in China by the "Righteous Fists fo Harmony". Ended by British troops.

Thomas Malthus

18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Easter Rebellion

1916 CE. In the midst of WWI while British were distracted, a small gropu of Irish nationalists rebelled in Dublin over the delay in-home rule during Easter week, aroused nationalist Irish support.

Indira Gandhi

1917 CE. Daughter of Jawahalal Nehru. India's first female prime minister. Also prime minister from 1966-1977. Assasinated by her Sikh body guards.

Sadat

1918 CE. President of Egypt who negotiated a peace treaty with Israel's prime minister, Menachem. Begin through the Camp David accord was assasinated.

Amritsar Massacre

1919 CE. The result of a peaceful protest by Indians in Amritsar, India. Protestors were slaughtered in a surprise attack. Sparked the begining.

Mikhail Gobachev

1931. Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms.

The Long March

1934. 6,000 mile flight of Chinese Communists from Southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under order from Chiang-kia-shek.

Battle of Stalingrad

1942. Unsuccessul German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Marshall Plan

1947. Created by the U.S to help Europe rebuild after WWII. Offered billions of dollars in American money to help with reconstruction in Europe. Only West European nations took the US up on it and their economies recovered in less than a decade.

NATO

1949. North American Free Trade Organization. Began as a military alliance between the Western boc nations after WWII. In its early years, compromised of the United States, Vik, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece, and Turkey. Has since grown and includes many of the countries in the European Union.

Warsaw Pact

1955. Alliance against democracy, supporting communism --> The Eastern Bloc's answer to the Western Bloc's formation of NATO. Formed a military alliance among the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslavakia, Romania, and Hungary.

Bandung Conference

1955. Meeting of 29 Asian and African nations in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of 3rd world in the Cold War.

China's Cultural Revolution

1966. Campaign ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Tiananmen Square

1989. One million Chinese demonstrators gathered on Tiananmen Square, calling for democratic reform. In an event now known as the Tiananmen Square massacre, the Chinese governement ordered troops to open ire on the demonstrators, killing hundreds of protestors.

Lin Zexu

19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.

Qin

1st unified centralized imperial Chinese dynasty and built much of the Great Wall A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects.

Augustus Caesar

27 BCE establishes Roman Empire 63 BCE. 1 of 3 rulers in Rome's 2nd triumvirate. Ultimately rose to power and became emperor, ending Rome's existence as a republic. Formed a common coinage system, rule of law, and secured travel or merchants.

Confucius

551-479 BCE, sought a political post but unsuccessful, educator and political advisor, founder of Confucianism Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.

Wen Di

589 CE establishes Sui Dynasty

Pax Romana

27 BCE. A period of peace and prosperity that lasted for 200 years after the rule of Augustus Caesar began. Rome became the capital and arts center of the western world. Many distinct ethnic groups in the Roman empire were able to maintain their individual cultural identities. The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)

Xunzi

298-238 BCE, Confucian government administrator, believed that humans were selfish, emphasized li (sense of propriety), advocated standards of conduct that set limits on humans

Hagia Sophia

360 CE. An early Orthodox church turned mosque that is currently a museum in Turkey. Was once used as a cathedral for Constinople and was known for its large dome. Was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years.

Mencius

372-289 BCE, Confucian spokesman, believed in ren (benevolence, humanity) and that human nature was basically good

Aristotle

384-322 BCE, disciple of Plato, explored nature of reality, devised rules of logic, wrote on sciences, politics, ethics, literature Greek philosopher; tutor of Alexander the Great; believed knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. felt that the ideal life was one of contemplation.

Emperor Wuzong

39 CE lead a revolt against the Chinese in Vietnam

Jesus of Nazareth

4 BCE. A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. Hailed as the Messiah and Son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death.

Atilla the Hun

406 CE. The ruler of the Huns rom 434 until his defeat in 453. DUring his reign, he was one of the most fearsome rulers ever. Invaded the Balkans twice and marched through France

Socrates

470-399 BCE, constantly questioned everything to find the truth Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investifation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state.

Pericles, Sophocles, Socrates

470-430 BCE Golden Age of Greece, philosophers of Athenian Democracy

Justinian

527-565 CE Byzantine emperor/ Eastern Roman noted for his reconquest of much of the former Western Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law, reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture. Built Hagia Sophia

Justinian's Code

529 CE. Roman law that was modified by revising old and ambiguous laws. Named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian.

Cyrus the Great

550 BCE Persian King built Great Royal Road

Tang Taizong

599 CE. The second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. Was said to be one of the greatest emperors, militarists, and politicians in Chinese history. Co-founder of the Tan Dynasty.

Li Yuan

623 CE establishes Tang Dynasty

Empress Wu

690-705, one of the only women with political power in China, supports Buddhism

Charles Martel

732 CE founder of the Carolingian dynasty, "the Hammer," served as deputy to last of Clovis's descendants, not as king; defeats the Muslims in the Battle Tours in Southern France

Al-Mand

775-785, Abbasid caliph that begins tradition of court excess in Muslim Empires

al-Mahdi

775-785, Abbasid caliph that begins tradition of court excess in Muslim empires

Harun al-Rashid

786-809, most extravagant Abbasid caliph and was subject of The Thousand and One Nights

Wuzong

841-847 CE reverses Buddhist expansion, burns monasteries, supports neo-Confucianism

Runik

855 CE, first prince of Kievan Rus

Rurik

855 CE, first prince of Kievan Rus

Cyril and Methodist

864 CE missionaries who spread Christianity to Slavic regions

Song Taizu

927 CE. Founder of the Chinese Song Dynasty and he was emperor for 16 years. After the Tang Dynasty was destroyed he leant a hand bringing China back together. Helped the Song Dynasty became powerful and bring economic wealth.

Prince Vladimir

956 CE. Prince of Novgrod in 970 and Prince Kiev in 980. Said to be one of the creators of Russian Christian Volodymy's Cathedral in Kiev was devoted to him.

Leif Erikson

970 CE. Founded Vinland and settled it. Was the first known Scandinavian to set foot on American soil. Was sent to Greenland to spread Christianity.

Vladimir I

980-1015 CE, converts Slavic Russia to Christianity

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.

Bourbon

A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.

Diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans. Any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.

Paul (the disciple)

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damasxua, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism.

Zionism

A Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the migration of Jews to Palestine and the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan

A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia. The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Bread and Circuses

A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.

Kulak

A Russian peasant farmer who owns land. Late imperial and early Soviet eras.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Twelver Shiism

A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.

Bhagavad Gita

A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier.

Edmund Cartwright

A british poet and minister who answered the shortage of weavers with the power loom. Running on steam power, the loom made it possible for weavers to keep up with the amount of yarn produced

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

armistice

A cease fire or temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

ideograms

A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese)

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.

Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

Jihad

A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah" or the Muslim word for "struggle" especially when trying to follow the will of Allah.

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.

Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Malay

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malaysian Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Nationalism

A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation

Gulf War

A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

Cossack

A free peasant in Russia who were often in the military and horsemen

Islamism

A fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Quran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life.

gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

Mesoamerica

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life?

A global warming allowed more animals and plants to survive means that the people did not have to go looking for their food. It came to them.

Theocracy

A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.

Ismail

A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much of the territory that became the Safavid Empire. He was a religious tyrant who made Shi'ia the state religion.

Xia

A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.

Ramses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 BCE). He reached an accomodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Natural Law

A major Enlightenment era idea of universal principles that dictate not only the natural world but also humanity, rights, and morality.

Neo-Assyrian

A major Mesopotamian empire between 934-608 BCE. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. They were an iron-age resurgence of a previous bronze age empire. The agressive Mesopotamian empire created after an Assyrian resurgence, which initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them resulting in the Persian Empire.

Upanishads

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe. Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Nation-State

A modern concept of a government that controls an area and represents the people of that area, often idealized as a homogeneous people that share a common language and feeling of nationality.

Solomon's Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

mestizo

A new racial concept that develops in Latin America following the intermixing that occurred between European colonists and the native American population The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Vedic Age

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.

Italian Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Nomad

A person who lives a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

pictograms

A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept. Used by many non-alphabetic written scripts.

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate in France. Marks the first time the French formally opposed Louis XVI.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism).

Mandate of Heaven

A political theory developed during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the the right to rule from divine authority (or the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.)

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution between 1910-1915. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920. He was assassinated in 1923.

Enlightenment

A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s (18th century) Europe that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy and spread to the colonies. The movement advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Satrapy

A province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire.

Papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil

Three-Field System

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

legalism

A school of Chinese philosophy. Prominent during Warring States Period. Had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. Based on a pessimistic view of human nature. Social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely.

Rebellions of 1848

A series of rebellions throughout Europe in 1848; they were crushed by the conservative powers.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

Janissary

A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army, often Christian born and converted to Islam. 30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Recession

A slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During one of these periods all of the following things decline: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation. Meanwhile bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.

city state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.

bourgeoisie

A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture. the middle class in European industrial society. During the French Revolution, the social group of mostly wealthy professionals and businessmen, who helped lead the initial phases of the revolution, was known as the bourgeoisie. Karl Marx considered the bourgeoisie to be the social class most responsible for the capitalist exploitation of industrial society.

Sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Homo Sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

Songhay Empire

A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.

Republic

A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under a constitution and in some way claims to be "of the people."

Authoritarian

A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.

Jati

A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.

Tribute System

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

Tributary System

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.

Hydrogen Bomb

A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen

Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. Mahayana Buddhism,Branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. The longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Great Wall

A wall built by ShiHuangDi during the Qin Dynasty to protect china nomad invaders in the north.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Proxy war

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Enlightened despotism

Absolute rule justifies not on grounds of heredity or divine right. Secular in outlook and justification, as in Frederick the Great's self-description as "the first servant of the state." Used to rationalize and organize the state from the top down during the Age of the Enlightenment. Other example is Joseph II of Austria

Zambos

According to Spanish and Portuguese colonizedrs, these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Rashid al-Din

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on his advice.

Warfare between states/groups in what country in the 16th century was for the purposes of capturing new slaves to be taken to the Atlantic market?

Africa

In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies? (CH. 15) **

Africa became a permanent part of an interacting Atlantic world, both commercially and demographically. The Atlantic slave trade slowed Africa's population growth at a time when the populations of Europe, China, and other regions were expanding. The slave trade in general stimulated little positive economic change in Africa and led to economic stagnation. It also led to considerable political disruption, particularly for small-scale societies with little central authority that were frequently subject to slave raids. Some larger kingdoms, such as Kongo and Oyo, also slowly disintegrated because of the slave trade. But in other regions, like Benin and Dahomey, African authorities sought to take advantage of the new commercial opportunities to manage the slave trade in their own interests.

What was the sequence of human migration across the planet?

Africa, Middle East, Eurasia, Australia, America, Pacific (A ME Eats Apple And Pear)

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.

Atlantic

After 1500, world economic activity gradually began to shift toward this body of water, noncontributing to the rise of Western European colonialism and economic dominance in the world.

Khmer Empire

Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia

In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted? (CH. 2)

Agriculture spread in two ways: through diffusion Diffusion refers to the gradual spread of the techniques of agriculture, and perhaps of the plants and animals themselves, but without extensive movement of people through colonization Colonization refers to the migration of agricultural peoples as growing populations and pressures to expand pushed them outward. Often this meant the conquest, absorption, or displacement of earlier gatherers and hunters. Resistance occurred in areas not suitable for farming.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Buddha

Also known ad Siddhartha Gautama was the Hindu founder of Buddhism and the first to be enlightened, taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.

Wilbur and Orville Wright

American bicycle mechanics; the first to build and fly an airplace, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 7, 1903.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric lightbulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Margaret Sanger

American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences and established birth control clinics.

Commodore Matthew Perry

American who compelled the opening of isolationist Japan to the US. American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854

Pontiac

Amerindian chief who drove British from western outposts at the end of the 7 Year War.

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Siddhartha Gautama

An Indian prince alternately known as the Buddha, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia.

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Hittites

An ancient Anatolian group who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age and whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron.

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.

Jainism

An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor).

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Goths

An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

capitalism

An economic system based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production.

Boddhisatva

An enlightened being who put off nirvana to come back and help others become enlightened.

Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming Dynasty Emperor Yongle with a series (7) of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa in order to establish Chinese presence and reputation.

Wheel of Life

An important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation.

the Enlightenment

An intellectual movement centered in W. Europe during the 18th century. The Enlightenment focused on rational thought, order and logic. These concepts had widespread impact, such as on the American Revolution and the abolition of slavery.

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.

Revolution

An overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

socialists

An umbrella term for people of diverse perspectives but many of whom typically advocate equality, protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and state ownership of major industries. This ideology led to the founding of certain labor parties in the late 1800s.

Triumvirate

An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. Eventually results in civil war that brings down the republic and results in the Roman Empire.

Mita

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America as a form of taxation. The Inca had previously used a similar practice.

Faisal

Arab Prince, leader of the Arab revolt and World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1821, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.

Faisal I

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

Ibu Batuta

Arab traveler to the Kingdom of Mali who writes of the riches of Africa in 1200s

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

Robert Clive

Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of British raj in northern India (18th century)

Hipolito Irigoyen

Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916-1922 and 1928-1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer, but later became conservative.

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war. He zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. Military invasions during the Middle Ages by the Christians of Western Europe with the objectives of capturing the Holy Land from the Muslims. Christian crusader states were established along the eastern Mediterranean coast until later Muslim counterattacks reconquered the area. The Crusades were also responsible for increasing the cultural and economic integration of Southern Europe with the rest of the world.

Topiltzin

Around 1000, Toltec leader, takes over Chichen Itza, legend says he became the god Quetzalcoatl.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Zimbabwe and Zambia were originally named after him.

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer who discovered spots on the sun and mountains on the moon. Will later be condemned by church for his belief that Earth was not the center of the universe.

Peloponnesian War

Athens and Sparta fought each other in this war that took place in 431 B.C.E. The conflict began with a trade dispute involving the city of Corinth. Although Sparta won, they didn't destroy Athens out of respect for the city-state's alliance in the Persian War.

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

Prince von Metternich

Austrian politician who was an important diplomat during the Congress of Vienna; was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe to ensure the stability of European governments. He opposed liberal ideas and revolutionary movements.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Author of the Canterbury Tales

Dante Aligheri

Author of the Divine Comedy

Thomas Paine

Author of the pamphlet 'Common Sense'.

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

Kingdom of Kongo

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Wilhelm II

Became king of Germany in 1888. Dismissed Bismarck and took over policy making. Wanted to strengthen the army. Resulted in the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) vs. Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain)

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. the religious belief in one God. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are all monotheist religions.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed that an absolute monarchy was best form of government. People are evil, strong government to ease chaos

Protestantism

Believed the church as an alternative of Papal authority. They didn't like that the church decided if you went to heaven or hell

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.

Urban Revolution

Between approximately 4000 and 1500 BCE human societies in certain river valleys transformed from Neolithic farming villages into more complex urban societies. What might this transition be called?

Indian Ocean

Body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using five-year plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.

Josef Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition. Was general secretary of the Communist party, became the leader and dictator of Russia after Lenin's death. He brought Russia out of recession and made Russia the second leading industrial superpower during the Second World War Followed Lenin, pragmatist, socialism in one country, forced rapid industrialization, Great Purges, collectivization. 1927-1953

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, he became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the Nazi party in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. Nazi leader of Fascist Germany; created a strongly centralized state in Germany. He wanted to expand Germany (led to WWII) and racially cleanse it (led to Holocaust).

Competition between the US & USSR - Geopolitical

Both superpowers vied for influence across the globe, esp. in the developing nations of Asia and Africa. Wars in Korea, Vietnam, India, Afghanistan & Angola were fought with weapons provided by the Americans & Soviets

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

Shi'a

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.

Al-Ghazali

Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulema (Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology)

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

Parliament

Britain's law-making assembly

Lusitania

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch joint-stock companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.

Henry Morgan Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for searching for Dr. David Livingson

Role of Women in Religion: Buddhism Christianity Confucianism Hinduism

Buddhism: Women could achieve nirvana. An alternate lifestyle was available for women as nuns in a monastery. Christianity: men and women were equal in eyes of God. Women could go to heaven. Many early converts were women. Women could live in convents. Confucianism: men were superior to women. One of 5 key relationships is that of husband to wife. Hinduism: men were superior to women. Women were not allowed to read the sacred prayers, the Vedas. In order to reach moksha, one must be a male Brahmin.

Xuanzang

Buddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China (629 CE)

Crystal Palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

St Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.

Forbidden City

Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission. The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.

