whap test 5

The French Revolution CAUSES:

- Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (liberty, equality, fraternity) - Economic Woes: :France was spending more than it was making. :Aiding the US was expensive

Estates General

- The clergy ( religious officials ) - The nobility - Commoners

American Revolution: CAUSES:

- The economic ideas of the physiocrats -mAmerican colonists had become increasingly independent politically - Colonial legislatures were making decisions usually made by parliament - Great distances separated the colonists from parliament and the king in London. - Economic and political desires for independence grew a new social spirit

Olympe de Gouges

A French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.

Who was Otto Van Bismark?

A Prussian leader, who like Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Classical liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. Most classical liberals were professionals, writers, or academics.

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and describe his impact:

A former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery. He proved to be a capable general. He also joined the revolts in 1791 after the recent American and French revolutions.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Summarize the impact of Lola Rodriguez de Tio. Who was she and what did she do?

A recognized poet during the era of little educational opportunity for women, she became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain's exploitative rule over Puerto Rico.

What was the outcome of the New Zealand Wars?

A sense of Maori Nationalism was developed, but the British ended up winning by 1872.

Voltaire

Advocated for civil liberties, appreciated constitutional monarchy, and campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform in France. He is often quoted today, and influenced the US Constitution.

Thomas Paine

Advocated for freedom from Britain, wrote Common Sense, but anti-church writings damaged his popularity.

What was the Dreyfus Affair and what did it illustrate?

Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish military officer in France, who was convicted of treason. The conviction was based solely on forged documents by people who were promoting anti-Semitism. Dreyfus was later pardoned after jail time, but this illustrated how widespread anti-Semitism was in France, even though it was a country where Jews seemed the least oppressed.

Socialism

An economic and political theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.

Why did Serfdom decline?

Because the economy became more industrial rather than agrarian, and peasant revolts pushed leaders towards reforms.

Why did slavery decline in many countries?

Because the slave trade was banned in many countries, eliminating the flow of slaves.

Why did Jews want their own land to control?

Because they battled anti-semitism and pogroms, which were violent attacks against Jewish communities. Many European Jews decided that they couldn't live in peace and security without having their own land.

Similarities (Haiti and France)

Both grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men had natural rights as citizens, and that legal restraints were limiting the freedom of people by forcing them into various estates (social classes).

What did the ideals of the enlightenment result in?

Challenged the role of monarchs and church leaders and planted ideas of revolution in the United States, France, and all over the world.

Why did many young Filipino students embrace the ideas of nationalism?

Educational opportunities, even for well-to-do Filipinos, were limited and controlled by religious authorities. As a result, many young men would travel to Madrid and Barcelona (Europe) to attend universities. An atmosphere of nationalist fervor and republicanism, inspired by Enlightenment thinking, existed in the 1880s Europe, and these Filipino students embraced it.

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Emphasized the use of empirical data, believed in natural processes, rights, and reason, wanted new constitutions, supported religious tolerance, and wrote for the reading public. Main thinkers were Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and the French philosophes.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Baron Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers, influenced the American system.

Main thoughts and ideas of enlightenment thinkers

Enlightenment thought was optimistic, and many thinkers applied reason to natural laws, believing it to result in progress. People emphasized human accomplishments but didn't deny the existence of God. This led to the belief that natural laws governed the social and political aspects of life as well. New ideas also arose, such as socialism and liberalism.

Robert Owens

Established intentional communities, which were small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism. He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Expanded on the idea of the social contract, believed in child rearing and education. Presented the concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will. Inspired many other revolutionaries in the 1700s.

Haiti became:

First country in Latin America to win its independence First black-led country in the Western Hemisphere Only country to become permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising

What was empiricism and who emphasized it?

Francis Bacon emphasized empiricism, which was a belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, and from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women, and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen."

How did new constitutions in Latin America keep social structures in place even though they had been banned?

Governments were often conservative.

Fabian societies

Gradual socialists who favored reforming society by parliamentary means.

