Wildland Ch. 6

Don't adjust your foam ratio above _____ percent because experience shows that this actually reduces the effectiveness of the foam. Select one: a. 6.0 b. 3.0 c. 0.3 d. 1.0

1.0

The recommended gel ratio for structure protection is about _____ percent gel concentrate. Select one: a. 6.0 b. 0.3 c. 1.0 d. 3.0

3.0

What is a general rule for firing operations? Select one: a. Burn uphill when you can. b. Burn from the top of ridges when you can. c. Begin at the heel, working toward the head if you can. d. Always begin firing from an anchor point, except ring firing.

Always begin firing from an anchor point, except ring firing.

What is an appropriate safety precaution to take when handling foam concentrates? Select one: a. Wear SCBA or respirators. b. Wear rubber coveralls and boots. c. Normal wildland PPE is sufficient. d. Always use appropriate PPE and waterproof gloves.

Always use appropriate PPE and waterproof gloves.

The ability of foam to continue to wet and cool fuels long after application is especially effective during: Select one: a. initial attack. b. aerial attack. c. fireline construction. d. exposure protection.

initial attack.

A compressed air foam system: Select one: a. incorporates in-line proportioners or eductors. b. can be carried on your back, making it highly mobile. c. produces high-quality foam starting at a 6% solution. d. injects air into the foam solution with an air compressor.

injects air into the foam solution with an air compressor.

When added to water, wetting agents: Select one: a. reduce the surface tension of water. b. decrease the water's penetrating capabilities. c. decrease the cooling effect the water has on the fire. d. decrease the amount of extinguishing agent available.

reduce the surface tension of water.

What is a guideline for applying foam along the fire front? Select one: a. Apply foam only to the seat of the fire. b. As soon as steam is visible, you know you have applied too much foam. c. Apply some of the foam to the unburned fuels adjacent to the burned area. d. When penetration of a fuel bed is needed, move the nozzle farther from the fuels to cover a wider area.

Apply some of the foam to the unburned fuels adjacent to the burned area.

Which statement about how different nozzles can be used to apply Class A foam is accurate? Select one: a. Light foams have smaller bubbles that travel a great distance from the nozzle. b. Aspirating nozzles inject air into a fine stream of foam solution at the nozzle tip. c. Conventional nozzles can produce foam with a mixing ratio from 0.1 to 3 percent foam solution. d. The foam applied with fog nozzles will not give you the wet water needed to enhance the wetting and penetration of fuels.

Aspirating nozzles inject air into a fine stream of foam solution at the nozzle tip.

How do gels used for firefighting work differently than wetting agents or Class A foam? Select one: a. Foams and wetting agents are inducted at the nozzles, and gels are inducted in-line. b. Most gels used on the fireline are mixed only with water whereas Class A foam is mixed with water and mineral oil. c. Class A foam at 5% mixture can be used for structure protection, while gels should not be used in this manner. d. Gels cover and protect, whereas wetting agents including Class A foams allow water to penetrate the fuels better.

Gels cover and protect, whereas wetting agents including Class A foams allow water to penetrate the fuels better.

What type of backfiring is ignited at a control line and allowed to burn with the wind? Select one: a. Ring firing b. Strip firing c. Back firing d. Head firing

Head firing

What is an accurate description of Class A foam? Select one: a. It creates bubbles that decrease surface tension allowing deeper penetration of water. b. When foam is added to water, the strength of the water's surface tension is increased. c. It is more efficient and less expensive to use during mop-up than other wetting agents. d. It is traditionally used as an extinguishing agent for flammable liquid fires but has been adapted for use in wildland firefighting.

It creates bubbles that decrease surface tension allowing deeper penetration of water.

What is an advantage of using an automatic regulating system for foam proportioning systems? Select one: a. It only allows one setting of water flow and pressure. b. It allows foam to be added directly to the water tank. c. It adds foam concentrate on the intake side of the pump. d. It eliminates the exposure of the tank and pump to foam solutions.

It eliminates the exposure of the tank and pump to foam solutions.