Trading Post Empires

Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

caliphate

Caliphs were the political (and to a certain extent religious) successors of Muhammad. The term in Arabic means deputy. Four noble caliphs following Muhammad were themselves succeeded by the caliphs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Empires.

Noble Eightfold Path

Calls for individuals to lead balanced and moderate lives, rejecting both the devotion to luxury and the regimes of extreme asceticism. (Buddhist Belief).

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

John MacDonald

Canada's first prime minister; pushed manifest dynasty; purchased Northwest Territories in 1869 from Hudson Bay Company for 1.5 million; didn't want to lose British Columbia to U.S. so he lured into confederation with subsidies for debt and transcontinental railroad; used same tactic for Prince Edward Island

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Hannibal

Carthaginian genreal, fights Rome in Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)

Floating Worlds

Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; called ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior.

Timur

Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His biggest rival though was the Islamized Golden Horde. His empire included Persia (Iran) and many surrounding lands. He is the great great grandfather of Babur. who later founds the Mughal Empire in India. Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate. He through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862-1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871. Developed military and German territories were added to form a powerful empire by force. Also defeated Austria and won Southern Germany in the Franco-Prussian War.

Ashoka

Chandragupta's grandson, converted to Buddhism after battle of Kalinga, known as a governor: capital at Pataliputra, roads with trees, wells, inns Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. Sponsored the spread of new religion throughout his empire; espoused religious toleration and non-violence.

Egalitarian

Characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political and social life.

Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century

How did chiefdoms differ from stateless agricultural village societies? (CH. 2)

Chiefdoms possessed more well-defined and pronounced social inequalities, some of which were inherited. Unlike members of agricultural village societies, commoners in chiefdoms provided tribute to their chief in the form of food, manufactured goods, and raw materials. Stateless agricultural villages organized themselves in terms of kinship groups or lineages. The lineage system provided the framework within which large numbers of people could make and enforce rules, maintain order, and settle disputes. Developed modest social and economic inequalities, but they were not as well defined as those of chiefdoms and were not hereditary

Shang Civilization

China's first dynasty almost 2000 BC. It was a city state that had writing, bronzes, and appearance of social classes, believed in supreme deity and lesser ones, observed movements of the stars and planets

Shang Civilization (China)

China's first dynasty almost 2000 BC. It was a city state that had writing, bronzes, and appearance of social classes, believed in supreme deity and lesser ones, observed movements of the stars and planets

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese Communist leader who was twice purged from the Communist Party and twice rehabilitated before gaining supreme power in China and led China towards a market economy.

Ming

Chinese dynasty between 1368-1644 that followed the overthrow of the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China. Economy flourished and the government even explored the Indian Ocean through many expeditions led by Zheng He. Ultimately they were taken over by the Manchurians from the North in 1644. Among other things, the emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. It was mostly a time of vibrant economic productivity. It is regarded as the last great Chinese dynasty (1368-1644). In 1644 they fall to Manchurian (Qing Dynasty) from the North who who rule China until the Nationalist revolution in 1911.

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of Sun Yat-sen's movement.

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Kuomintang in 1923; headed the Chinese government from 1928-1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan.

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Sun Yet-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Kuomintang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal deemocratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Junks

Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.

Francis Xavier

Christian missionary throughout East and South Asia

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

English Civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Perisa--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture. These wars served to unite all of the Greek polises against their mutual enemy, Persia.

Patrice Lumumba

Congolese independence leader and the first legally elected Prime minister of the Republic after independence from Belgium, viewed as too socialist, was imprisoned and murdered with help from the CIA.

Matthew Perry

Convinced Japan to open trade with the rest of the world.

Monoculture

Cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, whale blubber, minerals etc. Industrialization led to an increased demand for foreign raw resources. This is a term for countries relying solely on the exportation of mainly one raw resource.

Four-field rotation

Crop rotation methods are ancient but this Dutch method from the 1500s was popularized in Britain in the 1700s and led to a large increase in agricultural productivity. It typically involved rotating wheat, turnips, barley and clover, and allowed livestock to be bred year-round.

Jose Marti

Cuban poet and journalist who organized a guerilla revolution against Spain in 1895- "Cuba Libre" free Cuba was his battle cry-and sought US support and intervention.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist revolutionary leader who overthrew dictator Batista in 1959; created Marxist socialist state, resisted US invasion and pressure came to depend almost exclusively on the Soviet Union.

Xerxes

Darius's successor, reigned 486-465 BCE, retreated from policy of toleration

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

creole

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status. In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

Charles Fourier

Develop the philosophy called Utopia socialism.

Nicholas Copernicus

Developed the "heliocentric theory".

Sectarian

Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930-1945 and 1951-1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created the Estado Novo (New State), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants.

Balance of Power

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).

Millet System

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

Cultural Imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy that encourages cultural assimilation of neighboring foreign peoples or by economic or technological superiority.

Japan

During the 19th century, industrialization spread significantly to new places in Europe, the United States, to Russia, and also to this East Asian country.

nonaligned

During the Cold War, countries who did not want to support either side sometimes declared themselves to be.

Proxy Wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.

Han Dynasty

During this time period (200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.), the Chinese developed paper, very accurate sundials, and calendars; developed the civil service system based on the teachings of Confucius; this ensured that government officials would be highly educated and great communicators. To ensure great candidates, they developed a rigourous civil service examination. During this dynasty, Buddhism spread and trade thrived along the Silk Road to the Mediterranean

Sail al Din

Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty.

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. Compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests

Ali

Early follower of Muhammad, he becomes caliph, calls of troops at battle of Siffen which would have defeated Umayyad rivals, assassination leads to the Sunni-Shi'a spit

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

Fall of Ancient Empires - Han (China), 220CE

Economic Reasons: Scholar officials were often exempt from taxes, and many peasants fled from tax collectors to these estates. A severe reduction in tax revenue financially crippled the empire. Long-distance trade decreased, but the Chinese were self-sufficient and not severely affected. Political Reasons: The govt. was unable to check the power of the large private estate owners. The emperor heavily relied on the advice of his court officials & was often misinformed for their personal gain. Social Reasons: The population increase led to smaller family plots & the peasant class had increased difficulty paying taxes. Role of Nomads: The Xiongnu invaded, but only after the empire had fallen. Nomadic invasions took place b/c the empire was no longer providing people with what they needed.

Fall of Ancient Empires - Gupta (India), 550CE

Economic Reasons: The govt. had great difficulty collecting enough taxes to pay the army to protect its borders. Political Reasons: The regional powers of the Guptas were allowed to keep much of their administrative power. They eventually grew more powerful than the central govt. Role of Nomads: The govt. was too weak to defend against the nomadic invasions of the White Huns.

Fall of Ancient Empires - Western Rome, 476CE

Economic Reasons: The rich landowning class often resisted paying their taxes, and when the tax collectors did approach, they were driven away by the landowners' private armies. Also, the church land wasn't taxable. As the empire declined, so did trade b/c of unsafe roads. The drop in tax revenue and inflation crippled Rome's economy. Political Reasons: The government had trouble finding bureaucrats who could enforce the laws. Power struggles for the throne plagued the empire. From 235-284ce, 25 out of 26 emperors died violent deaths. The division of the empire into 2 sections allowed the eastern portion to remain stronger, while the western portion weakened. Social Reasons: Plagues dramatically reduced the population, in particular the farming population. Role of Nomads: The Roman army could not defend against the movement of such nomadic groups as the Ostrogoths, Huns & Visigoths. Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 476 ce.

neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 BCE). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.

Mentuhotep I

Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE.

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Menelik II

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa.

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-19745) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as a traditional autocracy until he was overthrown in 1974.

Meiji

Emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912. He was responsible for the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the Malian Empire; Ruled Mali from 1312-1337 & one of the greatest Mali rulers Sundiata's grandnephew Famous for his 1307 pilgrimage to Mecca... it was a lavish display of African wealth with so many gold-carrying servants and camels that he became a sort of international Islamic celebrity. During his reign Timbuktu became a center of Muslim culture and scholarship. He also added lands to his kingdom well beyond the bounds of Ghana.

Theodosius

Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Babylonian Empire

Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites

Song Dynasty

Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings

Tang

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. Continuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires. dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618-907 CE

Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Rousseau

Enlighten thinker who believed that authority rested on the consent of the governed.

Montesquieu

Enlighten thinker who introduced the concept of separation of power and checks and balances.

Fredrick the Great (Prussia), Joseph II (Austria)

Enlightened despots, try to ease restrictions on serfs

The Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Iron metallurgy

Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.

Aqueduct

Famous example of Roman engineering that also made possible the existence of large cities.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Loess

Fine yellowish light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because of the tiny needle-like shape of its particles, it can be easily shaped and used for underground structures (but vulnerable to earthquake)

Hongwu

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

Fernao Gomes

First Portuguese explorer to purchase the rights of exploration of Africa.

Batolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.

Odovacer

Germanic general who deposed Romulus Augustulus (last Roman emperor in western half) in 476 CE

Andrew Jackson

First president of the US to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832.

Abu Bakr

First successor to Muhammad 623-634, wins Ridda Wars between rival clan leaders

Glorious Revolution

Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious. In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

Extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

An Lushan

Foreign-born general who led a major revolt against the Tang dynasty in 755-763, perhaps provoking China's turn to xenophobia

polis

Form of government in which power is centralized into a local city-state.

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.

Seven Years War

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate - kept Japan unified and free of unwanted Western intrusion.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 BCE, he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples.

Babur

Founder of the Muslim Mughal Empire in India; 1498-1540

Osman

Founder of the Ottoman Empire.

Octavian

Founder of the Roman Principate. After defeating all rivals between 31 BCE and 14 CE, he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. Also called Augustus. Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana.

Shi Huangdi (Qin Shihuangdi)

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (ca. 221-210 BCE). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks. His tomb, with its army of life-size terracotta soldiers, has been partially excavated.

Savorgnan de Brazza

Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French Gov. to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880.

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. nationalism,Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization

Jean Jacques Rousseau

French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who believed in the importance fof skepticism: that you shouldn't believe what people tell you unless you can prove it; "I think, therefore I am"

Czar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

Atlantic Trade Triangle

From the 16th to 19th centuries, the flow of goods between the Americas, Europe in Africa is often described with what geometric shape?

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Conquistador

Generic term for a Spanish conqueror of the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization Given credit for discovery America for the Spanish.

Schlieffen Plan

German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.

Otto I

German King reigning from 936 to 973. Founder of the Holy Roman Empire. Pope John XII announced him emperor of Holy Roman Empire.

Kepler

German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. Felt history was defined by a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of a social revolution to create proletarian dictatorships (socialism then communism). With the help and support of philosopher Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. founder of the Marxist branch of socialism

Martin Luther

German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church and initiated the Protestant movement and strongly disputed the Catholic church's claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. Excommunicated from Catholic Church and started own branch (Lutheranism) which focused on the faith of individual over works stressed in Catholic church but was not seeking social change. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Max Planck

German physicist who develop the quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1918.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity.

Visigoths

Germanic peoples who had adopted Roman Law and Christianity. Roman authorities used these people to defend the empire's border. However, when the Huns began to press on the Visigoths in the early 5th century, the Visigoths had nowhere to go but Rome. in 410 C.E., the Visigoths sacked Rome, and by 476 C.E. they deposed the Roman emperor; this completed the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire.

Giotto

Given credit for reviving "the lost art of painting".

Nuclear Nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968.

Kievan Russia

Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.

Totalitarianism

Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives.

canals

Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.

Viceroy

Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.

Hulegu Khan

Grandson of Chinggis Khan (circa 1217-1265) who became the first Il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia. Conquered most of SW Asia; founded Persian dynasty, and destroyed Baghdad.

Trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.

Olympics

Greek athletic competitions to celebrate the Gods and feed city-state rivalries

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

Acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

Herodotus

Greek historian, "Father of History" Heir to the technique of historia ("investigation") developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents of and chronicled the Persian Wars, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Name the various Holy Books of the different religions

Hadith - the compiled work of the life & teachings of Muhammad Quran - the holy book of Muslims Torah - the first 5 books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses Bible - the holy book of Christians

Wu Ti

Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, (140-87 BCE); promoted peace; supported Confucianism; Conducted trade with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East. He also conducted the first civil service examinations in the world.

What was the result of the 2nd Punic War?

Hannibal made headway for Carthage, but eventually had to back down, letting Rome retain control of the western Mediterranean.

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.

Yuan Empire

He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan.

Reincarnation

Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over.

Ptolemy

His ideas on science influenced Muslim and European scholars from Roman times until the Scientific Revolution. He was a Greco-Roman writer famous as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.

Ferdinand of Aragan

His marriage to Isabel of Castile will make Spain the most powerful nation in 16th century Europe. Will also finance Columbus' voyages.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

Ghazan Khan

Il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia who ruled from 1295 to 1304. He is noted for his efforts to repair the Mongol damage to Persia. He converts to Islam and restores the dominance of Islam in the Middle East and outlaws all other religions.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. Practiced by some in China, specifically during the Qin dynasty. based upon the belief that peace and order could only be obtained through a centralized government, harsh punishment, and unquestioned authority.

Yin and Yang

In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.

Civil Service Exam

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

Karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life.

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; in Russia it was not abolished until 1861.

New Monarchy

In the 15th century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, particularly France, England, and Spain.

Britain

In the mid 1700s this place was the first to develop industrialized methods.

Java War

In this war (1825-1830), the people of the Island of Java rebelled against their Dutch colonizers. The Dutch won after suffering 8000 deaths and killing perhaps as many as 200,000 islanders.

Pachacuti Inca

Incan emperor who initiated the expansion of the Inca state from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.

economic imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British and the Indian National Congress for Muslim participation in Indian politics. From 1940 on, he led the movement for the independence of India's Muslims in a separate state of Pakistan, founded in 1947.

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Gandhi as the leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Mein Kampf

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.

Salon

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In the late 1980s this technology was replaced with large submarine fiber optic cables that still today form the basis of most global communication.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. Diplomatic organization created after World War I. Proposed by Wilson but the US did not join. The organization is widely regarded as a huge failure.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Gunpowder

Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century. The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.

Sharia

Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire. the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free.

How did Austronesian migrations differ from other early patterns of human movement? (CH. 1)

It was mostly done over water, they took men and women and the brought domesticated animals.

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860, called the Sword.

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.

keiretsu

Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.

Murasaki Shikibu

Japanese court lady who wrote the Tale of Genji, the first novel written in Japan.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall

Jesuits at the Ming court in 1580s

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim journey to Mecca.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

King Leopold II

King of Belgium; brutal founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State who used slave labor and torture to extract raw materials to build his personal fortune.

John

King of England that was forced to sign the Magna Carta

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Philip II

King of Spain who used the Inquisition to punish heretics.

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

Dhows

Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Mongol Empire

Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

Montezuma

Last Aztec emperor that was overthrown by Cortes. 1398 CE. Ruler of the Aztec Empire. In power when Henan Cortes arrived from Sapin. Mistook Cortes for a god because the Aztecs had never seen such a pale man or a horse before. Sent gold as an offering to Cortes, but this made hte Spaniards crave more. They seized Montezuma and began a siege of Tenochtitlan. Lost his emprie to Spain in 1525.

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.

The Mahdi

Last imam in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as an apocolyptic messiah at the end of time.

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire in China

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Elizabeth I

Late 1500s; defeat of Spanish Armada, sponsors piracy of Francis Drake, beginning of English exploration and colonization

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. English businessman, desired an English colony from Cape to Coast in Africa, founder of Rhodesia.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain in 1895-1898. He proclaimed the Philippines independent in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the US army in 1901.

Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became the leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence he was assassinated for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting.

Trajan

Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads during the English Civil War.

Hong Xuiquan

Leader of the Taiping rebelling; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite

Modun

Leader of the Xiongnu Empire who effected a revolution in nomadic life. Made society more centralized and hierarchical political system.

Daw Aung San Suu Kyi

Leader of the peaceful democratic movement in Myanmar (Burma); was elected Prime Minster, not allowed to take office; has been under house arrest.

Hundred Days Reforms

Led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao . Established Imperial University of Beijing and an all new education system. They innitialted many new Chiefs for offices. They also made a government budget. It ended without much success by Cixi.

Nikita Kruschev

Led the Soviet Union after Stalin; was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the USSR and several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy, and for attempting to ease relations w/ U.S.

The Convention

Legislative body created by revolutionary leaders that abolished the monarchy & proclaimed France a republic; rallied French population by instituting levée en masse ("mass levy"); basically the French equivalent of the draft); frequently used the guillotine on enemies.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.

Monaticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)

What are the great Enlightenment Thinkers are known for: John Locke (England) Voltaire (France) Montesquieu (France)

Locke: Thought all people are born with natural rights and should be free Voltaire: Said freedom of speech should be permitted Montesquieu: Urged tolerance and a government segmented into parts that shared power

King Louis XIV

Long-reigning king of France, believed in the divine right of kings (absolute monarchy) and patronage of the arts; expanded French influence in Europe.

Philip II of Macedonian

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.

baroque

Major Western artistic style from 1500s to 1700s. Climactic, dramatic, dark vs. usage, shocking/ gruesome

neoclassical

Major Western artistic style from 1600s to 1800s. Symmetry, Greek/Roman influence, patterns, simple in color

What different kinds of societies emerged out of the Agricultural Revolution? (CH. 2)

Pastoral Societies, Agricultural Village Societies, & Chiefdoms.

romanticism

Major Western artistic style of 1700s and 1800s.Against Neoclassicism, spontaneous, mysterious/ exotic, untamed/ powerful nature, embraces folklore and national traditions, glorification of heroes

realism

Major Western artistic style of the 19th century. Against Romanticism, precise imitation w/o alteration, personal experiences, peasants/ everyday people

impressionism

Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

Anarchism

Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation. What is this belief system called?

What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America? ** (CH. 14)

Many of the British settlers sought to escape aspects of an old European society rather than to recreate it, as was the case for most Spanish and Portuguese colonists. The easy availability of land, the climate and geography of North America, and the "outsider" status of many British settlers made it even more difficult to follow the Spanish or Portuguese colonial pattern of sharp class hierarchy, large rural estates, and dependent laborers. British settlers in North America were much more numerous than Spanish or Portuguese settlers in Latin America, making up some 90 percent or more of the population of the New England and middle Atlantic colonies by the time of the American Revolution. The British colonies were almost pure settler colonies, without the racial mixing that was so prominent in Spanish and Portuguese territories. A largely Protestant England was far less interested in spreading Christianity among the remaining native peoples than were the large and well-funded missionary societies of Catholic Spain. Moreover, church and state were not so closely connected in the British colonies as they were in Latin America. British colonies developed greater mass literacy and traditions of local self-government and vigorously contested the prerogatives of royal governors sent to administer their affairs. Britain had nothing resembling the elaborate bureaucracy that governed Spanish colonies.

witchcraft

Many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.

Indo-Europeans

Many people and languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India share a common linguistic traits due to being part of this ancient group.

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon. chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed along with his wife and other members of his family.

Emperor Wendi

Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

Jesuit

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. the army of the Catholic Church who were unsuccessful in Europe, but were more successful in the New World

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Never an empire but an extensive and culturally advanced Mesoamerican society with many cities in the Yucatan.

Olmec

Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads. These people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Persian Empire

Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president and general; fought at Alamo; lost many battles in Mexican War

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Hidalgo, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.

Jose Morelos

Mexican priest who led forces fighting for Mexican Independence.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

In what different ways did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in various parts of the world? (CH. 2)

Middle Eastern societies QUICKLY replaced hunting & gathering with agriculture, but in Meso-America it took 3,500 YEARS.

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).

Robert Di Nobli

Missionary in India in the 1540s; learn Hindu texts, likley converted to Hinduism

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Akbar I

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of concilation with Hindus.

Hijra

Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. The theologians and legal experts of Islam. Best known as the arbiters of sharia law.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Agustin Iturbide

NAME OF CREOLE OFFICER WHO DEFEATED JOSE MARIA MORELOS ENDING THE PUSH OF MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE IN 1815 He was the Creole officer who defeated Hidalgo's successor in 1815. By the 1820s, a liberal group was in power in Spain, so the creoles, fearing the loss of their privileges, joined the rebels, united in support of Mexico's independence from Spain. This man then made peace with the last rebel leader and proclaimed independence in 1821 (Treaty of Cordoba). He declared himself emperor Augustus I, but was overthrown in 1823., Mexican (creole) army officer who joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos won mexican's independence then claimed himself emperor

Nazism

National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism.

Long-term causes of World War I?

Nationalism: After the successful creation of Italy and Germany by 1870, other ethnic groups like the Poles, Bosnians, Czechs and Yugoslavs hoped for national of their own. Pan-Germanism came into direct conflict with Pan-Slavism. An eagerness to redraw the map of Europe was mounting. Imperialism: Tensions stemmed from imperialism and competition for foreign colonies, as in Africa. Militarism: The arms race between the major powers - Germany and Britain, which were building increasingly large fleets - also led to a hope that military leaders would fight sooner rather than later. Alliances: The alliance system had led to many open and secret agreements between nations. Most of these were defensive plans that would protect a nation in the event it was attacked.

Kwame Nkrumah

Nationalist leader who brought Ghana to independence with nonviolent protests; was an advocate of Pan-Africanism; became corrupt and autocratical, was overthrown in a military coup (backed by the CIA) and lived out his life in exile.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. Political party that ruled China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there.

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others.

Napoleon II

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Toltecs

Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

March of the Women

On October 5-6,1789 there was spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread due to scarcity and high prices; Parisian women go to Versailles and angrily demand bread from the monarchs; they take the royal family to Paris as prisoners.

Nuremberg Trials

One key set of trials held for certain Germans accused of war crimes.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.

Minoans

One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.

Jenne-Jeno

One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia.

Ibn Sina

One of the greatest polymaths (person of wide-ranging knowledge or learning) of the Islamic world, a Persian who wrote prolifically (plenty) on scientific and philosophical issues

Yamagata Aritomo

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.

Aswan High Dam

One of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt. A key project under Gama Abdel Nasser.

Rig Veda

One of the worlds oldest religious texts. It is a book composed by Vedic Brahman priests that contains hymns and Sanskrit poetry.

Iron Puddling

One step in one of the most important processes of making the first appreciable volumes of high-grade bar iron (malleable wrought iron) during the Industrial Revolution.

Quinto

One-fifth: amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all precious metals mined in the Americas.

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Bureaucracy

Organized system of administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected officials.

Dalai Lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.

Ataturk / Mustapha Kemal

Ottoman military leader who also was the founder and first president of the country of Turkey; modernized and secularized Turkey.

Abdul Hamid

Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908

Suleiman (the Magnificent)

Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its height; he succeeded in defeating the Habsburgs and capturing Vienna. The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Kanuni ("Lawgiver"). He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ,and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and leader of the Fatah political party; spent most of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination, signed peace treaty with Israel.

Americas

People in this region developed complex urban societies and empires without the benefit of large pack animals or Iron technology.

Serfs

People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.

Isfahan

Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today.

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernician model of the solar system.

Daoism

Philosophy system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events and that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China

Humanism

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics. Focus on human kind as a center of intelluctual and artistic endeavors. Believed that the classical forms were superior to the medieval forms

What changes did Trans-Saharan trade bring to West Africa? (CH. 8)

Place - Africa Time - 500 to 1500 CE West Africa was in trade because of their gold. They received horses, cloth, dates, various manufactured goods and salt.

How did the history of Meroe and Axum reflect interaction with neighboring civilizations? (CH. 7)

Place - Africa (Nubia & Axum) Time - 500 BCE to 500 CE Both civilizations modeled major features of the classical civilizations of Eurasia, and were in direct contact with the world of the Mediterranean cities.

In what ways did the arrival of Bantu speaking people stimulate cross-cultural interaction? (CH. 7)

Place - Africa (South of Equator) Time - 500 BCE to 500 CE Bantu-speaking peoples stimulated cross-cultural interaction by introducing iron tools and weapons. Agriculture, trading, networks food, and social/cultural practices were exchanged.

What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? How did it shape the kind of societies that arose there? (CH. 14)

Place - America Time - 1450 to 1750 CE The economic foundation in Mexico and Peru lay in commercial agriculture & in silver and gold mining. Native people provided all the labor (forced). Established universities, cathedrals, churches, and missions, an elaborate bureaucracy, and a network of regulated internal commerce. Created a social order/hierarchy - Spaniards on top - mixed blood = mestizo. Ethnic mixing.

How did the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of Southern colonies in British North America? (CH. 14)

Place - American colonies (European) Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Racism: In North America, any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person, "black." In Brazil, it was considered some other mixed-race category. Perception of color changed with educational or economic standing of individuals. British colonies sough to escape Europe rather than recreate it. Far more numerous. Did not use slaves. No racial mixing. Literacy - everyone. Local self-government.

In what ways did networks of interaction in the Western Hemisphere differ from those in the Eastern Hemisphere? (CH. 8)

Place - Americas Time - 500 to 1500 CE Less contact with each other led to no source of horses, donkeys, camels, wheeled vehicles, or ships. Geography included various obstacles. Sea trade with canoes led to cotton clothes, jewels, and some feathers (luxuries).

In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into the Native American cultures of Spanish America? (CH. 16)

Place - Americas and Europe Time - 1450 to 1750 Conquest of American Empires and what followed - disease, population collapse, loss of land to Europeans, forced labor, & resettlement into smaller villages - created ideal setting for religion of victors (Christianity). Europeans saw success as power of God. Native people generally agreed - It made sense to affiliate with Europeans' God, saints, rites, and rituals. They embraced the new religion. Sought destruction of local Gods & religion. - Destroyed religious images, etc. (icons and relics). Assimilated into the culture of Native Americans.

Why was Anatolia so much more thoroughly Islamized than India? (CH. 11)

Place - Anatolia and India Time - 600 to 1500 CE It had a smaller population and had grown weak due to famine, massacres, and enslavement.

What features of Moche life characterize it as a civilization? (CH. 7)

Place - Andes region Time - 100 to 800 CE Their complex irrigation system, being governed by warrior-priests (under drugs), elaborate burials, and their exquisite craftsmanship characterized them

How did the rise of Islam change the lives of women? (CH. 11)

Place - Arab Empire Time - 600 to 1500 CE As Arab Empire grew, woman became more restricted. Quran defined men and women as equals. However in Islamic society, women were viewed as inferiors and were subordinate to men. Early Arab practice: women could hold property, dowries, & inheritances, but not as much as men. Women could sue for divorce, had to cover themselves in public, and were often subjected to polygamy.

What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Islam? (CH. 11)

Place - Arab Empire Time - 600 to 1500 CE Sunni caliphs were political and military leaders - selected by all Muslims. Shia: leadership in Islam should be from (blood) line of Muhammad. Sunni: religious authority - scholars "ulama." Shia: leaders "Imams" - religious authority. Sunni: Umayad family - ruled as caliphs.

In what ways were Sufi Muslims critical of mainstream Islam? (CH. 11)

Place - Arab Empire Time - 600 to 1500 CE They saw mainstream Islam as a distraction and deviation from the purer spirituality of Muhammad's time. They sought a direct and personal experience with the divine. Did not support Islamic laws - did little to come to Allah.

In what ways did the early history of Islam reflect its Arabian origins? (CH. 11)

Place - Arabia Time - 500 to 1500 CE Where Islam started - in Arabia between Byzantium and Persia (Sassanid Empire) - influenced it. The monotheistic ideas of the Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians helped define Allah - the one, Islamic God which made it monotheistic.

How does the core message of Islam compare with that of Judaism and Christianity? (CH. 11)

Place - Arabia Time - 600 to 1500 CE The core message of Islam is a belief of Allah - the only God who is the all-powerful Creator, good, just, and merciful - and submission to Him. It is the same message with Judaism and Christianity - one God who is all-powerful and good. Savior is Christian.

Why were Arabs able to construct such a huge empire so quickly? (CH. 11)

Place - Arabia Time Time - 500 to 1500 CE The Arabs had organized themselves into a state with a central command capable of mobilizing the military potential of the Arab population. They were continuing a long pattern of tribal raids into surrounding civilizations and conquering new lands to create an empire.

What accounts for the widespread conversion to Islam? (CH. 11)

Place - Arabian Peninsula & Middle East Time - 600 to 1500 CE "Social conversion" movement from one religious social community to another. Many elements of Islam were similar in Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Islam was friendly to merchants, it traveled. Islam was associated with a powerful state, the Arab Empire. Social mobility was present in Islam.

What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads? (CH. 8)

Place - Silk Roads (Eurasia) Time - 500 to 1500 CE Buddhism had appealed to merchants - Indian traders and Buddhist monks supported by their leaders, brought Buddhism to trans-European trade routes.

What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade? What did it share with other patterns of slave owning and trading? (CH. 15)

Place - Atlantic Civilizations (Global) Time - 1450 to 1750 (Early Modern) The Atlantic slave trade was distinctive because of the immense size of the trade. Slaves were treated as dehumanized property. Status of slaves was also inherited - little hope of freedom. Racial dimension: slavery identified with Africa and "blackness." Shared: Slaves from Africa had also been sold to Asia & Europe.

What roles did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic Slave trade? (CH. 15)

Place - Atlantic Slave Basin Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Enterprise was in European hands. Because of European demand. They purchased slaves from African merchants and political elites. Initial capture for sale on the coast of slaves: African hands. European dealt as equals with local African authorities. Traded with goods for slaves.

What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade? (CH. 15)

Place - Atlantic civilizations Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Started in the Mediterranean world with sugar. Europeans established sugar-producing plantations in Mediterranean. Required huge capital investment, technology, worker discipline, and a mass market of consumers. Needed slaves as labor source for plantations. Found source in Africa. Used slaves for American plantations - sugar, tobacco, and cotton.

In what ways did the gathering & hunting people of Australia differ from those of the northwest coast of North America? (CH. 13)

Place - Australia & Northwest North America Time - 15th century The hunter/gatherer people of Australia had been separated into about 250 groups. They borrowed ideas from outsiders (canoes, fishhooks, nets, ideas, etc.) but did not farm. Used "firestick farming" to clean up the country. Goods were exchanged. In North America, the people created a complex hunter/gatherer culture. They had permanent village settlements - large houses, economic specialization/ structure, ranked societies (slavery), chiefdoms, leaders, and food storage.

In what ways was the Byzantine Empire linked to a wider world? (CH. 10)

Place - Byzantine Time - 500 to 1300 CE Interacted with neighbors: struggle with Persian Empire, long-distance trade of Eurasia (western Europe, Russia, Central Asia, the Islamic World, & China) gave knowledge and ancient Greek learning to Islamic world and Christian West. Also, Slavic languages used alphabets based on Greek letters to translate the Bible, etc.

In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns? (CH. 10)

Place - Byzantium (Eastern Europe) Time - 330 to 1300 CE Byzantium's roads, taxation system, military structures, centralized administration, imperial court, law, & Christian church was Roman. They also insisted on Roman-styled clothing. However, Byzantium was much smaller than the Roman Empire. Spoke Greek instead of Latin.

What different answer to the problem of disorder arose in classical China? (CH. 5)

Place - China Legalism, Confucianism, and Daoism. Legalism - Practical system of rewards and punishments Confucianism - Moral example of superiors for social harmony Daoism - Harmony with nature. Withdrawal from the world

How did the Mongol rule change China? In what ways were the Mongols changed by China? (CH. 12)

Place - China Time - 1209 to 1368 CE Mongol rule united Northern and South China - therefore many educated Chinese believed they had the Mandate of Heaven. Mongols made use of Chinese administrative practices, techniques of taxation, and their postal system. New capital in Beijing - Khanbalik & made use of Confucian rituals and Daoist temples.

How did you characterize the social hierarchy of Classical China? (CH. 6)

Place - China Time - 124 BCE The social hierarchy was determined by the officials who passed the civil service exams - they were in charge of the commoners and possessed most of the wealth and knowledge

What were the major features of Chinese empire building in the early modern era? (CH. 14)

Place - China Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Interacted with nomadic peoples. Then, China undertook 80 years of military effort that brought huge regions under Chinese control. Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia - peaceful. More powerful military technology & greater resources. Foreigners learned Chinese & Confucian teachings & Chinese bureaucratic techniques - unification.

What facilitated the rooting of Buddhism within China? (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 300 to 800 CE Buddhism initially entered China via the Silk Road and foreign merchants and monks. Began with collapse of the Han dynasty. Its emphasis on ritual, morality, and contemplation was a satisfying response to times that were out of joint.

How did the Daoist outlook differ from that of Confucianism? (CH. 5)

Place - China Time - 369 to 286 BCE Daoism urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encouraged spontaneous, individualistic, and natural behavior, while Confucius focused on society and human relationships. Confucious roams within society Laozi wanders beyond

In what ways did the expression of Chinese patriarchy change over time, and why did it change? (CH. 6)

Place - China Time - 45 to 705 CE The Chinese changed from strict patriarchy where women had almost no value to a more loose system where women were more respected and could do "men" activities and own land. Empress Wu and nomadic women elevated the role of women.

