What is Psychology?

English philosopher ___ argues that the mind at birth is a blank slate, or ___ ___. His ideas, together with those of his countryman ___, helped form ___, the view that science should rely on ___ and ___.

John Locke; tabula rasa; Francis Bacon; empiricism; observation; experimentation

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ___. The first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology was ___.

Mary Calkins; Margaret Floy Washburn

French philosopher ____ believed that ___ ___ flow from the brain through what we call ___ to the muscles, enabling body movements.

Rene Descartes; animal spirits; nerves

The Greek philosophers___ and ___ concluded that the ___ is separate from the ___ and that knowledge is ___. One of their students, ___, disagreed, arguing that knowledge grows from the ____ stored in our memories.

Socrates; Plato; mind; body; innate; Aristotle; experiences

Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, psychologist ___ assumed that thinking developed because it was __. He founded the school of ___, which focused on how mental behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish.

William James; adaptive; functionalism;

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm ___. His student, ___, introduced the school of ___, which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of ___. This method proved ____ (unreliable/reliable)

Wundt; Edward Titchener; structuralism; introspection; unreliable

As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of ________.

asking and answering questions

The text author defined psychology as the scientific study of ___ and __ processes.

behavior; mental

As a response to Freudian psychology and to __, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers ___ and __ forged ___ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the ___ potential of ___ people.

behaviorism; Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow; humanistic; growth; healthy

The historical roots of psychology include the fields of __ and __.

biology; philosophy

During the 1960s, psychology underwent a ___ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our ___ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ___ ___.

cognitive; mind; cognitive neuroscience

Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of __; the personality theorist __ and Jean Piaget, who studied ___.

learning; Sigmund Freud; children

In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of __ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of __ behavior.

mental; observable

In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can __ and ___, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, ___ ___ we __ from behavior.

observe; record; subjective experiences; infer

Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people ___, ___, and ___ as they do.

think; feel; act

Psychologist who explore the thinking and behavior by conducting experiments are called ___ ___.

Experimental psychologists