Wine Science

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Terrior

"A Sense of place"

What are vineyards made in alluvial valleys made up of?

"Greywacke" (Sandstone)

Silt

.05 - .002 mm

Sweetness of (Dry) Wine?

1-4g/L residual sugar

Sweetness of (Medium-Dry) Wine?

10-18 g/L sugar

Alcohol level of (Fortified Wine)?

15-20% alcohol

When were they planted in Hawke's Bay?

1851

Sweetness of (Medium-Sweet) Wine?

19-45 g/L sugar

When did Montana plant the first vines in Marlborough

1973

How many years does it take for grapevines to have their first yield?

3 years

Sweetness of (Off-dry) Wine?

5-9 g/L sugar

How long have grape vines been used in comparison to other fruits?

5000 years

Alcohol level of (Table Wine)

8-15% alcohol by volume

How much wines in New Zealand today use screw caps?

90% +

Canopy Managment

A practical methodology to achieve the optimum canopy microclimate so the fruit and leaves obtain the best possible sun exposure and air flow

Roots

Absorb water and nutrients and also store carbohydrates

Aromas in Dessert wines

Added with raisins or grape concentrate gives a caramel-like odour

Woody aroma

Ageing wines in barrels can add a woody aroma

Climate

Annual patterns of temperature, sunlight and rainfall over several years (long term)

Describe the aromas in Chardonnay?

Apple, fig or melon

When are most vines replaced?

At 30-50 years old

How many species of grapevine are there

At least 60

Organics

Avoid use of synthetic chemicals

Romand God?

Bacchus

Aromas in bottled sparkling wines held on the yeast lees?

Biscuity and creamy

Aromas in Cabernet Sauvignon

Black currant, green olive, tomato stalk and mint

Aromas in Syrah

Black pepper, Blackberry

Trellis System 3 main groups

Bush-trained Vertical shoot positioning Big Vine

What does Malolactic fermentation add to aromas

Buttery and nutty aromas

What are the Red Varieties of wine?

Cabernet Savignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah (Shiraz) Tempranillo Grenache

What can too much sun do to a grape?

Can cause bitterness

White wine colour

Can range from lemon-green to brown

Dormancy (Annual Wine Cycle)

Cannes over-winter

Describe the aromas found in Sauvignon blanc?

Capsicum, fresh-cut asparagus, passion fruit and cat's pee

Bacteria and viruses

Cause systematic diseases

Mouldy off-odour

Caused by mould of grapes

What are the White Varieties of wine?

Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Riesling Chennin Blanc Pinot gris Gewürztraminer Viognier

Describe aromas in Pinot Noir?

Cherry, Raspbery, plum and herbal

Grape Variety considerations in vineyard management?

Choose a variety suitable for the environment. Any legal restrictions to which vines you can plant

Who invented Campagne

Christopher Merret

What does soil structure depend on

Clay content Calcium and Sodium content Organic matter Soil disturbance

Mesoclimate

Climate of a particular vineyard Differences due to elevation, slope, aspect or moderating factors

Macroclimate

Climate over small or larger areas

Microclimate

Climate within and immediately surrounding a plant canopy

What sensation/temperature is better for white or sparkling wines?

Cold

Physiological Ripeining

Colour changes skins, tannin development

Maritime climate means...

Cool summers and warm winters

When should the yield in the vine management be low

Cool, cloudy, low-nutrient sites

Trellising

Creating the permanent structure of the vine using stakes and wires present in a vineyard

Cuttings

Cuttings are taken from a healthy shoot, planted and start growing a new plant

Why is geology important?

Determines soil type/characteristics Determines climate

Greek God of harvest and winemaking?

Dionysus

When was Sauvignon Blanc first planted

During the 1970s

What do grapevines need glucose for?

Energy To build larger carbohydrates

Who invented the wine connoisseur

England

The Plantagenets

English Kings who controlled much of western France

Why do leaves not warm as much?

Evaporative cooling from transpiration

What can cause cloudiness in a wine?

Faulty winemaking, microbial spoilage, or ageing

What are Amphorae

Fermentation vessels in Rome

Which country has the largest wine production?

France

Noble Rot

Fungus in grapes

What colour do older red wines develop into?

Garnet or tawny

Which white wines show characteristics of linalool and other terpenes?

Gewurtztraminer, Muscat, Muller Thurgau and Riesling

Terroir: How do tool nights affect wine production?

Gives high acidities

Retsina

Greece. Wine with the addition of pine resin

Aperitiff wines

Have herbs and other flavours added. Vermouth (Italy), DuBonnet (France)

Terroir: How does rainfall affect wine production?

High rainfall can cause disease pressure

How does human intervention affect grape vine growth?