How did the tribute system in practice differ from the ideal Chinese understanding of its operation? (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 500 to 1500 CE At times the tribute system gave gifts from the Chinese to nomadic empires to keep from invasion. The Chinese were not always able to dictate the terms of their relationships with nomadic peoples.

In what ways did China and the nomads influence each other? (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 500 to 1500 CE Some nomads embraced Chinese culture when they ruled parts of China. Others had other types of interaction (trade, war, gifts, etc.). China adopted elements of nomadic people. "Western barbarians" had great appeal among the elites.

What were the major sources of opposition to Buddhism within China? (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 800 CE Buddhism was a foreign religion and many officials found it offensive to Confucianism. Chinese state took over Buddhism.

What conflicts disrupted Chinese society? (CH. 6)

Place - China Time - 184 CE Peasants had high taxes and not enough land - Yellow Turban Rebellion. Landlords had too much land and didn't have to pay taxes. Peasant rebellions.

In what ways did women's lives change during the Tang and Song dynasties? (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 500 to 1500 CE During the Tang dynasty, Chinese women had greater freedom than in classical times. Female Daoist priests and practitioners could worship a deity. In Song dynasty, because of reviving Confucianism & economic growth, women were restricted with views of submission & passivity. Food binding spread widely during the Song dynasty.

How did the Chinese and their nomadic neighbors to the north view each other? (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 500 to 1500 CE The nomadic people to the north were attached to Chinese goods - silk & wine. They traded, raided, and extorted to get resources from China. Chinese often threatened the nomads and built the Great Wall to keep them out. Horses were acquired from the nomadic peoples.

Why has Confucianism been defined as a "humanistic philosophy" rather than a supernatural religion? (CH. 5)

Place - China Time - 551 to 479 BCE It is more a way of thinking - a guide to social order - rather than a religion there were no gods or supernatural beings involved - only education, benevolence, goodness, and social harmony. It also established certain expectations for government.

Why are the centuries of the Tang and Song dynasties in China sometimes in China referred to as a "Golden Age?" (CH. 9)

Place - China Time - 618 to 1279 CE It set high standards of arts and literature, poetry, painting, and ceramics. Scholarship gave rise to Neo-Confucianism. State structure that endured for a thousand years. 6 major ministries: personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, and public works. Population! Urbanization!

In what ways did China participate in the world of Eurasian commerce and exchange and with what outcomes? (CH. 9)

Place - China & Eurasia Time - 500 to 1500 CE China introduced paper and printing to the world around it. Also, gunpowder and magnetic compasses. Everyone bought China's products. China learned cultivation and processing of cotton and sugar from India. New Vietnamese rice results in larger population. Persian windmills. Ports.

How did India's caste system differ from China's class system? (CH. 6)

Place - China & India The Indian caste system had many distinct social groups which were defined rigidly and little mobility to move. China had fewer groups. India - highest is religious purity China - Ability to pass imperial exam (Political officials)

How did the collapse of empire play out differently in the Roman world and in China? (CH. 4)

Place - China and Roman world Time - 220 CE and 476 CE In China, conflicts between the emperor-loyal officials and Confucian scholars weakened the state. The "barbarian" peoples of the north came in and settled China. In Rome, power-greed killed many emperors, Germanic people entered the Empire and established kingdoms of their own. China would become a unified state once more, while Rome would not rise to such prominence again

What assumptions underlay the tribute system? (CH. 9)

Place - China and regions to the north Underlying the tribute system was the understanding that China, the "middle kingdom," was the center of the world, infinitely superior to the "barbarian" people beyond its borders. China represented "civilization."

How and why did the making of the Chinese empire differ from that of the Roman Empire? (CH. 4)

Place - Chinese Empire Time - 2200 BCE It was not creating something new (Chinese Empire), but restoring something old. Chinese seven kingdoms were always at war, making unity difficult. They had been unified earlier, but the state fell into shambles. Roman Empire started from small city and grew into a huge empire.

How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism? (CH. 10)

Place - Eastern & Western Europe Time - 500 to 1300 CE The head of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church was also the head of the state (government). The Church was treated as a government department. However, the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe was independent from political authorities. Disagreements on Trinity, Holy Spirit, original sin and importance of faith and reason

What lay behind the emergence of the Silk Roads, commerce, and what kept it going for so many centuries? (CH. 8)

Place - Eurasia Time - 500 to 1500 CE The outer and inner zone of Eurasia with different environments. The pastoral people of the region traded with outer, etc. Large states providing security for trading networks kept it going for many centuries.

Disease changes societies. How might this argument apply to the plague? (CH. 12)

Place - Eurasia Time - 1331 to 1350 CE The plague decreased Eurasian population dramatically - about half of Europe's people perished. Middle East lost about one-third. Labor shortages provoked conflict between the rich and the working class. Peasant revolts reflected tension. Volume of women's status increased. Workers status increases. M of H is gone = Ming Dynasty

To what extend did the British & Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia? (CH. 15)

Place - Eurasia (Indian Ocean) Time - 1450 to 1750 CE (Early Modern) Both British & Dutch companies conquered people by force - Islands of Indonesia (Dutch); & India (British). Dutch tried to control shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. Fought and conquered some small islands - forced them to sell only to the Dutch. On one island, replaced population with Dutch planters - monopoly on nutmeg, mace, & cloves. British created 3 major trading settlements. Naval forces. No match for Mughals - traded with permission. - Cotton textiles.

What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? (CH. 8)

Place - Eurasia (Silk Roads) Time - 500 to 1500 CE Silk became a symbol of high status, laws were passed to prevent its circulation; silk was available for consumption only for the elite, was used as currency, and as accumulating wealth. Associated with Buddhism and Christianity

What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce? (CH. 15)

Place - Eurasia (global) Time - 1450 to 1750 CE (Early Modern) Immediate motivation: desire for tropical spices - cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper - which were widely used for cooking, etc. Other products from Asia were in demand. Recovery of European civilization after Black Death. Growing western European societies - some had capitalist economies. Europeans resented Muslim monopoly on Indian trade (and Venetian). Find Prestor John. Europe used silver to pay for Eastern goods.

In what ways was European civilization changing after 1000? (CH. 10)

Place - Europe Time - 1000 to 1300 CE Expansion and growth. Population grew from about 35 million to 50 million. Marshes were drained, forests were cut down for villages and cropland. More long-distance trade. Urbanization in cities. New groups of people arose: merchants, bankers, artisans, lawyers, doctors, and scholars. Guilds of labor were formed. Woman labor increased. Growth of territorial states - centralized authority.

In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilizations after 1000? (CH. 10)

Place - Europe Time - 500 to 1000 CE Agriculture: heavy wheeled plow and horses with horseshoes and 3-field crop rotation led to more production, thus population growth. Energy: new type of windmill, water-driven mill War: gunpowder from China - used in canons, shipbuilding, navigational techniques, compass, rudder, sail - mastering the seas

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire important for Europe in the early modern era? (CH. 14)

Place - Europe (Eurasia) Time - 1534 to 1639 CE Many Christians converted to Islam. Constantinople fell and was renamed Istanbul and made it the capital. Made taxes lighter. Balkan Christians had to give away boys - learned Turkish, Islam and joined Janissary units

Why was Europe unable to achieve the kind of political unity that China did? What impact did this have on Europe's history? (CH. 10)

Place - Europe and China Time - 500 to 1300 CE Europe never had the unity it used to - the kind of unity China had because of geographic barriers, ethnic linguistic diversity, & shifting balances of power. Could not unite into Roman Empire. Rise to frequent wars, enhanced role of status of military men, and drove "gunpowder revolution."

What was the impact of the Crusade in world history? (CH. 10)

Place - Europe and Mediterranean Area Time - 1095 to 1291 CE The Crusades carved out four small Christian states. They killed many Muslims and Jews as they sought for Christ's holy places. Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region were brought permanently into western Christendom. Byzantium was weakened by Crusader attacks on Constantinople. Crusaders developed a taste for Asian luxury goods, sugar, and slave production.

In what different ways did classical Greek philosophy and science have an impact in the West, in Byzantium, & the Islamic World? (CH. 10)

Place - European West, Byzantium, & Islamic World Time - 500 to 1500 CE West: Legal system, schools, & universities (intellectual, autonomy, rational, thought). Theology, lay, medicine, world of nature. Byzantium: Greek was already spoken. Interest in humanities - literature, philosophy, history, and theology. Church didn't support Greek thought. Islamic World: Translation of Greek writings to Arab, sciences to natural philosophies, debates regarding faith and reason.

What large-scale transformation did European empires generate? (CH. 14)

Place - European to Americas Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Demographic collapse of Native American societies. - Died in appalling numbers when coming in contact with new European & African diseases - 90% of population. Social breakdown as result of disease. Labor shortage of native peoples. Europeans brought new plants and animals - transformed landscape & native species. - Ranching economies. Exchange of plants & animals. Fueled commerce across oceans = Colombian Exchange

How did the historical development of the European West differ from that of Byzantium in the post-classical era? (CH. 10)

Place - European west and Byzantium Time - 500 to 1000 CE The European West became less urban and Germanic peoples became dominant. They attempted to mimic the Roman authority and culture.

What enable Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands? (CH. 14)

Place - Europeans to Americas Time - 1450 to 1750 CE The Atlantic Sea Currents carried the European ships steadily to the Americas. Seafaring technology - from Chinese & Islamic precedents - allowed easy crossing of the Atlantic Ocean for transporting people and supplies across great distances. Ironworking technology, gun powder weapons, & horses had no American parallel. Native alliances and diseases helped conquer peoples.

What accounts for the initial breakthroughs to civilizations? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - 3000 BCE Agricultural Revolution

In what ways were Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interaction with near and distant neighbors? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - 3000 BCE Many crops in Egypt came from Mesopotamia, Egypt's step pyramids and writing were created from Mesopotamian models. Egyptian roots in Africa and Southwest Asia. Carried extensive, long distance trade. Merchants and cultural influence traveled back and forth.

In what ways was social inequality expressed in early civilizations? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - 3000 BCE The upper classes had great wealth in land or salaries, avoided labor (physical), had the finest of everything, and had the highest positions in everyday life

What was the role of cities in the early civilizations? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - 3000 BCE They were political/administrative capitals, centers for culture production, marketplaces, and housed most manufacturing activities.

In what ways was the rise of Islam revolutionary, both in theory and in practice? (CH. 11)

Place - Global Time - Origin to Present Islam had become a large empire within twenty years by military success of expansion through the Arabian peninsula and creating Umma in Medina. Muhammed was a military and religious leader.

What were the sources of state authority in the First Civilizations? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - ~ 3000 BCE State authority came from kings, who employed ranked officials, exercised control over society, and defended the state against enemies.

What was the world historical importance of the silver trade? (CH. 15)

Place - Global Time - 1450 to 1750 CE (Early Modern) Created a global network of exchange. Silver deposits in Bolivia (New Spain) were found and mined and brought via merchants to Philippine Islands. Ist link between Americas and Asia. China commanded taxes to be paid in silver. - value went up. Standard Spanish silver coin - piece of eight - used by merchants in all continents as a medium of exchange. Created in city of Potosi in the Andes. Horrendous mining conditions - supported Spanish Empire. Silver profit in Japan created unity (Industrial Revolution)

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

How did the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British initiatives in Asia differ from one another? (CH. 15)

Place - Global Time - 1450 to 1750 CE (Early Modern) Portuguese: tried to monopolize spice trade with taxes. Failed - so they transported Asian goods. Spanish: Established Philippine Islands (colonial rule). Major missionary effort - Christianity. Dutch: Overtook by force. Stronger than the Portuguese. Organized into a private trading company. Focused on Indonesian Islands. Wanted to control production of spices. British: Forceful, trading company. Conquered India for cotton textiles.

In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - 3000 BCE In the transition to animal-powered farm equipment that needed the men's strength, in that women were pregnant more from the population increase, indoor activities (cooking, weaving, etc), men had more recognized and prestigious specialist roles.

When and where did the first civilizations emerge? (CH. 3)

Place - Global Time - 3000 BCE The first civilization include 1) Mesopotamia - around 3500 BCE to 3000 BCE (Iraq) 2) Nile River Valley - 3500 BCE to 3000 BCE (Egypt) 3) Norte Chico - 3000 BCE - 1800 BCE (Peru) 4) Indus Valley - 2000 BCE (Pakistan) 5) Chinese - 2200 BCE (China) 6) Olmec - 1200 BCE (Mexico)

How did the inequalities of slavery differ from those of caste? (CH. 6)

Place - Global (India specifically) Time - Throughout early human history Slavery was ownership by a master with the possibility of being sold. They got no pay and were at the bottom of the social ladder. In castes, you were something and could at least control how you act to an extent; slaves had no rights or individual identity.

What are the distinctive features of the Greek intellectual tradition? (CH. 5)

Place - Greece Time - 600 to 300 BCE Its emphasis on argument, logic, and the relentless questioning of received wisdom; its confidence in human reasoning; its enthusiasm for puzzling out the world without much reference to gods

Why did semi-democratic governments emerge in some of the Greek city-states? (CH. 4)

Place - Greece Time - 750 BCE People believed in having citizenship to vote, run state affairs, and participate in their politics. City-states were always in conflict, but the people has political freedom.

How did the patriarchies of Athens and Sparta differ from each other? (CH. 6)

Place - Greece (Athens & Sparta) Time - 500 BCE to 500 CE Athens viewed women much more negatively and restrictive than Sparta. They saw women as infertile males. In Sparta, girls participated in sporting events to prepare their bodies for bearing sons, were educated, and married at the same age.

What changes did Alexander's conquests bring in their wake? (CH. 4)

Place - Greece and Persia Time - 338 BCE From Alexander's conquests came the Greek Empire - from Egypt and Anatolia to Afghanistan and India. Persian Empire was defeated - Persepolis was burned. Alexander - "King of Asia"

How did Greco-Roman slavery differ from that of other classical civilizations? (CH. 6)

Place - Greece and Rome Time - 500 BCE to 500 CE These empires thrived on slavery. In Greece, they were "slaves by nature" and had no rights. Even if they were granted freedom, slaves could not become citizens with the same rights as ordinary men. Their jobs and occupations were the same free men.

What is the difference between varna and jati as expressions of classical India's caste system? (CH. 6)

Place - India Time - 500 BCE to 500 CE Varnas were broken down into subgroups, jatis, according to specialized occupations. Jatis as a group could move up varnas possibly.

Why were centralized empires so much less prominent in India than in China? (CH. 4)

Place - India Time - 600 BCE The leaders of India used religion rather than force to unify the people. Because of so much cultural diversity and frequent invasions from Central Asia, India did not have states.

How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb? (CH. 14)

Place - India Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Akbar accommodated the Hindus and supported temple building. Removed Jizya. Aurangzeb reversed Akbar's policies. Music and dance was forbidden at court. Hindu temples were destroyed.

What set of ideas underlies India's caste-based society? (CH. 6)

Place - India Time - 500 BCE Everyone was born into and remained within one of the caste classes for life Brahmins, Kshatriya, Varsya, Sudras, and Untouchables

In what ways did Buddhism reflect Hindu traditions, and in what ways did it challenge them? (CH. 5)

Place - India and Southeast Asia Time - 566 to 486 BCE The idea that ordinary life is an illusion, karma and rebirth, goal of overcoming ego, meditation, hope for release of rebirth are Hindu. However, rejecting the religious authority of the Brahmins, not performing rituals and sacrifices, and not believing in God was Buddhist thinking.

n what ways did the religious traditions of South Asia change over the centuries? (CH. 5)

Place - India ~ south & southeast Asia Time - 600 BCE & (800-400 BCE) At first, religious traditions were based on the Vedas and the ceremonies were performed by priests - Brahmins. Then the Upanishads were created by thinkers and philosophers. Religious traditions changed from external ritual to introspective thinking.

What similarities and differences can you identify in the spread of Islam to India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain? (CH. 11)

Place - India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain Time - 600 to 1500 CE Spread of Islam was harder in India - only about 20-25% in Muslim communities (northwestern India, Bengal). Exclusive from Hinduism. In Anatolia, 90% population became Muslim - smaller population & weak. Islam trades came to West Africa. Peaceful conversion - urban - intellectual. Spain - not total conversion - harmony with Jews & Christians. Then warring - Islam took over.

How did the operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads? (CH. 8)

Place - Indian Ocean Time - 500 to 1500 CE Transportation costs were lower on the Indian Ocean than Silk Roads. Ships = More cargo than camels. Could carry bulk goods for mass market, not only luxuries.

What lay behind the flourishing of Indian Ocean Commerce in the post-classical millennium? (CH. 8)

Place - Indian Ocean area Time - 500 to 1500 CE China reestablished an unified state that encouraged maritime trading and the rise of Islam which was friendly to commercial life.