Balkan Nationalisms

Greece, which by 1800 had been under ottoman control for more than 350 years, increased contact with western ideas meant exposure to enlightenment principles. It also meant exposure to the reverence with which Greece and its ancient culture were viewed across Europe. Together these developments helped reawaken Greek cultural pride and stoke the fires of Greek nationalism. A protracted Civil War against ottoman forces brought some success. However, it took the intervention of a British, French, and Russian fleet, which destroyed an ottoman fleet in 1827, to help assure Greek independence. Events in other Balkan regions, such as Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, followed a similar, but by no means identical, course. The waning of ottoman control lead to greater freedom and an influx of new ideas, including nationalism. People begin to rally around important cultural markers, such as language, folk traditions, shared history, and religion. Later, outside powers, such as Russia or Austria, aided in achieving independence.

Jean - Jazques Dessalines wrote what?

Haitian declaration of permanent independence.

Describe the role of Simon Bolivar in Latin America. (What was his background, what did he want, how did he describe himself?)

He continued to push for enlightenment ideals in Latin America. He became instrumental in the independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. He was born in 1783, and he has access to his family's wealth for his revolutionary causes. His forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called Gran Colombia. He hoped it would become a federation similar to the US and be based on enlightenment ideals. He described himself as a liberal who believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery.

Describe the constitution created by L'Ouverture.

He produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents. He also declared himself governor for life.

What did Thomas Hobbes believe?

Hobbes believed that people's natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was nasty and short. He thought that for law and order to be established, people needed to give up some rights to their governments.

Differences (Haiti and France)

However, in the case of Haitians, the restraints were more severe-the rebellion was led by the slaves who had no right at all.

Creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

The clash between new and old thinking led to revolutions that had two aims:

Independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation

Three ideals of the enlightenment movement?

Individualism, freedom, self -determination

Why were the commoners upset and what did they break away to establish?

Inequality in voting caused the commoners (who made up 97% of French society) to break away and form a new body, the National Assembly.

German and Italian Unifications

Italian - Count di Cavour, The Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, led the drive to unite the entire Italian peninsula under the only native dynasty, the house the savoy. At the time, the region was divided among a patchwork of kingdoms and city states, and most people spoke regional languages rather than Italian. Cavour himself spoke French better than he spoke Italian. Like other classical liberals, he believed in natural rights, progress, and constitutional monarchy. But he also believed in the practical politics of reality, which came to be called realpolitik. Thus, he did not hesitate to advance the cause of Italian unity through manipulation. In 1858, he maneuvered Napoleon the third of France into war with Austria, hoping to weaken Austrian influence on the Italian peninsula. Napoleon the third backed out of the war after winning two important battles, partly because he feared the wrath of the pope, who was not eager for his Papal states to come under the control of a central Italian government. Nevertheless, it was too late to stop the revolutionary fervor, and soon several areas voted by plebiscite, or popular referendum, to join Piedmont. To aid the unification effort, Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini, who had been agitating for Italian resurgence since early in the 19th century. Cavour also allied with the red shirts military forces led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the kingdom of Naples. German - Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck , who like Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification. Bismarck manipulated Austria into participating in two wars, the first with Prussia against Denmark (1864) and the second between Austria and Prussia (Seven Weeks' War of 1866). After winning both wars, Bismarck manipulated France into declaring war against Prussia. His armies beat the French soundly in the Franco-Prussian War (1870). In each of these three wars, Prussia gained territory. In 1871, Bismarck founded the new German empire, made up of many territories gained from the wars, including Alsace-Lorraine, an area long part of France on the border between France and the new Germany.

Who was the leader of this Propaganda movement and what did his death lead to?

Jose Rizal's arrest in 1892 and execution in 1896 shocked Filipinos and helped spur the first nationalist movement with the organization and strength to truly challenge Spanish rule.

Adam Smith

Laissez-faire economics and capitalism, which many countries use today.

Summarize the motivations of Count di Cavour.

Led the drive to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy.

What are unalienable rights?

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What did John Locke believe?

Locke argued that the social contract implied the right or even responsibility of citizens to rebel against a corrupt government. He believed that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property. He also proposed that a child was born a blank slate, and was ready to be filled up with knowledge.