If there were no humans grape vines would ripen but not enough for winemaking

20th century technology

Improved vines: better rootstock, disease free vines, drip irrigation Advent of stainless steel allows improved sanitation Introduction of refrigeration means major quality increases and ever larger wineries Advances in education produces better trained winemakers

Slope

Incline of land. Preventing cool air from settling, resulting in enhanced ripening

What other options are available to the wine producer?

Integrated pest management Organics Biodynamics

What is the olfactory region?

It is a very small region located in the upper part of the nose used to detect odours

Sugar Ripening/ Verasion

Jan-Mar

Continental

Largest difference in continentality. Short dry summers, at risk from spring frost

Maritime

Low continentality. Rainfall evenly spaced throughout the year. Risk of rain during harvest period (Auckland)

Mediterranean

Low continentality. Warm dry summers, Low rainfall, risk of drought (Napa Valley)

How do Low temperatures affect CO2

Low temperatures hold CO2 better

Which country has the largest world wine consumption per capita?

Luxembourg

Conglomerate

Made up of pebble fragments greater than a few millimeters in diamter

Sand

Majority of particles between .05 and 2 mm

Which region does Sauvignon Blanc come from?

Marlborough

Loam

Mixture of clay silt and sand

Integrated pest management?

Monitor vineyards ad use chemical sprays only when neccesary

Sunlight

More light= more glucose

VSP

Most common system

Where are most vineyards located in latitude

Most vineyards are between 30 and 50 degrees north and south of the equator

Mouldy off-odour

Mould growth developed

Flowering, fruit set and fruit development

Nov-Dec

Classic approach

Objective, reasoned, or analytical Tasting blind

How much carbon dioxide is in sparkling wine?

Over 1 atmosphere of carbon dioxide

Treatment for pests and diseases

Phylloxera- no cure Nematodes-prevent them by sanitizing soil before planting Birds and mammals- netting, falcons Insects- sprays, traps

Growing environment...

Plants are sessile so the climate, soil and weather directly affect the yield and quality of the fruit produced

How do we measure canopy quality?

Point quadrat Berry Radial techniques Sun-Fleck assessment

Cluster thinning

Post fruit-set Remove less ripe clusters

Red wine temperature...?

Preferred warmer red wines for desirable odours and flavours

Why are vines sheathed with plastic sleeves

Protect from external damage

Name some Business considerations when choosing a proper site for vineyard management?

Proximity to utilities Availability of workforce Accessibility of machinery Finacnes

What colour can young red wines be?

Purple

What colours of wine are there?

Red White Rosé (pink, blush)

"Clones"

Refer to the different plants formed when you take a lot of cuttings and plant them because some will have natural mutaitons

Pruning

Removal of unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood in either winter or summer

Big Vine systems

Require a lot of permanent wood. Pergola system- grow crops underneath the vines or create walkways

Berry Ripening

Requires warmth, sunlight and mild water stress

What is the most desired colour of red wine?

Ruby Red

Salt taste in wine...

Salt is rare in wine (Sherry from Jerez)

Which New Zealand wine is most widely planted and exported

Sauvignon blanc

Soil

Sediment on the surface of the earth

Shoot and leaf development (Annual Wine Cycle)

Sept-March

Two different ways grape varieties can arise?

Sexual reproduction and Mutation

Weather

Short Term Annual variation that occurs relative to climactic average

Aspect

Slopes facing the equator receive the most heat. Aspect has greater effect at higher latitudes East facing slopes warm earlier in the morning

Oldest vine?

Slovenia. 400 years old

Hydrogen sulphide off-odour

Smell of rotten eggs

Earthy off-odour

Smells like soil

Why do red grapes tend to need warmer climates

So the tannins can ripen

Which country has the largest vineyard area?

Spain

Bud-burst (Annual Wine Cycle)

Spring (Sept-Oct)

Bush-Trained "Gobelet"

Spur pruned...

Major Changes in Wine production during the 19th century

Steam trains provide cheap transport to markets and reduces of local producers

Biodynamics

Subset of organic viticulture developed by Rudolf Steiner and Maria Thun Prepare homeopathic remedies to ward off and treat vineyard diseases and pests

corked off-odour

TCA produced by the reaction of mould with chlorine

Diurnal range

Temperature difference between day and night

Altitude

Temperature falls about .6 degrees Celsius per 100m

Where were the first grape vines planted in new Zealand and by whom?