In what ways did pastoral societies interact with their agricultural neighbors? (CH. 12)

Place - Inner Eurasia, Sub-Saharan Africa, deserts, subarctic regions of Northern Hemisphere, plateau of Tibet Time - 1200 to 1500 CE Most nomadic peoples sought access to the food, manufactured goods, and luxury items from agricultural people around them. Military-extracted wealth through raiding, trading, or extortion. Became acquainted with universal religions. Learned horse-back riding.

What makes it possible to speak to the Islamic World as a distinct and coherent civilization? (CH. 11)

Place - Islamic World Time - 600 to 1500 CE The Islamic world had classes, buildings, education, and specialization.

In what different ways did Japanese and Korean women experience the pressures of Confucian orthodoxy? (CH. 9)

Place - Japan and Korea Time - 500 to 1500 CE Japanese women mostly escaped the more oppressive features of Confucianism - prohibition of remarriage for widows, seclusion within the home, and foot binding. They could own property, divorce, and remarry. Korean women were tied down to Confucian values - became stricter.

How did the links to Byzantium transform the new civilization of Kievan Rus? (CH. 10)

Place - Kievan Rus & Byzantium Time - 500 to 1300 CE Kievan Rus adopted religion of Byzantium to unite the people. Borrowed Byzantine architectural styles, Cyrillic alphabet, use of icons, prayer and service, imperial control of the church.

In what ways did Korea, Vietnam, and Japan experience and respond to Chinese Influence? (CH. 9)

Place - Korea, Vietnam, & Japan Time - 500 to 1500 CE Korea was ruled by China temporarily during the Han dynasty and was introduced to Chinese culture and Buddhism. Korea was bitter rivals with China - resisted political control. Had a tribute system relationship with China. Korea and Vietnam adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism; exams art, and literature styles from China. Vietnam participates in the tribute system. Forced to become Chinese. Japan's voluntary relationship with China-borrowed culture.

In what ways did Teotihuacan shape the history of Meso-America? (CH. 7)

Place - Meso-America Time - 150 BCE to 550 CE Teotihuacan was a big influence on the other surrounding civilizations because of its size, politics, military, and architecture

With what Eurasian civilizations might the Maya be compared? (CH. 7)

Place - Meso-America Time - 2000 BCE to 900 CE Ancient Mesopotamia or classical Greece because of the competing city-states.

In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies (civilizations) differ from each other? (CH. 3)

Place - Mesopotamia and Egypt Time - 5000 BCE-100 BCE Egyptian - Grew around the Nile River which was steady & predictable. Surrounded by protective geography. Stable environment with hopeful outlook on the world. Mesopotamia - Grew around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers which were rough and unpredictable. Vulnerable to invasion. Violent environment and disorderly view of the world.

How did Mesopotamian and Egyptian patriarchy differ from each other? (CH. 3)

Place - Mesopotamia and Egypt Time ~ 3000 BCE In the Mesopotamia civilization, laws were written that gave men power over their women whom they protected; women did not have as many rights and were dependent. In the Egyptian civilization, women had more rights and opportunities. Men were more powerful, but women were also important.

What was distinctive about the Jewish religious tradition? (CH. 5)

Place - Middle East (Several locations) Time - 722 to 586 BCE The Jews were distinctive because they believed in only one God who was of utter holiness and purity, set far above the world of nature. Yet people could communicate with him personally.

How would you compare the lives and teachings of Jesus and the Buddha? In what different ways did the 2 religions evolve after their founders' deaths? (CH. 5)

Place - Middle East and South Asia Time - 379 to 395 CE Both the Buddha and Jesus were "wisdom teachers" - challenging values of their time, urging renunciation of wealth, and emphasizing the Supreme importance of love or compassion as basis for a moral life. After the death of Jesus, Christianity eventually became the official state religion of Rome, excluding all other religions, Buddhism evolved into Hinduism in India.

In what ways was Christianity transformed in the five centuries after the death of Jesus? (CH. 5)

Place - Middle East/Rome/Europe Time - 500 CE Christianity became the official Roman state religion. It developed a hierarchical organization that was completely patriarchal. The bishop of Rome emerged as the dominant leader (pope) in western Europe - not Eastern. Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches. Disagreements on nature of Jesus.

In what ways did the Mongol Empire contribute to the globalization of the Eurasian world? (CH. 12)

Place - Mongol Empire Time - 1200 to 1500 CE Mongols promoted international commerce. Prompted diplomatic relationships from one end of Eurasia to the other. Close relationships developed between the courts of Persia and China - regularly exchanging ambassadors, sharing knowledge, fostering trade, and sending skilled workers back and forth to areas where assistance is necessary. Movement of people, ideas, and merchandise were all aspects of the Mongol Empire.

Identify the major step in the rise of the Mongol Empire. (CH. 12)

Place - Mongol Empire Time - 12th Century Temujin became a chief with a growing band of followers. His rise to power took place among shifting alliances and betrayals, a mounting string of military victories, the indecisiveness of his enemies, a reputation as a generous leader, and new warriors from defeated tribes. A Mongol assembly recognized Temujin as Chinggis Khan, supreme ruler of an unified Great Mongol Nation. Constructed empire with China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

What accounts for the political & military success of the Mongols? (CH. 12)

Place - Mongol Empire Time - 12th century Their success lies in their army. Leadership, organization, and discipline was superior in Mongol forces. Chinggis Khan reorganized the social structure of the Mongols into military units of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 warriors - effective control and command. Impressive discipline and loyalty to their leaders. Desertion = death penalty. Leaders shared the hardships with the fellow fighters. Flow of wealth benefited all of the men. Incorporation of conquered peoples into the military. Reputation for brutality and destructiveness

How does the experience of the Niger Valley challenge conventional notions of "civilization?" (CH. 7)

Place - Niger Valley Time - 500 BCE to 500 CE The Niger Valley Civilization had no centralization of authority - no state structure.

Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American native societies . (CH. 15)

Place - North America Time - 1450 to 750 CE (Early Modern) Native Americans found many benefits from the fur trade. Europeans gave gifts to native people which were of value to them. Protected them for a time from extermination, enslavement, or displacement. Half about - of native population died from European diseases. Fur trade generated much warfare - competition among Native Americans. French-British warfare -natives took sides. Grew dependent on European trade goods. Alcohol caused new problems with Native Americans.

In what ways were the histories of the Ancestral Pueblo and the Mound Builders similar/different from each other? (CH. 7)

Place - North America Time - 600 CE to 1200 CE Differences - Mound Builders had independent Agricultural Revolution; Ancestral Pueblo had help from the Meso-American peoples. Similarities - Both had corn-based agriculture.

How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other? What did they have in common? (CH. 15)

Place - North America and Russia Time - 1450 to 1750 (Early Modern) Both North America and Siberian fur trades had similar consequences on native peoples: they became dependent on Russian/European goods, land was taken, animals were depleted. In North America, there was competition in commercial negotiations with Indians. Siberia - authorities imposed a tax or tribute paid in furs. Also - private Russian hunters & trappers competed with Siberians.

How was Mongol rule in Persia different from that in China? (CH. 12)

Place - Persia It was far more abrupt. First invasion - followed by 30 years (second assault). The Mongols brought much ferocity and slaughter. Massacre of Baghdad - 200000 people. Damage to Persian and Iraqi agriculture. Heavy taxes pushed peasants off their land - in China, peasants taxes were decreased. Mongols who conquered became Muslim - some turned to farmers and married local people.

What were the consequences for both sides of the encounter between the Persians and the Greeks? (CH. 4)

Place - Persia and Greece Time - ~ 499 BCE Greece received enormous source of pride after defeating Persia. Notion of East/West divided was born. Persia - Asia and despotism, Greece - Europe and freedom After Greco-Persian Wars the Golden Age of Greek Culture emerged

What aspects of Zoroastrianism and Judaism subsequently found a place in Christianity and Islam? (CH. 5)

Place - Persia and Middle East Time - 558-330 BCE Zoroastrianism-Judaism Conflict between God and Satan, last judgement and resurrected bodies, final defeat of evil, savior (Messiah) Judaism-Islam and Christianity The belief of one god who is divine, demanding righteousness and justice.

How did Persian and Greek civilizations differ in political organization and values? (CH. 4)

Place - Persian and Greek Empires Time - 500 BCE & 750 BCE The Persian Empire was centered on the king who was extremely important and hard to reach. Kings were absolute monarchs. Governors were in charge of provinces with lower-level officials. System of spies were arranged for the king. In the Greek Empire, city-states existed that were independent and always in conflict. "Citizenship" - equality, people running for state affairs, voting, etc.

In what ways did pastoral societies differ from their agricultural counterparts? (CH. 12)

Place - Plateau of Tibet Time- 1200 to 1500 CE Pastoral societies economies supported far smaller populations than did agricultural societies. People generally lived in small and widely scattered encampments of related kinfolk rather than in villages, towns, and cities. Related clans might come together as a tribe. These societies were much more egalitarian.

To what extent did the Portuguese realize their own goals in the Indian Ocean? (CH. 15)

Place - Portugal & Indian Ocean (Global) Time - 1450 to 1750 CE (early modern) The Portuguese found that their ships could outgun and outmaneuver competing naval forces in the Indian Ocean. Cannons for coastal contact. Europeans were crude and not as good as Asian goods. They established bases in many places in the Indian Ocean - "trading post empire" Tried to monopolize spice trade -required all merchant vessels to purchase a pass on cargoes. Failed - Carrying Asian goods to parts. Unable to sell European goods.

In comparing the Roman and Chinese empires, which do you find more striking - their similarities or differences? (CH. 4)

Place - Roman and Chinese Empires Time - ~ 1st century CE Their similarities are more striking. It's interesting how both major empires used religion and other cultures to unify their people. They also defined themselves in universal terms.

How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire? (CH. 4)

Place - Rome Time - 509 BCE Roman aristocrats established a republic in the city Rome. They also created a Senate to exercise authority. There was a written law, assemblies, etc. for political benefit. With these systems and values, Romans conquered neighboring lands and became an empire.

What motivated Russian empire building? (CH. 14)

Place - Russia Time - 1450 to 1750 Partly security - pastoral peoples south and east of Russian heartland frequently raided agricultural Russian neighbors. Across Siberia - "soft gold" - fur animal pelts in great demand. Wooden forts offered protection to frontier towns and trading centers & Russian farmers. Russian state building involved officials & other people. Leaders defined empire: defending Russian frontiers, enhancing Russian state power, & bringing civilization to savages.

What was distinctive about the Russian experience of Mongol rule? (CH. 12)

Place - Russia/Kievan Rus Time - 12th century (1237) Russia had little to offer the Mongols. They didn't occupy the city but lived outside on the steppes. Russian princes found it useful to adopt the Mongols' weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices, taxation system, and military draft. Made possible the rise of Moscow. Made use of the Mongol mounted courier service. Mongol policies strengthened Russian Orthodox Church.

How did the Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered people and of the Russian homeland itself? (CH. 14)

Place - Russian Empire Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Place - Russian Empire Disease in Siberia. Intermittent pressure to convert to Christianity. Destruction of many mosques = resettlement of Muslims. Influx of Russian settlers overwhelmed native peoples. Loss of hunting grounds & pasture lands to agriculture. Dependent on Russian markets for grain, sugar, tea, tobacco, & alcohol. Abandon nomadic ways. Siberia & steppes = Russia.

What were the major economic, social and cultural consequences of Silk Road commerce? (CH. 8)

Place - Silk Roads (Eurasia) Time - 500 to 1500 CE Peasants in the Yangzi River delta in China gave up farming to make silk, paper, porcelain, lacquer-ware, or iron tools for the Silk Roads. High social statuses could benefit immensely

What new emphases characterized Hinduism as it responded to the challenge of Buddhism? (CH. 5)

Place - South Asia Time - ~1000 CE That ordinary people (not just Brahmins) could spiritually progress by selflessly performing the ordinary duties of their lives. Also- worship of a particular deity.

What is the relationship between the rise of Srivijaya and the world of Indian Ocean commerce? (CH. 8)

Place - Srivijaya & Indian Ocean Time - 500 to 1500 CE Srivijaya grew up from competition between the Malay peninsula and the coast of Sumatra. The city was a mix of cultures from commerce.

What was the role of Swahili civilization in Indian Ocean commerce? (CH. 8)

Place - Swahili Time - 500 to 1500 CE Swahili grew a lot of objects in demand that they traded - merchants and classes developed into giant city.

How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? (CH. 16)

Place - Western Europe Time - 1450 to 1750 CE Christianity motivated European political and economic expansion & benefited. Crusading traditions led movement overseas. Expansion = religious conversion. Political and military success = power of Christian God.

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics? (CH. 16)

Place - Western Europe Time - 1450 to 1750 CE The Protestant Reformation shattered the unity of the Roman Catholic Church because it challenged the church's authority and the position of the clergy. Politics - Undermine authority - especially the Pope. Some kings and princes were able to gain back lands held by the Church. New religious ideas expressed opposition to social order. Women were attracted to Protestantism, but did not have authority. Some convents close. Reformation thinking divided societies. No more definite religious unity throughout Western Europe.

What replaced the Roman order in Western Europe? (CH. 10)

Place - Western Europe Time - 500 to 1000 CE Roman order was replaced by regional kingdoms led by Visigoths in Spain, Franks in France, Lombards in Italy, and Angles and Saxons in England. However, many Roman values persisted with new authorities.

In what ways was the world of Islam a "Cosmopolitan Civilization?" (CH. 11)

Place - World of Islam Time - 600 to 1500 CE It was an immense area of exchange in goods, technologies, food products, and ideas widely circulated. It became a prominent part of trade routes.

In what ways did the Xiongnu, Arabs, and Turks make and impact on world history? (CH. 12)

Place - Xiongnu, Arab, & Turkish Empires Time - 1200 to 1500 CE The military potential of horse-back riding (& camels) made mastery of mounted warfare possible. Xiongnu - created huge military confederacy that united a huge area. Equality with Han dynasty. Arabs & Turks created the largest & most influential empires - post-classical. Expansive religious traditions (Islam) - Arabs. Reliable camel saddle - military advantage. Turks converted to Islam & brought it elsewhere

What kind of influence did Chavin exert in the Andes region? (CH. 7)

Place - present-day Peru Time - 100 BCE to 1000 CE Chavin-style architecture, sculpture, pottery, religious images, and painted textiles were imitated.

How did Aztec religious thinking support the empire? (CH. 13)

Place: Aztec Empire Time: 15th century Human sacrifice (slaves) to keep the Gods happy. Sun God needed human blood. War expansions prisoners of war were sacrificed. Sacrificial rituals.

What distinguished the Aztec and Inca empires from each other? (CH. 13)

Place: Aztec and Incan Empires - North America Time: 15th century Aztecs drew upon the traditions of the Toltecs and Teotihuacan; Incas had lands & cultures of Chavin, Moche, Nazca & Chimu--much larger state. Aztec empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region; Inca state encompassed whole Andean civilization. Both - military success. Aztecs - left conquered people alone. Incas - more bureaucratic; emperor (divine) and encompassed new people with empire - mitas.

What role did Central Asian and West African pastoralists play in their respective regions? (CH. 13)

Place: Central Asia, West Africa Time: 15th century Timur's armies tried to regain Mongol Empire by conquering parts of Russia, Persia, and India. Had sophisticated elite culture: Turkic & Persian elements with artists, poets, traders and craftsmen. Africa--the Fulbe people (largest pastoral society in Africa) lived in small communities among agricultural peoples and paid grazing fees. Adapted Islam. Leaders in villages. Gave rise to a series of new states.

How would you define the major achievements of Ming Dynasty China? (CH. 13)

Place: China - Ming Dynasty Time: 15th century Major achievements = enormous encyclopedia (history, geography, ethics, government, etc.) Beijing as capital, Forbidden City & Temple of Heaven becoming past China - Confucian. Reestablished civil service exam, centralized gov. - 1 emperor & eunuchs. Rebuilt canals, reservoirs, & irrigation. Trade flourished, population grew - recovered from Mongol rule. Maritime expectations: South China Sea - encompassed new peoples in Tribute System. Chinese trade control

What political and cultural differences stand out in the histories of 15th century China and Western Europe? What similarities are apparent? (CH. 13)

Place: China and Western Europe Time: 15th century Differences: Political - China: unitary and centralized government that included most of the civilizations. Europe: system of many separate, independent, and highly competitive states - sharply divided Christendom. Many learned to tax citizens more efficiently for administrative structures and armies. Cultural - China: Confucian. Europe: Renaissance - classical Greek tradition. Similarities: both went back to traditions of state buildings - Confucian, Greek...