How is water used in wildland firefighting? Select one: a. It is the only means by which to contain a wildland fire. b. It is part of an overall strategy that includes a fireline cut to the mineral soil. c. It is most effectively used at the anchor point as a means of protection if the fire gets out of control. d. The optimal use of water is to create a wet line in order to avoid spending additional time and effort creating a control line.

It is part of an overall strategy that includes a fireline cut to the mineral soil.

What is the ring firing technique used for? Select one: a. It is used when ignition is being done from the air. b. It is used when you want to widen a fireline quickly and is set in strips parallel to the fireline. c. It is often used if a wind shift is expected and you want to strengthen your control lines quickly. d. It is used when you are trying to save a valuable resource like a structure, or a historic or archeological site.

It is used when you are trying to save a valuable resource like a structure, or a historic or archeological site.

What is a principle of water management? Select one: a. Work as close to the burning fuel as possible using a straight stream. b. Water is most effective when you attack the top of the flame directly. c. One volume of water will cool 2 volumes of burning fuel if applied properly. d. It takes very little water to cover large volumes of fuel, especially if it is broken up into a spray.

It takes very little water to cover large volumes of fuel, especially if it is broken up into a spray.

What hose stream should you use if there is fire up in a tree, or to penetrate deep into soil or ash pile during mop-up? Select one: a. Fog b. Spray c. Broken d. Straight

Straight

What should be done with applied gel that has dried and lost its water? Select one: a. The gel can be lightly misted and it will rehydrate. b. A new layer of gel must be applied onto the existing one. c. The gel must be washed away with clean water and the gel reapplied. d. Dehydrated gel can be left alone because it is just as effective as new, moisture-rich gel.

The gel can be lightly misted and it will rehydrate.

Which statement regarding backfiring is accurate? Select one: a. The main fire should draw the backfire to it. b. The backfire should be moving away from the fireline. c. The backfire should be set to burn behind the main fire. d. The backfire should only be used if the fire can be attacked directly.

The main fire should draw the backfire to it.

Which of the following problems encountered during backfiring is considered a warning sign? Select one: a. Occurs on flat pastures. b. The weather is likely to change. c. The fuel is uniform and consistent. d. The control line to be fired arches out in a long curve.

The weather is likely to change.

n order to apply the right amount of water along the fire's perimeter, you should: Select one: a. continually spray the area until no smoke is visible. b. apply water, shut it off, and look for small "smokes." c. use just enough water to knock it down, and move down the fireline. d. drown the area in water as you move along the fireline looking for hotspots.

apply water, shut it off, and look for small "smokes."

In lighter fuels, you: Select one: a. should avoid the burn or "black" whenever possible. b. can sometimes work from inside the burn or "black." c. must stand at a distance and use a straight stream to reach the fire. d. will have to avoid using water and put out the fires using hand tools.

can sometimes work from inside the burn or "black."

How are gel additives used as an extinguishing agent in wildland firefighting? Select one: a. They are dropped in large quantities from aircraft to reduce the spread of fire. b. They are used as a replacement for foam because they have greater penetrating qualities. c. They are used for initial knock down of the fire and followed up with water during mop-up. d. They hold a large number of water molecules together, creating a thick, wet gel that can stick to fuels.

They hold a large number of water molecules together, creating a thick, wet gel that can stick to fuels.

Why are wetting agents added to water used for extinguishing wildland fires? Select one: a. To give additional reach to the fire streams b. To remove oxygen from the combustion process c. To allow water to penetrate the fuels or ash piles d. To increase the temperature at which the water turns to steam

To allow water to penetrate the fuels or ash piles

What is one of the objectives of burning-out? Select one: a. To widen control lines b. To move a line to heavy fuels c. To be used as an indirect method of attack d. To create indrafts that push burn-outs toward the main fire

To widen control lines

What is a guideline for using foam to construct a wet line? Select one: a. Foam used to create a wet line should be as wet as possible. b. Use dry foam during mop-up to speed up penetration into hot fuels. c. Apply foam only as wide as the expected flame length from the burning operation. d. Wet line constructed using foam can be used to fire from during an indirect attack.

Wet line constructed using foam can be used to fire from during an indirect attack.