The Bay of Islands by James Busby, Governor General

Inflorescences

The flowers and berries that are grouped in bunches of a grape vine

Canopy Microclimate

The microclimate is the climate within the canopy The density of the shoots within a canopy will determine the microclimate of that canopy

Shoots (Vine Anatomy)

The new green growth a vine produces each year

Training

The permanent wood and canes are trained to follow the trellising system

Phylloxera in France

The root louse appeared in the Rhone Valley in 1867 and quickly spread throughout France The only solution was to replant on resistant rootstock. The huge cost meant the vineyards ended up in the hands of the wealthy

Geology

The science dealing with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks

Vine balance

The state at which vegetative and reproductive growth lead to the most "balanced" vine

How to wines aged in barrels or bottles affect wine colour?

They eventually turn amber or brown

What do orange or brown tints mean for rose wines?

They usually indicate oxidation

How are grape varieties preserved?

Through vegetative propagation

Why is mulch used in grapevine planting?

To stop weed growth

Oldest commercial vineyard?

Turkey Flat in Barrossa

Which country has the largest world wine consumption?

USA

Umami

Umami can be found in some rich red wines

Tendril (Vine Anatomy)

Used by vines to grip supporting structures

Spur pruning

Used for vines of medium-high vigor and in warmer climates

Ways Vines can be obtained...

Vine nursery Cuttings bought from neighbor

The grape vine or Vitis genus is part of the....

Vitaceae family

When should the yield in the vine management be high?

Warm, sunny, high-nutrient sigtes

Proximity to water masses

Water absorbs and stores large quantities

Millerandage

When a bunch contains berries of different sizes and maturity levels

Coulure

When more flowers than normal fail to fertilise

Retronasal

When odours that come from the olfactory region can come through the mouth

What is wine?

Wine is the alcoholic beverage produced by the yeast fermentation of whole grapes or grape juice

Eleveur (French Winegrowing)

Wine sold to eleven. Sold the wine to negotiants

How do cool regions affect wine colour?

Wines made in cool regions are usually lighter and may be slightly green

How do warm regions affect wine colour?

Wines made in warmer regions are more golden

Who had an influence on the beginning of the modern wine industry

Yugolsavians as they planted vineyards during the late 1800s and early 1900s and brought viticultural knowledge

What affects the sour taste?

alcohol and sugar levels

How many years ago did the introduction of vegetative propagation alter the evolution of Vitis vinifera?

around 4000 years ago

Lactic (or sauerkruat) off-odour

bacterial off-odour which results from the growth of lactic acid bacteria

When do vine cells stop functioning

below 10 degrees celsius

Which taste varies dramatically from person to person

bitterness

What is the most common pruning method in New Zealand?

cane pruning

Stemmy off-odour

caused by stems getting into the fermentation of red grapes

Birds and mammals

damage and consume ripe grapes

Tertiary aromas

derived from ageing

Secondary aromas

derived from fermentation and production

Foreign and undesirable aromas

derived from many sources

Primary aromas

derived from the grape

Mercaptan off-odour

derived grom hydrogen sulphide but with a lower detection threshold

Fungi

diseases

Prickliness

due to dissolved carbon dioxide

Viscosisty/body/mouthfeel

due to ethanol content and sugar content. High acid makes a wine appear lighter

Subjective approach to wine tasting

emotional, intuitive, romantic "Label drinkers"

What can cause a reddish brown precipitate in wine?

excess copper or iron

What can cause Crystalline deposits in a wine?

excess potassium bitartrate

Insects and arachnids

feed on stems

What affects sweetness in wine?

glucose and fructose

Vigneron (French Winegrowing)

grew grapes and made wine for owner Kept half

Clay

less than .002mm

oxidized off-odour

loss of fruitiness and a rise of acetaldehyde cause by air exposion

Phylloxera

louse that attacks vine roots

How many grape varieties are there?

more than 5000 known varieties of Vitis vinefera

When did the cultivation of vines first occur

occurred between 6000-8000 years ago

Replacement cane pruning "guyot"

one or more canes retained

Where does this bitter taste originate from

originates from polyphenol compounds in grape skins and seeds

Sweetness of (Sweet or luscious) wine?

over 45 g/L sugar

Shoot thining

remove shoot congestion and remove sterile non-crop nodes

Canopy trimming

restrict vegetative growth

Acetic Acid off-odour

smell of vinegar and is derived from the action of acetic acid bacteria on the alcohol in wine

How does sweetness affect the acidity?

sweetness can reduce the apparent acidity

Continentality

temperature difference between summer and winter

Astrigency

the "puckery" feel from tannins derived from skins and oak

How is the sour taste of wine developed?

through titratable acidity and the pH

Leaf stripping

to ensure grape bunches get sunlight

Pruning

to maintain shape and the architecture of the canopy

Green off-odour

under-ripe grapes or leaves in fruit during processing

Sulfur dioxide

universally used in wine as an anti-microbial agent and anti-oxidant

Cordons

wood comprised of the trunk and arms of the vine that is used to store carbohydrate

Nematodes

worms that attack roots and transmit viruses


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