In what ways did European maritime voyaging in the 15th century differ from that of China? What accounts for these differences? (CH. 13)

Place: Europe and China Time: 15th century Size was different. Columbus: three ships with 90 people crew. De Gama: four ships with 130 people crew. Zheng He: hundreds of ships w/a crew in the thousands. Europeans were seeking wealth of Africa and Asia, Christian converts, Christian allies. China needed none of these. China's decisive ending of its voyage. Europe - continuity effort - led to control. Good support. "one true religion" -- threats.

In what different ways did the peoples of the 15th century interact with one another? (CH. 13)

Place: Global Time: 15th century. All had overlapping webs of influence, communicated w/one another. Exchanged goods. Trade routes--goods. Religions spreading through regions

In what ways did Inca authorities seek to integrate their vast domains? (CH. 13)

Place: Incan Empire Time: 15th century By using Mitas and having a series of economic webs

What differences can you identify among the four major empires in the Islamic world of the 15th and 16th centuries? (CH. 13)

Place: Islamic world Time: 15th and 16th centuries Ottoman & Safavid Empires: Ottoman: much wealth, power, and splendor. Huge territory, long duration, incorporation of many diverse peoples, and economic and cultural sophistication successors to Roman Empire. Safavid: forcibly imposed Shia Islam Hostility against Sunnis. Songhay: intersection of trade routes (trans-Saharan). Islam was limited to urban cities. Mughal: non-Muslim population blended Hindu and Muslim culture.

What was the impact of disease along the Silk Roads? (CH. 8)

Place: Silk Roads Time - 500 to 1500 CE People were exposed to foreign unfamiliar diseases they had little immunity to. Ex. Smallpox, Measles, Greek Disease

What kinds of changes were transforming West African agricultural village societies and those of the Iroquois as the 15th century dawned? (CH. 13)

Place: West Africa, New York area Time: 15th century Farming village societies - productivity made larger populations. Rival city-states emerged ruled by kings who performed both religious and political functions West Africa. Iroquois - recently become fully agricultural. Warfare for men led to prestige. Conflict Great Law of Peace - alliance of 5 Iroquois peoples by clan leaders - peaceful solutions. Limited government, social equality, personal freedom, matrilineal.

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. Rule by one country over another country. In colonialism, raw materials and markets of the colony are often used to enrich the colonizing country.

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Janapadas

Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India. They are the earliest kingdoms set up by the Indo-Aryans migrants to India.

Reform and Reaction in the 1800s - China:

Political: Hundred Days of Reform attempted to create constitutional monarchy but was halted by Empress Cixi. Rebellions like the Taiping and Boxer weakened the empire. Dynasty overthrown in 1911. Economic: After Opium War, European powers gained economic concessions under the Unequal Treaties and divided China into spheres of influence. Social: Peasant-led Taiping Rebellion attempted to create a more egalitarian society, but was eventually defeated.

Reform and Reaction in the 1800s - Ottoman Empire:

Political: Instituted French legal system (equality before the law, public trials) but met with considerable opposition. Empire collapsed after WWI. Economic: As trade shifted to the Atlantic Ocean, became heavily reliant on European loans. Social: Young Turks pushed for universal suffrage and emancipation of women

Reform and Reaction in the 1800s - Japan:

Political: Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown, and the emperor was restored to power. A legislative body, the Diet, was formed. Economic: Government sponsored massive industrialization and trade. Japan rose to economic prominence. Social: The old feudal order was disrupted. Samuri class lost power, but some transitioned to roles in industrial leadership. New industrial working class developed.

Reform and Reaction in the 1800s - Russia:

Political: Zemstvos (local assemblies) were created. Duma established after Revolution of 1905, but was subject to whim of czar. Czar was overthrown in 1917. Economic: Government sponsored industrialization projects such as the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Social: Emancipated the serfs in 1861. Students and intelligentsia spread ideas of change in countryside.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Pope Urban II

Pope Urban IILeader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians during the Council of Clermont to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades I 1095

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.

Matteo Ricci

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. This journey made a path from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and Asia. A member of the royal court.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince in the 14th century who promoted the study of navigation, seafaring expertise. Directed many voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India..

Postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India.

Foot Binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

Guilds

Pre-industiral associations of businessmen and producers two work for their collective interest. In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests.

Porfirio Diaz

President and dictator of Mexico who marked the country with internal stability, modernization, and economic growth. He was conservative and grew unpopular due to repression and political continuity. He lost power through the Mexican Revolution in 1910.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. His wife played a major role in his 1946 election. He built up Argentinian industry, became very popular among the urban poor, but harmed the economy.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

President of Egypt; he led a coup that took over the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt, championed pan-Arab nationalism; nationalized the Suez Canal.

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980-1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. President / dictator of Iraq and leader of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, invaded Iran and Kuwait. Overthrown by the U.S.

Benito Juarez

President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1863 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circle of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry.

Lazari Cardenas

President of Mexico. He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry.

Alexander Nevskii

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.

Moses

Prominent prophet in Judaism, credited for Mosaic Law - basis of many belief systems and juriprudence.

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. Exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

John Keynes

Published a book that discussed the causes of recessions. He argued that the government should spend heavily during a recession even if it had to run a deficit in order to jump start the economy. Although FDR was reluctant he did buy into the idea.

Shi-Huang Di

QIn Dynasty ruler, uses legalism, unifies China/Great Wall

Shihuangdi

Qin dynasty, First Emperor, reigned 221-210 BCE, burned books, centralization, standardized Chinese script, elaborate tomb

Kangxi

Qing emperor who oversaw China's greatest expansion.

Queen Elizabeth

Queen of England who reestablished Protestantism, led the country in defeating the Spanish Armada and expanded England's power overseas; achieved domestic prosperity.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Queen Victoria

Queen of the Great Britain and the first Empress of India; reign is known as the Victorian era, which was a time of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress for England.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Understand explorers and their accomplishments: Vasco de Game (Spain) in 1497

Reached Calicut in India by rounding Africa

Sandinista

Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel He sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel.

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. The religious faith of Muslims --> the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Henry VIII

Removed the Catholic Church from England because the Pope refused he refused to grant Henry an annulment from his wife.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Renaissance man. Best known for his painting of the Last Supper.

Sadler report

Report in 1832 where Michael Sadler took parliamentary investigation of previous children workers who worked in mines and factories as children. The report covers the interview with Matthew Crabtree who was a former child textile factory worker. Crabtree talks about the long work hours, little pay, and bad living conditions

Classical

Represents a period of great cultural significance in society before the modern age. In a limited form of usage, classical refers to the age of Athens in Ancient Greece and to the Roman Republic & Empire. It can also be applied to non-Mediterranean cultures, such as the Qin dynasty of China

Ivan III (the Great)

Responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; first czar(tsar)

Emilio Zapata

Revolutionary Leader in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution who originated from the lower classes and was especially appealing to the peasants because he wanted to take land from the haciendas and return it to them.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. Edict of Milan = Freedom of Religion

What was the result of the 1st Punic War?

Rome gained control of Sicily.

What was the result of the 3rd Punic War?

Rome invaded Carthage and burned it to the ground.

Understand explorers and their accomplishments: Bartolomeu Dias (Portugal) in 1488

Rounded Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa & entered the Indian Ocean.

King Nzinga / Afonso I

Ruler of Kongo, under him Kongo grew converted to Catholicism, formed Portuguese alliance and participated in the slave trade and later futilely begged for Mercy from the Portuguese slave traders; kingdom fell apart.

Nazca

South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations

Vladimir Ilych Ulyana

Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917-1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks Party (later the Communist Party). He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil wars that followed. He was first leader of the USSR (1870-1924)

Vladimir of Kiev

Russian prince who selected Greek Orthodoxy as the national religion. This added cultural bonds to the Byzantine Empire to the already existing commercial ties.

gulag

Russian prison camp for political prisoners

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin.

Perestroika

Russian term for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Peter the Great

Russian tzar (r. 1689-1725). He continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models and enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. begins selective westernization and expansion of Russia, seeks warm water port, built St. Petersburg (window to the west)

The Role of Women during the Russian & Chinese Revolution

Russian: -women served in the Red Army -65% of factory workers were women -government ordered equal pay (not enforced) -maternity leave with full pay was established -women entered professions Chinese: -new marriage law forbade arranged marriage -women worked alongside men in factories -state run nurseries were set up to care for children -party leadership remained male -efforts were made to end foot binding

The _________ Empire that ruled Persia (Iran) between 1502-1736.

Safavid

Abbas the Great

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

Understand explorers and their accomplishments: Magellan (Spain) in 1519-1522

Sailed around S. America to the Philippine Islands (where he was killed); his men sailed back through the Indian Ocean & were the 1st to circumnavigate the globe.

Understand explorers and their accomplishments: Christoper Columbus (Spain) in 1492

Sailed west to reach Asia and instead reached the Bahamas. Sailed around Caribbean

Osama bin Laden

Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

Adam Smith

Scottish professor of philosophy. Developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism. Wrote Wealth of Nations. Laissez faire. Said that the government should not play a part in the economics and established supply and demand

Mycenae

Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence. It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens. Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After the war, he led a movement to abolish forced labor in Africa.

Mukden Incident

September 18, 1931. A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railaway near the city of Mukden. Had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese. Used to seize Manchuria.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Hundred Years' War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in the War of 1812 and died in battle.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian religious leader and politician; spiritual leader of the Iranian revolution; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate western influences and establish a pure Islamic government, Supreme leader or Islamic Iranian state.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shiite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.

Plato

Socrates' disciple, 430-347 BCE, theory of Forms or Ideas, The Republic, philosopher kings; founded an academy in Athens

Western Wall

Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora.

Pedro I

Son and successor of Joao VI in brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor Took over for his father King John VI in Brazil, In 1822 he declared independence for Brazil and made himself emperor of Brazil though agreed to a constitution, The constitution gave Brazilians their basic rights and made an elected legislature. But Brazil did not get rid of slavery, slaves freedom would not have come till the late 1800s, Brazil stayed a monarchy until 1889, they forced the emperor to step down a proclaimed a republic.

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918) The leader of the African National Congress begining in the 1950's. Advocated abolishing apartheid by peaceful protests at first. Howerver, after protesters were murdered he supported guerrilla war fare. Arrested and imprisoned for life; howerver, international pressures resulted in his release. The South African government crumbled shortly thereafter, apartheid was abolished Mandela was elected president.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

hacienda

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

First Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Selim III

Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807

The city-state form of government is common throughout history. Name a few examples of city-states throughout history.

Sumeri Maya civilization medieval Germany E. African Swahili modern-day Singapore

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. Strictly speaking, Third World was the term used during the Cold War to describe those countries that were neither Western allies of the US (First World) or allies of the Soviet Union (Second World). Generally, it was applied to countries of the developing world, esp. in Latin America, Africa and Asia.

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It is both a religious and social system (the caste system); It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Believe in one supreme force called Brahma, the creator, and Shiva, the destroyer. Ultimate Goal is to reach Moksha, the highest state of being.

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Emperor Yongle

The Chinese emperor during Zheng He's exploration and the Ming dynasty who created an encyclopedia and funded mariner voyages.

Axum

The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.

In what ways, and why, did Chumash culture differ from that of the San? (CH. 1)

The Chumash settled in more complex societies. They could live in one place because they were on the coast of the pacific ocean. They also invented the tomol which made them wealthy, and powerful.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (1650s).

Theory of Progress

The European Enlightenment idea that stated that society was always progressing.

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation.

Bolsheviks

The Marxist revolutionaries who eventually gain control of Russia in 1917.

Miguel Hidalgo

The Mexican Catholic priest who led a revolt against Spanish rule around 1810, but was unsuccessful and executed. He led the 1st stage of the Mexican Independence War

Gothic Migrations

The Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

In what ways did a gathering and hunting economy shape other aspects of Paleolithic societies?

The Paleolithic societies became highly egalitarian (equal) because there were no formal rulers. Most people had the same skill sets.

Muscovy

The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.

pyramids

The Sumerians, Egyptians, and Americans all built different types of this kind of structure because they all had a heavily centralized governments with emperors who were seen as closely tied to religion or were even seen as gods.

Fertile Crescent

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. Includes Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Nile.

Who were the allied powers?

The Triple Entente. Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia.

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England.

Vaishyas

The artisan and merchant varna of the caste system.

Five Pillars

The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca

Laissez Faire

The belief that the government shouldn't intervene much in the economy and should instead let the people do what they want with their property.

Analects

The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. Referring to the authority of the Roman Catholic Pope, who is seen as the spiritual successor to St. Peter. During the medieval period, the papacy had great religious and some political power over almost all of W. Europe.

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

Indus

The civilization from this river's valley (3500 BC to 2500 BC) had two thriving cities which were Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.

Talmud

The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

ummah

The collective community of Islamic peoples, which is thought to transcend ethnic and political boundaries.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

Pleibians

The common people during the Roman era.

Umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period.

Silla Dynasty

The dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. The belief that all people should seek their own profit gain and that doing so is beneficial to society. See Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776). Economic system with private and corporate ownership of property and competitive markets. However, since its origins in the 18th and 19th century it was also often correlated to large-scale collusion between governments and private industries such as through establishing royal charters, copyrights and patents, corporate law, and eventually even subsidies of taxpayer money to private industries.

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.

Seleucid Empire

The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.

What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it? (CH. 2)

The end of the last Ice Age = global warming 11,000 years ago made agriculture possible warmer, wetter, and more stable climatic conditions = more wild plants, especially cereal grasses climate change + human hunting, pushed various species of large mammals into extinction = the need for new food sources. Humans learned to make use of a large number of plants and animals. developed techniques + technologies encouraged the growth of favored plants and harvest wild plants and animals more easily. More people = Need for more FOOD

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Fall of the Roman Empire

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Arthashatra

The famous ancient Indian book on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Written by Kautilya.

Shah Abbas I

The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran. He moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598.

The Torah

The first 5 books of the Bible; sacred text of Judaism

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Salvador Allende

The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973. Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.

Norman Invasion

The great conquest of England that occurred in 1066.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Byzantine Emperor

The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.

New Deal

The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented.

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. The period of conflict between the US and its allies on the other. The Cold War began soon after WWII and ended in the last years of the 20th century.

WTO

The initials of the international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade.

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. A major period of change in scientific thought that occurred in Europe in the 16th & 17th centuries. The SR was characterized by the use of observation and experimentation using the rational tools of the scientific method (and rejecting doctrines of the past that dealt with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas).

Menes

The king who unifed Egypt.

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north.

Patricians

The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome

Shudras

The landless peasants and serfs of the caste system.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E.

Sassanid Empire

The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. One of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire for a period of more than 400 years

Mao Zedong / Mao Tse-tung

The leader of the Chinese Communist Party and People's Republic of China (PRC) who had gained power through the peasants (new Communist policy now known as Maoism). Mao turned China into a world military power, created a cult of personality through his "Little Red Book", started the Great Leap Forward (industrialization) and the Cultural Revolution which killed millions. Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After World War II, he led the Communists to victory over the Kuomintang. He ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small

Bhagavad-Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Bantu migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

British Raj

The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.

Hellenistic Empire

The name of Alexander the Great's Empire

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification.

Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.

Siberia

The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia.

Brahman

The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.

Nubians

The people in Eastern Africa south of Egypt who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

Iron Age

The period of history, succeeding the Bronze Age, when people first learned to extract iron from ore and use it to forge tools, weapons and other objects. The first organized production of objects developed in southwestern Asia shortly after 2000 B.C.

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US

Glasnost

The policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.

Camillo di Cavour

The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.

Ancestor Veneration

The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.

Brahmins

The priest varna of the caste system.

Competition between the US & USSR - Technological

The race to build bigger & more destructive weaponry intensified after the USSR tested its 1st nuclear bomb in 1949. The thermonuclear bomb (H-bomb) followed in the 1950s. Space technology created new competition when the USSR launched the first satellite in 1957. After this, there was a "space race" and then a "moon race", with both nations hoping to be the first. Landing on the moon by the US in 1969 & Soviet space stations of the 1970s were some of the by-products of this competition.

Mesopotamia

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. The elimination of vast numbers of trees by logging operations, as in Brazil and Indonesia, or by individuals for firewood and construction material, as in Haiti. Deforestation can have dramatic local environmental impacts, such as soil erosion. Widespread deforestation has been linked to broader ecological issues of a global nature.

mantra

The repetition of mystic incantations in Hinduism and Buddhism.

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Penninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492. Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs in India against the Brisith; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Nile River

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.

Shia

The second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims.