Puerto Rico and the writings of Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Lola Rodríguez de Tió (1843-1924), was the first Puerto Rican-born woman poet to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin America. A believer in women's rights, she was also committed to the abolition of slavery and the independence of Puerto Rico

Define the Propaganda Movement.

Magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy for the Philippines. It did not call for revolution or independence

Summarize the three reasons many wanted independence from Spain:

Many creoles were wealthy owners of estates, mines, or businesses. They opposed Spain's mercantilism, which required colonists to buy manufactured goods only from Spain and sell products only to Spain. Creoles wanted more political power. They resented that Spain tended to give important government jobs in the colonies to peninsulares. Mestizo wanted political power and a share of the wealth of the colonies. Many had jobs in the towns or worked in the mines or on the estates of the peninsulares and creoles.

It seemed like BLANK was going to establish a constitutional monarchy, but the National Assembly grew unhappy and stormed the BLANK.

Marquis de Lafayette, Bastille

The turmoil ended when BLANK became the French emperor in 1804.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Maori Nationalism

New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori, since at least the mid-1200s. During the New Zealand Wars, the people developed a sense of nationalism. Before the war, the Maori people were divided into tribes that would occasionally fight. When they came together, they realized they could be powerful and became a collective and strong group. This is significant, because they became very powerful when they came together, but sadly the British were too strong and won by 1872.

Summarize the causes of the New Zealand Wars:

New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori, since at least the mid-1200s. In the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans, the Maori developed a rich culture. After colonization by the British, made official by annexation of New Zealand in 1840, English control over Maori affairs increased, as did the pressure for their land. These issues resulted in a series of wars between the Maori and British collectively known as the New Zealand Wars.

The New Zealand Wars

New Zealand had been occupied by Polynesian people, the Maori, since at least the mid-1200s. In the period between their arrival and the arrival of the Europeans, the Maori developed a rich culture. After colonization by the British, made official by annexation of New Zealand in 1840, English control over Maori affairs increased, as did the pressure for their land. These issues resulted in a series of wars between the Maori and British collectively known as the New Zealand Wars. Though the Maori tribes fought together, developing a sense of Maori Nationalism, by 1872, the British had won.

Utopian Socialism

People who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.

What land reforms were made in the constitution created by L'Ouverture?

Plantations were divided up, with the lands being distributed among formerly enslaved and free black people.

What was life like for the poor at this time?

Poverty increased in cities and poor workers lived in slums without proper sanitation and political representation.

Propaganda Movement in the Philippines

Propaganda Movement was a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1886 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895. The main goals of the Propaganda Movement was to create reforms in the Philippines. Students, who created the movement, wanted the Philippines to be acknowledged as a province of Spain and to be represented in the Spanish Cortes.

Mary Wollstronecraft

She thought that women should receive the same amount of education as males. She argued that universal education would prepare women to participate in political and professional society, making them less reliant on men.

How was Manuela Saenz unique?

She was a notable exception. She actively participated in fighting alongside Bolivar, for example, in 1822 in a battle near Quito, Ecuador. An excellent rider as well as courageous fighter, she rose to the rank of colonel. On one occasion, she saved Bolivar's life, for which she received the nickname "Liberator of the Liberator."

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. Born on the Iberian peninsula

Ottomanisms

The 1870s and 1880s saw the development in the ottoman state of ottomanism, a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state. Official sought to do this by minimizing the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire. Taking control of local schools and mandating a standard curriculum was a major part of this drive. But the effects of nationalism were not limited to Balkan territories and ottoman officials. Ethnic and religious groups within the ottoman empire had nationalist urges of their own, and they viewed ottomanism with suspicion. Ironically, this attempt to create a more unified state actually served to highlight and intensify subject peoples feelings of difference and promote their desire for independence.

Who helped the colonists defeat Great Britain?

The French helped the colonists defeat Great Britain.

The two most permanent changes that took place in the early French Revolution were

The abolition of feudalism The adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man

Conservatism

The belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as the one of human perfectibility.