Century (Sentry??)

The smallest unit of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens.

Historiography

The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past.

Monophysites

The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Estates General

The traditional group of representatives from the three Estates of French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Louis XVI assembled this group to deal with the financial crisis in France at the time, but the 3rd estate demanded more rights and representation.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications

syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793.

Kshatriyas

The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system.

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

What is the difference between the Theravada and the Mahayana expression of Buddhism? (CH. 5)

Theravada Buddhism saw Buddha as a teacher, but not divine. It was more psychological than religious. Mahayana Buddhism saw Buddha as a god, and bodhisattvas helped people into Nirvana.

Himalayas

These mountains separate India from China and are the tallest in the world.

Monsoon

These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 BCE). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece).

Atlantic Ocean

This body of water contributed to Britain, the United States, France, and eventually Germany becoming industrialized

Florence

This city was once of hot spots of Renaissance culture in the 1400s

Malaria

This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-saharan Africa die of this diesase and hundreds of millions are infected.

Industrialization

This gradually changed the way that things were produced, starting in the mid 18th century, but escalating greatly by the mid 19th century.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Pope Gregory I

This pope strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance and encouraged confession for the remission of sins which made people more dependent on the church for salvation.

Latin America

This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Zimmerman telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

The Code Napoleon

This was the French law put in place by Napoleon. It promoted equality before the law, toleration of all religions, and outlawing serfdom and feudalism. It also took away women's rights and outlawed trade unions and strikes.

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia captures warm water port in the Balkans, continues selective Westernization; partitions Poland

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Did the history and society of the East African Masai people parallel that of Asian nomads? (CH. 12)

Time - After 1500 CE Not completely - no large states or chiefdoms developed among agricultural or pastoral peoples in Kenya and Tanzania. Individuals were bound together through ritual: adolescent boys were initiated together in a ritual and produced a profound bond between them. However, views of life between pastoral and agricultural peoples was paralleled with Asian societies. Outsiders could become Masai.

Nationalize

To bring under the ownership or control of a nation, such as industries and land.

Hadith

Traditional records of the deeds of Prophet Muhammad, and his quotations; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I. The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

steppes

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Trung Sisters

Two Vietnamese sisters who launched a major revolt against the Chinese presence in Vietnam in 39 C.E.

Movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S President who entered WWI championing self-determination. His Fourteen points (including League of Nations) were acclaimed but unsuccessful. President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the US Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.

Abraham Lincoln

US President who started the Civil war to preserve the Union and signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Counsul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.

Shaka

United the Zulu

Red Turban Rebellion

Uprising which lead to the overthrow of the yuan dynasty.

The Great Game

Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.

Jose Paez

Venezuelan general who was unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of the Bolivar's government and will declare Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia.

Jose Antonio Paez

Venezuelan soldier who led Simon Bolivar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. He was unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolivar's government in distant Bogota and declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese leader of the Communist Party in Indochina after WWII; led Vietnamese against the French, then North Vietnamese against the United States in the Vietnam War 1890 CE. Led the communist revolutionary forces in the fight for Indochina's freedom from France after World War II. Renamed Vietnam, the region was divided in two and Ho Chi Minh took leadership of the northern half. Supported communist guerrillas in democratic Southern Vietnam begining a civil war that resulted in the reunification of Vietnam as a communist state under Ho's leadership.

AP Tip: Migrations are an important part of world history, even today. Knowing why peoples move (political, economic, cultural or environmental reasons called push-pull factors) and the consequences of their movements is an essential element in understanding the development of human civilization during this time frame (600-1450 CE). Be able to compare the causes and effects of the migrations of the Vikings, Turks, Mongols, Aztecs and Arabs.

Vikings Turks Mongols Aztecs Arabs

Pearl Harbor

War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.

cottage industry

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases and bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.

Tito

Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war

Millennium

a historical period of 1000 years

Huguenot

a French Protestant

Klemens von Metternich

a German-Austrian politician and statesman, and one of the most important diplomats of his era. He was a major figure on the negotiations leading to and at the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign policy management and a major figure on the development of diplomacy.

multinational corporation

a company with operations in a variety of different countries. The late 20th century, with its rapid move toward globalization, saw a rise in influence of multinational corporations.

Alexander the Great

a conqueror, son of Philip II of Macedon, conquered Persia, established many Greek-style cities in the Indus Valley and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world; King of Macedonia in northern Greece between 334-323 BCE

polygamy

a cultural practice in which one person is married to more than one spouse at a time... usually men

Cuneiform

a earliest known form of writing developed by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.

Feminism

a female movement for gender equality

Absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

filial piety

a form of respect shown by children to their parents. It's a crucial concept in Confucian thought and can also be seen in the respect shown to ancestors.

Patriarchy

a form of social organization in which the father is the supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line, with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe.

apartheid

a governmental policy of racial separation that arose in S. Africa during the middle of the 20th century. It was dismantled in the 1990s when black S. Africans gained political power.

manumission

a grant of legal freedom to an individual slave

Huns

a large nomadic group believed to be from northern Asia whose armies menaced the Han, Gupta, and Roman Empires. Their attacks devastated the Roman and Gupta Empires, but then the Han Empire was able to successfully beat them back.

Silk Road Trade

a major trade route over land from China to the Roman Empire the trade routes that linked the Mediterranean area of the Roman Empire with the Chinese Qin dynasty. Silk textiles and other precious trade goods traveled across the Silk Road flourished in the Mongol rule of the 1200s. extended some 4,000 miles and Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay

Guerilla

a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.

Mayans

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics. 1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

Christianity

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior Although initially it was seen as a bizarre cult and was violently persecuted, eventually it gained acceptance and in the 300s became the official religion of the Roman state.

Abolitionism

a movement to end slavery

neo-Confucianism

a movement to return to traditional Confucian values occurred esp. during the Song dynasty

Century

a period of 100 years

missionary

a person who spreads his or her religious belief to others. In several of the major world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, missionaries have been vital to the spread of the faith.

nationalism

a political belief that people should have pride in and loyalty to their nation and/or ethnic group. Often in nationalism people see their own nation as having special aspects that separate and elevate their people in relation to people of other nations.

communism

a political philosophy best expressed by the thinking of Karl Marx during the 19th century. According to communism, a violent revolution is needed in order to overthrow capitalism and create a society based on social equality.

fascism

a political system that emerged in Europe following WWII. Fascism combines ideas of extreme nationalism with authoritarian rule to oppose both liberal democracy and communism. Mussolini's Italy was the first fascist country. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.

empire

a political unit in which groups of people, often in different countries, are controlled by a single ruler. Imperial systems are by nature expansionist.

Yurt

a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia such as Mongols, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles.

Buddhism

a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.

enclosure acts

a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

Code of Hammurabi

a series of social codes (a collection of 282 laws) for every day life developed by King Hammurabi of Babylon, is often credited as a significant step toward our modern legal codes.

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Rape of Nanjing

a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped[1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.

feminism

a social and political movement that views women as equal to men. Feminists demand equal rights and the elimination of patriarchal control.

feudalism

a social and political system in which lords are granted landed estates by a monarch in exchange for their loyalty, esp. in military matters. Feudalism existed during the Medieval period in Western Europe and in Japan during the age of the Shoguns

Proletariat

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

patriarchy

a social system in which the father is the head of the family or a system in which men dominate the social structure.

consumer society

a society, esp. in modern times, that expresses itself through the process of consumption of material goods. The globalization of corporate brands and the role of multinational corporation in countries around the world are indicators of the diffusion of the values of consumer society.

absolutism

a style of government that came about in Europe during the 17th century. Absolute monarchs generally ruled a highly centralized state by concentrating power in their own hands. State run armies, religions, and economic policy often supported the absolutist state. Many historians consider Louis XIV of France the epitome of absolutism.

guerrilla warfare

a style of warfare that emphasizes irregular fighting units that use surprise attacks and unconventional methods.

ideology

a system of ideas or ways of thinking that guides the decisions of a group of people. Ideology generally involves issues of politics, but it also has economic, social and cultural implications.

Marxism

a system of political and economic thought developed first by Karl Marx in mid-19th century. Marxism emphasizes class struggle as dominant aspect of social change & historical transformation

Dar al-Islam

a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely. A term meaning "house of Islam" in Arabic. It is the expanse of the Islamic world. In the centuries that followed the death of Muhammad, Dar al-Islam stretched from the Iberian Peninsula of Western Europe to the far islands of SE Asia

manorialism

a type of economic system in which a lord has control over the labor on his self-sufficient agricultural estate. Typically serfs were bound to the land and required to work for the lord.

animism

a type of religious belief that focuses on the role of the various gods and spirits in the natural world and in human events. Animist religions are polytheistic and have been practices in almost every part of the world

nomadic

a way of life in which people do not have a settled home but rather move from place to place in order to support their livelihood. Pastoral nomads move in order to find places for their animals to forage; hunter gatherer nomads seek out new areas for hunting food.

pandemic

a widespread outbreak of disease. Disease pandemics, such as the bubonic plague of the 14th century and the smallpox pandemic in the Americas after contact with the Europeans, caused global transformations.

Humanism

a worldview and a moral philosophy that considers humans to be of primary importance. It is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality. A major component of the Italian Renaissance.

The chief objective of Zionism was to a. reconstruct a homeland for Jews in Palestine b. drive the British out of India c. establish freedom for Israel d. exact revenge on the Germans e. be acknowledged as an independent nation by the US

a. reconstruct a homeland for Jews in Palestine

The Chinese concept of the Mandate of Heaven refers to a. the authority granted to the ruler by religious deities b. the conviction that China was superior to the rest of humanity c. the emperor's responsibility to pass laws for his people d. the unlimited supremacy of the emperor e. the faith in many gods at once

a. the authority granted to the ruler by religious deities

The transformation to an agriculturally based economy as a result of the Neolithic Revolution a. was gradual over hundreds or thousands of years b. began in one section of the world and extended from there c. was simultaneously established throughout the world d. had little effect on the environment e. led to a decline in population

a. was gradual over hundreds or thousands of years

Charlemagne

aka "Charles the Great," reigned 768-814 CE, temporarily reestablished centralized imperial rule, high point of Carolingian dynasty, grandson of Charles Martel, became emperor in 800 (Pope Leo III) King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. Dies in 814.

Plebians

all non-land owning, free men in Ancient Rome

Roman roads

allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers

Neolithic Revolution

also called the Agricultural Revolution, represents the span of several thousand years from approx. 8000 B.C. to 3000 B.C., when groups of people transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to a farming and city lifestyle; the ability to grow food and domesticate livestock allowed people to stay in the same place for a longer period of time and rely on a constand food supply. the term Neolithic means "new Stone Age". During the early years of the Neolithic period, which corresponds to the starting point of WHAP course of 8000 BCE, humans developed agriculture and settled into fixed communities.

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

containment

an act or policy of restricting the territorial growth or ideological influence of another, such as the US Cold War policy toward the USSR.

Delian League

an alliance established between Athens and the other city-states of ancient Greece following the first attempted invasion of Persia into Greece. This alliance was formed against aggression from the participants' mutual enemies. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age"

European Union

an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.

English East Indian Company

an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

social Darwinism

an intellectual movement, that applied Charles Darwin's biological ideas of natural selection and the "survival of the fittest" to human societies. European social darwinists of the 19th century saw other parts of the world as weak and thus justifiably exploited.

coercive labor

any labor system that involves force, such as various forms of slavery, serfdom and indentured labor. Almost all civilizations relied on some form of coercive labor up to the 19th century.

Shotoku Taishi

apanese statesman (572-622) who launched the drive to make Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on China; he is best known for the Seventeen Article Constitution

Analects of Confucius

are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

Topitian

around 1000, Toltec leader, takes over Chichen Itza, legend says he became the god Quetzalcoatl (important in the demise of the Aztecs, they thought Cortez was Quetzalcoatl returning as was prophesied in Aztec religion)

India was divided into sections as it gained independence in 1947 because a. the British could not decide on definite b. Muslims had their own aspirations to establish a state in South Asia c. Gandhi maintained the proposal that India should be a partitioned country d. Jinnah was assassinated shortly after India's independence, resulting a chaos e. Sikhs in the Punjab insisted on the partitions, refusing to consolidate all of India

b. Muslims had their own aspirations to establish a state in South Asia

After the Revolution of 1979, Iran became a. intimately allied with the US b. an Islamic theocracy c. a country ruled by the Sunni majority d. gradually more supportive of women's rights e. progressively more attached to its geographical neighbor Iraq

b. an Islamic theocracy

Pastoral nomads are comparable to established farmers in that they both a. cultivate crops b. domesticate livestock c. settle into broader communities d. have task speculation e. utilize a written language

b. domesticate livestock

Long distance trade thrived in the classical empires because a. many merchants were able to travel the whole length of the Silk Road b. government authorities kept trade routes protected and safe c. Chinese emissaries negotiated with Roman officials d. India stayed centrally ruled during the classical era e. the creation and use of the compass aided voyages

b. government authorities kept trade routes protected and safe

The Indus Valley culture is still somewhat of an enigma to archeologists because a. the Aryans shattered everything that was left of that civilization b. its writing system has not been deciphered c. the small size of the society makes it difficult to excavate d. its separation from the rest of humanity restricted trade and distribution e. its spiritual viewpoints play no role in religion in India today

b. its writing system has not been deciphered

The Mauryan and Gupta Empires experienced India's a. long and steady record of imperial rule b. pause in its political authority marked by regional kingdoms c. impressive influence of Islamic laws and culture d. history of conquest by nomadic invaders e. consistent imperial strengthening of Hindu principles

b. pause in its political authority marked by regional kingdoms

Countries in the Balkans and Africa have both endured tragedy b/c a. patriotism did not develop quickly enough b. political border were drawn without c. of pan-Slavic camaraderie d. of the unresponsive of the United Nations e. there was too much obtainable investment capital for more non industrialized nations

b. political border were drawn without

What concepts do Hinduism and Buddhism share? a. universal salvation b. reincarnation c. the caste system d. monotheism e. heaven and hell

b. reincarnation

Free-trade organizations developed after WWII were a. OPEC & NATO b. the EU & NAFTA c. APEC and the Warsaw Pact d. G-8 and UNESCO e. the OAS & Mercur

b. the EU & NAFTA

The age called the "Era of Warring States" refers to a. the nomadic attacks that ended the powerful Roman Empire b. the era of chaos in China before the unification under the Qin dynasty c. the evolution from republic to empire in Rome d. the rebellion that finished the sovereignty of the 1st emperor of China e. the time of rule in India during which only local kingdoms held authority

b. the era of chaos in China before the unification under the Qin dynasty

The Neolithic Revolution impacted gender roles in that a. men and women's economic positions were considered equal b. work outside of the dwelling was more highly esteemed c. women no longer worked d. men fulfilled the only important economic function e. men continued to hunt, while women gathered

b. work outside of the dwelling was more highly esteemed

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Tanzimat Reforms

began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (the imperial garden where it was first proclaimed). It guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes

Marco Polo

best-known long-distance traveler of Mongol times, 1253-1324, lived in Khubilai Khan's court, stories inspired European readers to trade A traveler from Venice who visited China during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. He worked for Khan on missions in and around China, recorded his travels which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.

Hegemony

leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation.

Which of the following resulted from both the Mexican and Iranian Revolutions? a. The conflicts led to a return to religious traditions b. Civil war between opposing groups resulted c. Foreign control and authority were weakened d. A democratic constitution was created e. The former government returned to power after a period of chaos.

c. Foreign control and authority were weakened

The descriptions below relate to what cultures? -Established uniform as a writing form. -Was organized into city-states. -Exercised Hammurabi's Code as the policy of law. a. Egypt b. Indus c. Mesopotamia d. Huang He e. Olmecs

c. Mesopotamia

The Egyptians benefited from the Nile as the Chinese benefited from the a. Tigris b. Euphrates c. Yellow d. Indus e. Ganges

c. Yellow

During the Russian Revolution of 1917, Lenin and the Bolsheviks least stressed a. pulling out of WWI b. reorganization of the land c. elimination of religion d. redistribution of wealth e. the significance of the working class

c. elimination of religion

Internal migration is defined as the a. importation of inexpensive labor by industrialized countries b. establishment of shanty towns in rural areas c. migration of groups of people from rural to urban places d. flight of refugees for political purposes e. the upward mobility of the middle class

c. migration of groups of people from rural to urban places

Mao Zedong abandoned orthodox Marxism by gathering political support from a. the urban workforce b. disappointed affiliates of that merchant class. c. rural peasants d. military personnel e. industrialists fearing KMT process

c. rural peasants

The purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to a. discuss free-trade agreements b. purchase & sell commodities c. supervise & control world trade d. report to the United Nations about labor issues throughout the world e. support protectionism

c. supervise & control world trade

Which of the following statements is accurate of both the Qin and Han dynasties? a. Confucianism was the philosophical foundation of the law b. the merchant class was much respected c. the central government was powerful d. trade was discouraged & sometimes forbidden e. Buddhism impacted both empires

c. the central government was powerful

Paleolithic Era

called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.