What was nationalism and what caused it?

The breakup of empires and the emergence of new forms of government often caused nationalism, which is a feeling of loyalty to others who have a common language and culture.

What did the Creole class want, and why did they refuse the help of the mestizos, indegenous people, and mulattos?

The desire for independence from Spain grew among the creole class. Fearing the masses, the creoles refused the support of mestizos, indigenous people, and mulattos (people of mixed African and European heritage). The creoles had seen the result in Haiti of a slave uprising as well as the excesses of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Seneca Falls Conference

The first organized women's rights conference, which took place at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.

What were some obstacles Zionist faced before the establishment of Israel in 1948?

The land they wanted was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and Palestinian Arabs were living there. Both the Ottomans and Palestinians were mostly Muslim, which added religion to the conflict.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery

Define realpolitik.

The practical politics of reality

What was the enlightenment?

The shift from tradition to reason and individualism over community values

What did L'Ouverture's army establish?

They established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other

What did classical liberals want in Parliament?

They wanted British Parliament to change in order to accommodate the changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary representation.

Who were the Philosophes and what did they explore?

They were a new group of thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways. They popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers in the 1600s.

Who were the caudillos and how were they involved in the politics of Latin America?

They were strong, local leaders with regional power bases. These men intervened in national politics to make or break governments. Sometimes the caudillos defended the interests of the regional elites and sometimes of the indigenous population and the peasants, but in general they disregarded representative forms of government and the rule of law.

Deists

Thinkers who reexamined the relationship between humans and God. They believed that a divinity put natural laws into motion and thought these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry rather than the Bible. Many Deists viewed church attendance as a social obligation and a way to receive moral guidance.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who influenced these ideas?

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. John Locke influenced the things that Jefferson wrote, such as the phrase "unalienable rights."

Describe the beliefs of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi and how they impacted Italian unification.

To aid the unification effort, Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini, who had been agitating for Italian resurgence (Risorgimento) since early in the nineteenth century. Cavour also allied with the red shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the kingdom of Naples

Medieval Scholasticism

Used reason to defend faith, argued through writing and debating, relied on Aristotle, and used little experimentation. Representative thinker was St. Thomas Aquinas.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Utopian socialist that believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean places to work that produced useful things for society. He also advocated for public works that would provide employment, such as the Suez Canal in Egypt.

Charles Fourier

Utopian socialist who identified 810 passions that when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired. He believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was the harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle.

What were social contracts?

When people gave up some rights to a strong government in exchange for law and order.

Declaration of Sentiments

Women deserve the right to vote and hold office, hold property, manage their own incomes, and be the legal guardians of their children.

Describe the status of women after the Latin American revolutions?

Women gained little from the revolutions in Latin America. They were still unable to vote or enter into contracts. Most women received little education until late in the nineteenth century, and most remained submissive to men.

Renaissance Humanism

Wrote practical books (The Prince by Machiavelli), emphasized human achievement, and focused on secularism and the individual. Main thinkers were Erasmus and Mirandola.

Why were nationalism movements growing in German?

a result of opposition to French occupation of German states under Napoleon Bonaparte.

African Slaves, Indigenous populations, Mulattoes

both free and enslaved, native Americans, European and African descent (near the bottom)

Empiricism was based on _________________________ as opposed to ______________________________

conclusions on observations of natural data, reasoning about principles provided by tradition or religion.

Define Liberalism:

desire for representation under constitutions that recognized civil liberties

King Louis XVI refusal to accept the new government created by the National Assembly resulted in..?

dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French Republic in 1792.

Locke believed that __________ and ___________ were more important to someone than their _______________

education, environment, ancestors

What was the Reign of Terror?

period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins.

Ideas from the __________ and ______________ and the ____________ resulted in enlightenment

scientific revolution, humanism, renassaince

Summarize what the Bastille represented:

symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy

Finish this sentence ..."Nationalism was a..

unifying force that not only threatened large empires, but it also drove efforts to unite people who shared a culture into one political state.