Eunuchs

castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.

Spanish-American War

conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.

investiture

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

nonaligned nations

countries that remained neutral during the Cold War conflict between the US and the Soviet Union. For years, India was the symbolic leader among the nonaligned nations.

Sargon of Akkad

creator of empire in Mesopotamia, talented administrator and brilliant warrior, 2370-2315 BCE, empire=all of Mesopotamia

popular culture

cultural issues of common identity that bind a group of people together. Film, music, and sports are all important aspects of modern popular culture. In recent years, popular culture has become increasingly globalized

Which 2 religions gave women a positive path to spiritual salvation? a. Daoism and Christianity b. Confucianism and Buddhism c. Daoism and Confucianism d. Buddhism and Christianity e. Confucianism and Judaism

d. Buddhism and Christianity

Which of the following is NOT considered a long-term cause of WWI? a. The growth of nationalism b. Imperialism and rivalry over foreign colonies c. Competition over weapon development d. Economic recession prior to 1912 e. The diplomatic alliance structure

d. Economic recession prior to 1912

Which of the following pairs of historical figures did NOT impact the same region? a. Confucius and Laozi b. Ashoka and Siddhartha Gautama c. Socrates and Alexander d. Wu Di and Chandra Gupta e. Constantine and Jesus

d. Wu Di and Chandra Gupta

The most significant reason the United States expanded its military support for S. Vietnam in the 1960s was that a. the USSR was threatening Berlin b. the French requested support from the United States c. S. Vietnam have been an Allied power during WWII d. communism appeared to be spreading in SE Asia e. Cuba was aiding N. Vietnam with goods and guns

d. communism appeared to be spreading in SE Asia

The inability of the League of Nations to maintain order and peace was mainly due to? a. the aggressive political control of the United States b. the dread of the spread of communism after 1917 c. the pleasure-seeking attitudes of the 1920s d. irresolute leadership and lack of multilateral military decisions e. loyal relationships forged between the major world powers after 1919

d. irresolute leadership and lack of multilateral military decisions

Biodiversity and global warming are both significant illustrations of a. nationalist problems b. persecution of native cultures c. improved weaponry d. military dictatorships e. environmental concerns

d. military dictatorships

Which of the following was NOT a principle of communist China? a. weaken family relationships b. discourage Confucian rituals c. destroy counterrevolutionaries d. persuade workers to strike e. collectivize farms

d. persuade workers to strike

Both Greek and Chinese cultures had a a. reliance on slavery for labor b. malleable social structure c. continuous dynastic sequence d. strict patriarchal family structure e. decentralized political organization

d. strict patriarchal family structure

gender

describes the social role that men and women adopt. Different cultures at different times have vastly different notions of gender roles. Even within a given society, gender roles may differ between different social groups such as between the elites and the peasantry.

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas. known as Black Death

Mayan Civilization

dominated southern Mexico and parts of Central American from 300 B.C. from 800 B.C. Their civilization was a collection of city states ruled by the same king. counstructed pyramids, used hieroglyphics, developed a complex calendar system, and built tremendous cities.

What is a nation-state?

during the 19th century, people came to identify as part of a community called a nation... the forces that drew these people together were a common language, customs, cultural traditions, values, historical experiences, and sometimes religion.

Which of the following is NOT a principle or feature of fascism? a. Obliterating unions and the labor movement b. Super-nationalistic propoganda c. The growth and glorification of the military d. Stressing the importance of self-sacrifice on behalf of the nation-state e. Collectivization of farms & factories.

e. Collectivization of farms & factories.

Indian nationalists wished to accomplish which of the following goals as a result of aiding Great Britain during WWI? a. Territorial expansion b. British citizenship c. The development of industrialization d. Self-government e. Peace between Hindus and Muslims

e. Peace between Hindus and Muslims

Which of the following civilizations encouraged citizen participation in government? a. China b. India c. Persia d. Egypt e. Rome

e. Rome

Which of the following was NOT an issue in the Bantu migration? a. population strains b. utilization of iron tools c. cultivation of bananas d. growth of agriculture e. desertification

e. desertification

Which of the following is NOT an action Castro took following the Cuban Revolution? a. collectivize farms b. centralized power over the economy c. seek out an alliance with the Soviet Union d. establish a nationwide election e. propose free education and medical treatment

e. propose free education and medical treatment

Which of the following is NOT a feature of early human populations? a. diverse races b. work specialization c. social structures involving hierarchies d. trade e. representative government

e. representative government

Which sentence most precisely compares the fall of the Han and Roman Empires? a. both empires were seriously hurt by the decrease in trade b. nomadic attacks were more of a detriment in Han than in Rome c. imperial authorities demonstrated more power than local leaders d. politicians were assassinated in both empires e. rich landowners successfully eluded tax collectors

e. rich landowners successfully eluded tax collectors

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the age 8000 BCE to 500 CE? a. the growth of agriculture b. the increase in world population c. the use of metal tools d. the creation of a writing system e. the use of gunpowder technology

e. the use of gunpowder technology

One of the significant reasons for the Global Depression in 1930 was a. war debt restructuring in the 1920s b. the sustained power of the stock market c. underpopulation of agricultural goods d. the development of totalitarian dictatorship in Europe e. trade pressures that resulted in expensive protective tariffs

e. trade pressures that resulted in expensive protective tariffs

Sailed-Din

early 1300s-1334, founder of Safavid Dynasty

Great Leap Forward

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.

Liu Bang

first Han emperor under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged (scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans and merchants). He tried to take the middle path between decentralization and centralization (didn't work). He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.

Hatshepsut

first woman to rule Egypt as pharaoh, traded with Punt Queen of Egypt (r. 1473-1458 BCE). She dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt, the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as a ruler, and after her death her name and image were frequently defaced.

Chandragupta Maurya

founded Mauryan empire, empire from the Indus to the Ganges, Arthashastra by Kautalya (an advisor) aided him in building a bureaucratic administrative system

Chandra Gupta

founder of Gupta dynasty

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

What types of goods were traded west to east in 8000 bce to 600 ce)?

glassware, jewelry, bronze goods, wool & linen, olive oil, gold & silver bullion

Wudi

greatest Han emperor, "Martial Emperor," reigned 141-87 BCE, policies: administrative centralization, Confucian education system, imperial expansion

Aryans

immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC

Eight Fold Path

in buddhism a set of guidelines on how to escape suffering (right understanding, right speech, right livelihood, right concentration, right mindfulness, right effort, right action, right intention)

factory system

industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Fukuzawa Yukichi

influential Japanese author, advocated learning Western languages and encouraged Japan to learn from west in order to keep up, his theory was "civilization and enlightenment"

Edict of Milan

issued by the Emperor Constantine in Rome in 313 C.E. Ended the persecution of Christians by Roman pagans, who saw Christianity as a threat to their power and religion. By 391 C.E., Christianity became the official religion of the empire.

Camillo Di Cavour

known for leading Italian unification, he was named prime minister of Sardinia in 1852. Joined Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces in 1858

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Hong Xiquan

leader of Taiping rebellion, was a schoolteacher who kept failing the public service exam, commits suicide when Nanjing captured christian convert; who viewed himself as a younger brother of jesus christ; god gave him the mission of destroying the qing dynasty; proclaimed the new dynasty "the heavenly kingdom of great peace .TAI PING REBELLION; rebellion called for social reforms GREAT PEACE

Clovis

leader of the Franks that transformed them into the most powerful and dynamic peoples, converted to Roman Christianity

Indian Ocean Trade System

links East Africa, India and China A network of trade established between the Indian subcontinent and the Swahili trade cities of Eastern Africa. Oceangoing merchants from the Arabian Peninsula used the regular patterns of the monsoon winds to travel back and forth carrying cargoes of textiles, spices and precious metals. The domination of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century ended the previous dynamics of this trade system.

Sundiata

lion prince, reigned 1230-1255, expands the Empire of Mali in Africa

Phoenicians

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.

Traveling Goods from Americas to Africa, Asia & Europe in 1450 to 1750 CE

maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, avocados, pineapples, tobacco

calendar

many early civilizations developed these although they weren't very accurate. Ex: the Mayans built one that was accurate, the Egyptians also created one, and so did the Chinese

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top

Decentralized rule

means that the emperor lets local rulers rule their own people, although they must collect and pay taxes and/or tribute to the emperor.

Centralized rule

means that the emperor rules directly through governors or military leaders or scholars. It is often more stable and resistant to outside invaders.

Saladin

mid 1100's-1193, unites Muslims after fall of Abbasids to expel Crusaders Kurdish Muslim who led Islamic opposition towards European Crusaders and reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians.

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

Prester John

mythical African king, thought to be tremendously wealthy and Christian

Vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.

Ibn Battuta

one of the great world travelers, Morrocan legal scholar, served as qadi the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

The Vedas of Hinduism

one of the sources of prayers, verses, and descriptions of the origins of the universe, guide Hindus

developing world

parts of the world that have an economic system in which the process of industrial development is not advanced. Much of Africa, Asia and Latin America is part of the developing world.

Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________

patriarchal

Maximillian von Hapsburg

proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on April 10, 1864, with the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican monarchists who sought to revive the Mexican monarchy. Many foreign governments, including that of the United States, refused to recognize his administration. This helped to ensure the success of Republican forces. was captured and executed in 1867

Iron Law of Wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Hammurabi

reigned 1792-1750 BCE, "king of the four quarters of the world," ruled from Babylon, centralized bureaucratic rule and regular taxation, provided a code of law Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Diocletian

reigned 284-305 CE, divided Roman empire into two districts 245 CE. Emperor of Rome who tried to fix growing problems in the Roman Empire by dividing it into 2 regions run by co-emperors. Returned armies to direct imperial control and tried to strengthen the imperial currency. Forced a budget on the government and capped prices to stem inflation. Rome broke into a civil war once he left power.

Darius

reigned 521-486 BCE, greatest of Achaemenid emperors, administrator who built capital at Persepolis, developed satrapies, taxes, coins, roads, laws

polytheism

religious beliefs in more than one god. the ancient Greeks practiced polytheism

Repartimiento System

required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge

What types of goods were traded east to west in 8000 bce to 600 ce)?

silk, spices, cotton, pearls, coral, ivory

Egypt

society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead

Berlin Airlift

supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, which was located in the middle of Russian controlled East Germany.

harem

strictly defined, a harem is the place within a Muslim palace where women are housed. Harems also refer to women, typically concubines, who are close to political rulers.

civilization

strictly speaking... a civilization is settled and agricultural... thus it is able to produce surplus food that can support an elite class.

What was revolutionary about the Agricultural Revolution? (CH. 2)

support much larger populations dominance of the human species over other forms of life on the planet technological innovation techniques for making pottery weaving textiles metallurgy impact of humans on their environments

Democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Terrorism

targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded the religion of Islam He was a trader, regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God/Allah. Founded the religion of Islam. unified Arab tribes and conquered neighboring lands and spread Islam; death led to power struggle between Sunni and Shi'ites.

Kshatriya

the Hindu warrior caste

Zhou Mandate of Heaven

the Zhou Dynasty of China (lasting from around 1100 to 256 B.C.E.) believed in this, which said that heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely

Columbia Exchange

the biological exchange that occurred as a result of European involvement with the Americas following Columbus's voyages. Diseases, animals and plants were transmitted from the Old World to the New World, vastly changing both.

Tao-te Ching

the central text of Daoism

Byzantium

the city to which Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire. This shifted all of the power to the East.

interregional

the connections between different regions of the world. For example: trade connections between S. Asia & E. Africa are an example of interregional contacts.

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

industrialism

the development of a complex economic system using the factory system of production. Industrialism is one of the main characteristics of a modern society.

periodization

the division of historical time into different periods. AP World History divides the course into 5 or 6 periods of history.

Four Noble Truths

the doctrines of Buddha: all life is suffering, the cause of suffering is ignorant desire, this desire can be destroyed, the means to this is the Eightfold Path. 1. Suffering is always present in life 2. Desire is the cause of suffering 3. Freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana 4. The Eightfold Path leads to nirvana

Ethnic Cleansing

the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.

Hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

House of Commons

the first legislative body of Parliament whose members are elected.

Dharma

the fulfillment of one's social and religious duties in Hinduism

Pope

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

Paterfamilias

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

Concordat

the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.

Golden Age of Pericles

the period after the Persian Wars during which Greece enjoyed peace and prosperity under the leadership of Pericles. The Parthenon was made during this time, philosophy and the arts flourished during this age

Warring States Period

the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty. time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

Renaissance

the period of intellectual and artistic "rebirth" that occurred first in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries. During the Renaissance, many elite people sought inspiration in the ideals of classical times and focused on the ideas of humanism and individualism

genocide

the planned, systematic, killing of a group of people. The Nazi genocide of the Jews and other groups is known as the Holocaust. The 20th century also witnessed other acts of genocide, such as against the Armenians at the beginning of the century and in Rwanda at the end of the century.

Isolationism

the policy of separating one's country from the economic and political interactions with the rest of the world's nations

Hellenism

the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization. Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.

decolonization

the process by which former colonies become independent. Countries in S. Asia and much of Africa name independent through decolonization during the middle of the 20th century.

imperialism

the process by which mostly European countries established political and economic control over other parts of the world. This started in the 16th century and reached its height in the 19th century. The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples. First done by Sargon of Akkad to the Sumerian city states.

globalization

the process by which national boundaries become increasingly less important as a result of economic, social, and cultural interactions among parts of the world. The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.

urbanization

the process involved in the growth of cities and the areas surrounding them. Typically, urbanization occurs as part of the processes of industrialism and modernization. People migrate from rural areas or from other countries into rapidly growing urban centers so that they can take advantage of economic opportunity

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

demographic transition

the sift to both lower birth-rates and lower death rates, thus leading to stable population dynamics. Demographic transitions occur in countries that experience modernization and enjoy the advantage of modern medicine and lower child mortality

caste system

the social system of the Aryans divided people into four castes, also known as Varnas. This caste system had a profound impact on the development of the Hindu religion. Each of the 4 main castes had specific roles to fulfill in society. India's traditional social hierarchy

Alexander II

the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs

diffusion

the spread of items from one place to another. In world history, the phrase cultural diffusion is used to describe the spread of ideas, such as religions and products

demography

the study of population dynamics. It's important in the study of world history b/c population dynamics provide evidence of important historical trends, such as disease pandemics and migrations

historiography

the study of the way that historians write history.

technology

the way in which people adapt their knowledge to tools and inventions - this is a major theme in the WHAP exam

Empiricism

theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.

Punic Wars

there were three of these wars between Rome and Carthage (264 through 146 B.C.E.)

Pyramids

these were architectural projects built by the Babylonians (ziggurats), and the ancient Egyptians

Qin Dynasty

this Chinese dynasty was extremely short, lasting only from 221 B.C. to 206 B.C. Despite the brief reign, the dynasty was best down for connecting the seperate fortification walls that eventually became the Great Wall of China. The empire was well organized, centralized, and territorial. The dynasty's first emperor was Qin Shihuangdi

Roman Law

this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people

Pacific Rim

those areas that surround the Pacific Ocean. The term is typically used to discuss the new economic influence of the nations of East and SE Asia

deposed

to remove from office or position, esp. high office: The people _______ the dictator.

abdicate

to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, especially in a formal manner

Portuguese Empire

took lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and found gold in Africa (the Cape of Good hope) and India for spice trade

Draco and Solon

two aristocrats who contributed to the creation of democracy in Athens and worked to maintain fair, equal, and open participation in the government by the people

Julius Caesar

victorious general of Roman Civil War Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. His death leads to establishment of Roman Empire.

Crimean War

war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

Attila

warrior-king of the Huns, invaded Hungary, probed Roman frontiers in the Balkan region, attacked Gaul, northern Italy, Germanic peoples in mid-5th century CE

Che Guevara

was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.

Traveling Goods from Europe to Americas in 1450 to 1750 CE

wheat, sugarcane, cotton, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens

Jewish Diaspora

when the jewish were driven from there homeland into exile, time period between 586 b.c. a.d. 1948 where the jews had no homeland

Khadija

wife of Muhammad, influential in the formation of Islam

Green Revolution

worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation.