Winter Term Psych Quizzes
A therapist tells Kim that the emotions she is experiencing are harmless and that, while she should acknowledge these emotions, should patiently wait for them to pass. What type of therapist is Kim most likely visiting? a) Mindfulness b) Behavioral c) Psychoanalytic d) Cognitive
A
According to Hamilton's Rule, which group of relatives would you be most likely to sacrifice your life for to save from imminent disaster? A) Your Mother and 3 Aunts B) Your Grandmother, Uncle and Aunt C) Your Father, Grandmother, and Cousin D) 6 Cousins
A
After the 24-hour famine event, Adrian saw his opportunity to make up for all the missed meals and feast on the buffet. Right after finishing the meal, what was Adrian's glycogen level and what hormone was predominantly present? A) Low glycogen and CCK B) High glycogen and CCK C) High glycogen and NPY D) Low glycogen and NPY
A
Carl is participating in a study where he is presented with pairs of objects and asked whether they are the same or different. In one trial, Carl is presented with a yellow hat producing a retinal image of 10 mm. This object is paired with another yellow hat producing a retinal image of 10 mm, but is presented closer to Carl. What is Carl's most likely response and which perceptual constancy did he use? A) He is likely to say the objects are different sizes, using the size perceptual constancy. B) He is likely to say the objects are the same size, using the size perceptual constancy. C) He is likely to say the objects are the same size, using the shape perceptual constancy. D) He is likely to say the objects are different sizes, using the shape perceptual constancy.
A
Chris has trouble understanding certain words, but his motor skills for language production are intact. Which area of Chris' brain likely damaged? A) Left temporal lobe. B) Left frontal lobe. C) Right temporal lobe. D) Right frontal lobe.
A
If a human displays a fear response, which area of the brain is most likely to be activated? A) The amygdala B) The pons C) The medulla D) The tectum
A
If red and green cones were non-functional, how would general vision be affected? A) A person would not be able to process red, green, or yellow. B) A person would not be able to process red and green, but other colour perception remains intact. C) A person would not be able to process red, green, or blue. D) A person would not be able to process red, green, yellow, or blue.
A
Natasha has recently been feeling extremely sad and having thoughts of self-harm. She goes to school, water polo practice, and completes her homework like usual, though she constantly has these thoughts on her mind. Which of the four D's is Natasha experiencing? A) Distress, deviance, and danger B) Deviance, distress, and dysfunction C) Dysfunction, danger, and deviance D) Danger, distress, and dysfunction
A
On a recent trip through Cootes Paradise, you discover a new species of animal. While females are still responsible for bearing offspring, upon close examination you learn that, unlike humans, both the males and females of this species produce very few gametes throughout their lifetime. How might you expect this to affect their mating practices? A) Both males and females would be expected to spend a great deal of time courting before having intercourse. B) The males in this new species would be more selective than females when it comes to mate choice. C) The variance in the number of offspring an individual has should be greater in males than in females. D) Males would no longer succumb to genetic cuckoldry.
A
Scientists in the jungle have just discovered a new vertebrate species. This species has large, laterally directed eyes. Which of the following most accurately describes the environment of this species? A) This species likely lives in an environment with many predators that may easily blend in with the trees. B) This species likely lives in an environment with many prey opportunities that may easily blend in with the trees. C) This species likely lives in an environment with many predators that stand out from the trees. D) This species likely lives in an environment with many prey opportunities that stand out from the trees.
A
The cross-talk hypothesis is a mechanism for which of the following conditions? A) Synesthesia B) Autism Spectrum Disorder C) Dyslexia D) Depression
A
Which of the following perceptual constancies is correctly described? A) Location constancy perceives objects as stationary even though they change their location on our retina. B) Colour constancy perceives objects as the same colour even when the amplitude of light reaching the retina changes. C) Size constancy perceives objects as the same size even when our point of view changes the shape of the image on our retina. D) Brightness constancy perceives objects as the same brightness even through the frequency of the light reaching the retina changes.
A
What cues are used for auditory localization? A) A sound shadow provides cues that are primarily used in auditory localization for sounds that are father away. B) Since our ears are on different sides of our head, we are able to detect differences in purity as cues for auditory localization. C) Since our ears are on different sides of our head, we are able to detect differences in pitch as cues for auditory localization. D) A sound shadow provides cues that are primarily used in auditory localization for very close sounds.
A
What is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy? A) It attempts to trick the ego in order to access unconscious thoughts. B) It attempts to trick the id in order to access unconscious thoughts. C) It attempts to get at unconscious maladaptive thoughts before they become conscious or unattainable. D) It attempts to get at preconscious maladaptive thoughts before they become unconscious and unattainable.
A
What is the retiuclar formation responsible for? A) The ascending reticular formation is involved in motivation. B) The reticular formation helps support digestive processes. C) The reticular formation plays an important role in your unconcious experience of the world. D) The decending reticular formation is vital in supporting cardiac rhythm.
A
Which of the following accurately describes the visual abilities of infants? A) An infant as young as three months can process objects using the Gestalt principle of closure. B) Newborn infants tend to focus on the large, easily visible features of the body, such as the arms. C) Infants less than five months of age prefer to look at objects over faces. D) An infant as young as three months can distinguish between objects based on colour.
A
Which of the following best describes the use of perceptual constancies? A) Existing knowledge helps us to use perceptual constancies. B) Cues in a scene inhibit our ability to use perceptual constancies. C) Perceptual constancies allow us to perceive changes in objects. D) Perceptual constancies help the visual image on the retina stay the same.
A
Which of the following best exemplifies the role of glial cells and Nodes of Ranvier? A) The myelin sheath increases the speed with which an action potential travels, while the Nodes of Ranvier strengthen the signal as it travels. B) The myelin sheath strengthens the action potential as it jumps across it, replacing some of the charge lost at the Nodes of Ranvier. C) The myelin sheath slows down the speed of the action potential but keeps the signal from degrading when it passes through the Nodes of Ranvier. D) The myelin sheath that is present on the Nodes of Ranvier increases the speed with which an action potential travels along an axon.
A
Which of the following correctly describes a brain structure? A) The hippocampus contains a "spatial map", helping to navigate through the world. B) The thalamus regulates energy metabolism, which plays a role in the four F's. C) The amygdala becomes inactive during moments of intense emotion, helping to regulate intense emotion. D) The hypothalamus is refered to as the relay station to the cerebral cortex, helping with communcation.
A
Which of the following correctly matches the theory of object recognition with a criticism of that theory? A) Template matching theory has difficulty explaining the role of top-down processing in interpreting ambiguous stimuli. B) Template matching theory has difficulty representing many natural objects that have subtle variations in features. C) Recognition-by-components theory has difficulty accounting for recognizing the same object when viewed at different angles, known as view invariance. D) Recognition-by-components theory has difficulty explaining how partially covered objects can still be recognized.
A
Which of the following correctly outlines the secondary taste pathway? A) Taste receptors > main gustatory nerve > pons > amygdala or hypothalamus B) Taste receptors > secondary gustatory nerve > pons > hypothalamus or amygdala C) Taste receptors > pons > secondary gustatory nerve > amygdala > hypothalamus D) Taste receptors > pons > main gustatory nerve > amygdala > hypothalamus
A
Which of the following forms of therapy is most likely to focus on correcting automatic thoughts? A) Cognitive therapy B) Humanist/Client-centered therapy C) Behavioural therapy D) Systems-based therapy
A
Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the DSM-5? A) It results in subclinical cases of disorders being diagnosed more often than they should be. B) There is a high degree of comorbidity among many of its diagnoses. C) There is too much overlap between psychological disorders. D) It represents a categorical classification mode, implying discrete categories of normality and abnormality.
A
Which of the following is true of the four D's of psychological disorders? A) Dysfunctional behaviour includes refusing to bathe during a protest to save water. B) A person without distress is always psychologically healthy. C) Without all four D's present, a diagnosis is difficult to reach because of loose boundaries between the categories. D) Deviance refers to having thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that only fall below the standard norms.
A
Which of the following statements about the pituitary gland is most correct? A) Endocrine glands like the thyroid are regulated by the anterior pituitary. B) Anterior pituitary is an extension of the thalamus. C) Endocrine glands like the thyroid are regulated by the posterior pituitary. D) Posterior pituitary is an extension of the thalamus.
A
Which of the following statements about vision is most correct? A) The nasal region of the left retina sees almost the same visual scene as the temporal region of the right retina. B) The cornea and the iris account for over 97% of the eye's focusing ability. C) Simple cells in the primary visual cortex respond to the direction of movement of a line segment. D) Vision is the most studied sensory modality because over 50% of the brain is devoted to processing visual information.
A
Which of the following statements regarding neurogenesis is true? A) There are more neurons than brain nutrients at birth. B) Neural connections stop being pruned at birth. C) Radial glial cells are the last cells to develop. D) Only the central nervous system develops from founder cells.
A
Which statement is NOT true about the opponent process theory? A) This theory applies to the cones and onwards in the visual pathway. B) Each receptor can only be in one of the two possible states. C) The phenomenon of afterimages can be explained by this theory. D) There are three opponent pairs of receptors.
A
A liger is an animal that must be able to detect the high frequency calls emitted by its predators, as well as the low frequency calls emitted by its prey. Which of the following would best describe the structure of the liger's ear? A) Extra hair cells at the ends of the basilar membrane to increase detection of high and low frequencies. B) A long basilar membrane to allow for the detection of a wide range of frequencies. C) Smaller ossicles to better tune the high and low frequencies of sounds. D) A long ear canal to increase the amplification of sound frequencies.
B
According to the assigned article, Monkeys Hear Voices, which of the following is true? A) The "voice area" of macaques is found in a discrete region of the anterior parietal lobe. B) Macaque's "voice area" exhibits a functional lateralization to the right hemisphere. C) Neuroscientist Christopher Petkov used a MRI to compare the human brain and the macaque brain, looking for structural differences. D) Macaques have a brain area devoted to processing vocalizations identical to the vocalizations processed by A1 in humans.
B
Angela is examining the anatomy of the eye of a newly discovered species of fish. She notes that the eye contains all of the same features as those found in the human eye, except that it does not contain an iris and the eyes are laterally directed. Which of the following would this species most likely not be able to do? A) Detect and respond quickly to a predators approaching from a variety of different angles. B) Adapt to changes in incoming light to allow more or less light to hit the retina. C) Detect differences in colour of approaching predators. D) Change the focus on the image of an object depending on how close or far away it is.
B
Which of the following is not a function of the external ear? A) Strengthening the sound signal so the sound stimulus can be accurately processed. B) Sending the sound vibrations to the ossicles. C) Collecting different sound waves from the environment. D) Localizing where in space the sound stimulus is coming from.
D
Based on the evidence presented in the article "Addicted to Food?", what result is most likely for Jane who has experienced serious neuronal damage to the amygdala? A) She will eat uncontrollably because her executive control system can no longer inhibit her behaviour. B) She will eat considerably more because she will experience satiety atypically. C) She will eat considerably less, because she will no longer receive emotional satisfaction from food. D) This should not affect her eating habits because these behaviours are controlled by the hormone leptin that is secreted by fat cells.
B
Christy's thalamus was damaged in a car accident. Which of the following best describes how this damage would affect her perception of the chemical senses? A) Christy would be unable to perceive smell, as her brain can no longer relay olfactory information. B) Christy would still be able to perceive smell, due to the direct connection between olfactory receptors and the olfactory bulb. C) Christy would be able to perceive flavour, but would have an abnormal perception of hunger and satiety due to a disruption in NPY activity. D) Christy would be unable to perceive flavour, as her brain can no longer relay olfactory information.
B
Due to an aggressive brain tumor, Dr. Sheppard had to completely remove Marina's parietal lobe. As a result, what deficit can occur in the visual pathway? A) She will no longer be able to see things in colour. B) She can hear a fan rotating, but sees the fan as frozen still. C) Removal of the somatosensory cortex will have left her sense-less. D) Removal of her motor cortex has left her unable to move her eyes.
B
Following release from the hospital after being treated for schizophrenia, Tam returns to a family who is high in expressed emotion. Which of the following is the most likely prognosis for Tam? A) Tam will likely experience a family who is caring, loving, and considerate towards his diagnosis. B) Tam will likely relapse and once again experience symptoms of schizophrenia. C) Tam will likely blame his family for the disorder rather than seeing the effects of his diagnosis as being out of their control. D) Tam will likely experience a family who is free of critical comments, resentment, and over-protectiveness.
B
How can different types of processing influence perception? A) Using top-down processing, specific characteristics of a stimulus guide perception. B) Using bottom-up processing, features from the stimulus are compared to features in memory when processing objects. C) Using bottom-up processing, the entire stimulus is analyzed instead of specific features. D) Using top-down processing, our own expectations hinder perception.
B
If sodium-potassium pumps were removed, what would be the resulting effect on the action potential? A) Depolarization will occur faster B) Repolarization will occur slower C) Repolarization will occur faster D) Depolarization will occur slower
B
In Live Lecture, we reviewed an experiment measuring motor cortex activity, muscle contraction, and subjective response. What results from this experiment may suggest we do not have free will? A) Wrist flexion before the conscious intention to flex. B) Brain activity above baseline before conscious intention to flex. C) Subjective experience of wrist flexing before muscle contraction. D) Wrist flexion before peak brain activation.
B
In the context of psychological disorders, what does a prognosis refer to? A) The distribution of mental disorders in a given population. B) The expected course of events over time due to an illness. C) The percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period. D) The coexistence of two or more disorders at the same time.
B
Jane's parents both die in a plane crash. Which of the following behaviours is characteristic of ruminative coping? A) She continually asks herself "How can I overcome this terrible event?" B) She contiually tells herself "I can and will recover from this." C) She continually asks herself "Why wasn't I able to prevent it?" D) She continually asks herself "Who can I talk to about this?"
C
K+ and Cl- are added to one compartment of a container containing immobile negatively charged organic ions (A-). This compartment is attached to a second compartment through a tiny opening between them. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is correct? A) Eventually there will be an equal concentration of K+ and Cl- in each compartment as a result of balancing forces. B) Eventually there will be an unequal concentration of K+ and Cl- in each compartment as a result of balancing forces. C) Initially, diffusion will want to move the Cl- ions into the second compartment while electrostatic force keeps Cl- in the first compartment. D) Initially, diffusion and electrostatic pressure will act to keep K+ ions in the first compartment only.
B
Marcus is gets a powerful chilling sensation in his chest whenever he gets stressed. The sensation doesn't alarm him but it interferes with studying. Doctors could not identify any issues with his physical health. Which of the following conditions does Marcus most likely have? A) Somatic symptom disorder B) Conversion disorder C) Obsessive compulsive disorder D) Illness anxiety disorder
B
Scientists in the jungle have just discovered a new vertebrate species. This species has large, laterally directed eyes. Which of the following most accurately describes the environment of this species? A) This species likely lives in an environment with many predators that stand out from the trees. B) This species likely lives in an environment with many predators that may easily blend in with the trees. C) This species likely lives in an environment with many prey opportunities that may easily blend in with the trees. D) This species likely lives in an environment with many prey opportunities that stand out from the trees.
B
Snap and Crackle are monozygotic twins raised in different homes. When reunited as adults, they notice that one wears size 8 shoes while the other wears size 10. Which of the following best explains this scenario? A) Codominance. B) The Range of Reaction Principle. C) The Canalization Principle. D) Simple Dominant-Recessive Inheritance.
B
Suppose we are interested in asking if babies that are only a few minutes old prefer face-like stimuli over non-face-like stimuli. Imagine yourself as a researcher testing this idea. Which of the following would be the best way to do so? A) Present the newborn with a cartoon of a simple geometric smiley face alongside a cartoon of a simple geometric frowning face. Observe the newborn's response through a small hole in the centre of the stimulus card. Correct Response B) Present the newborn with a photograph of a face alongside a photograph of a face with inverted features. Observe the newborn's response through a small hole in the stimulus in the centre of the stimulus card. C) Present the newborn with a photograph of a face alongside a photograph of a house. Observe the newborn's response by holding the stimuli on a card below your chin so that your view is unobstructed. D) Present the newborn with an array of squares resembling eyes and a nose alongside an array of squares resembling eyes, nose and a mouth. Observe the newborn's reaction through a small hole in the centre of the stimulus card.
B
What would be the most likely result of faulty sodium-potassium pumps in a neuron? A) An increase in the duration of an action potential. B) An increase in the time between action potentials. C) Hyperpolarization of the neuron at rest. D) An increase in the amplitude of an action potential.
B
What would occur if ganglion cells in the fovea had a large receptive field containing multiple photoreceptors? A) In the dark, visual acquity would decrease B) In the light, visual acquity would decrease C) In the light, visual acquity would increase D) In the dark, visual acquity would increase
B
Which of the following best describes a component of Cluster C personality disorders? A) In an attempt to reduce anxiety, those afflicted engage in adaptive efforts including keeping a close group of friends with less chance of rejection B) Those with Cluster C personality disorders tend to be fearful of rejection and social disapproval C) Dependent personality disorder is characterized by a lack of needing to be taken care of by others D) Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder is when there are recurring thoughts that cause anxiety and only a certain repeated behaviour can reduce the anxiety
B
Which of the following best describes a major difference between inner and outer hair cells? A) Inner hair cells out number outer hair cells at a ratio of about 4:1, as they are more important in auditory processing. B) Outer hair cells synapse onto unmylenated hair cells, while inner hair cells synapse onto mylenated axons. C) Inner hair cells synapse onto unmylenated hair cells, while outer hair cells synapse onto mylenated axons. D) Outer hair cells out number inner hair cells at a ratio of about 4:1, as they are more important in auditory processing.
B
Which of the following best describes one of the differences between learning and maturation? A) Learning is influenced by the environment, while maturation is not. B) Learning usually leads to individual behaviours, while maturation usually leads to more universal behaviours. C) Learning is based solely on the environment, while maturation is based on an interaction between genetics and the environment. D) Learning requires maturation, but maturation does not require learning.
B
Which of the following best exemplifies dishabituation? A) The dramatic increase of heart rate to an excited level, such as 120 beats per minute, following prolonged exposure to a stimulus. B) The dramatic increase of heart rate to an excited level, such as 120 beats per minute, following the presentation of a novel stimulus. C) The return of heart rate to a resting level, such as 70 beats per minute, following prolonged exposure to a stimulus. D) The return of heart rate to a resting level, such as 70 beats per minute, following the presentation of a novel stimulus.
B
Which of the following individuals best demonstrates behavioural effects associated with hemispatial neglect? A) Adam, who has damage to his left parietal lobe. B) Alice, who only eats the food on the right side of her plate. C) Jen, who does not describe the left side of a scene despite shifting her gaze across the entire scene. D) Tony, who forgets to turn on his headlights because the switch for them is to the left of his steering wheel.
B
Which of the following is NOT a correct description for one of the stages of change? A) Not being willing to recognize the existence of a problem B) Resuming unhealthy behaviors following therapy. C) Actively avoiding stimuli that may re-induce maladaptive behaviors. D) Making deliberate attempts to change behavior
B
Which of the following is least likely to be a symptom of hippocampal damage? A) An inability to properly orient your location in the psychology building. B) An inability to differentiate between expressions of happiness and surprise. C) An inability to remember your best friend's phone number. D) An inability to describe your 16th birthday party.
B
Which of the following is the best conclusion from data presented in live lecture on the likelihood of agreeing to have sex with an attractive partner as a function of time known? A) Women are more likely than men to agree to have sex when time known is less than 1 month. B) Men are more likely than women to agree to have sex when time known is less than or equal to 2 years. C) Women are more likely than men to agree to have sex when time known is greater than 1 month. D) Men and women are equally likely to agree to have sex regardless of time known.
B
Which of the following is true of the function and layout of the temporal cortex? A) Neurons in the temporal cortex respond to much less complex stimuli to that of the primary cortex, as most of the processing is finished in V1. B) Though the temporal cortex is specifically organized, every object is not coded by a specific neuron. C) Neurons in the temporal cortex are organized in horizontal columns perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with five layers of neurons. D) Each of the five layers of neurons in a cortical column responds to different stimuli from different categories.
B
Which of the following is true regarding visual processing? A) All information received by the left eye is processed in the right hemisphere of the brain. B) The dorsal stream provides information about where an object is located including its movement and distance. C) The extrastriate cortex is all the visual processing areas located outside the occipital lobe. D) The first place that visual processing occurs is in the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
B
Which of the following statements correctly describes the hindbrain? A) The hindbrain is only found in advanced vertebrates. B) The hindbrain is evolutionarily one of the oldest parts of the brain. C) The hindbrain is rostral to the midbrain. D) The hindbrain consists of the medulla, pons, pituitary gland, and the cerebellum.
B
Why might someone perceive the colour blue when staring at a neutral surface after having stared at a yellow image for a prolonged period of time? A) An increase in blue channel ganglion cell firing to above baseline. B) A decrease in yellow channel ganglion cell firing to below baseline. C) An increase in blue retinal cone firing. D) A decrease in yellow retinal cone firing.
B
Jamie's therapist is trying to help her recognize illogical flaws in her thinking, with the goal of Jamie developing a skeptical attitude towards automatic thoughts. Which of the following types of therapy is Jamie's therapist using? A) Acceptance and commitment therapy B) Humanist/client-centered therapy C) Cognitive therapy D) Mindfulness-based approaches to therapy
C
Abhidi is an avid ice hockey player. Unfortunately, Abhidi was recently the target of a dangerous hit to the head and has suffered brain damage. The most striking of Abhidi's symptoms is the inability to visually track moving objects. Which of the following brain regions has Abhidi likely damaged? A) Somatosensory Cortex. B) Inferior Colliculus. C) Parietal Lobe. D) Temporal Lobe.
C
According to the adaptive hypothesis of depression, why might depression have been selected as an adaptation in evolutionary history? A) Depression downregulates analysis of trigger problems, which allows for increased social acceptance. B) Depression serves to facilitate increased reproductive activity thereby increasing the heritability of depressive disorders. C) Depression serves to facilitate social withdrawal, which allows for complex problem solving. D) Depression adjusts the balance of monoamine neurotransmitters in a manner that is similar to many prescribed medications.
C
Chuck experienced damage to his Superior Olivary complex. Which of the following deficits would you expect Chuck to experience? A) Difficulty identifying the elevation of sounds B) Difficulty identifying the source of sounds by pitch C) Difficulty locating sounds to the right or left D) Difficulty locating sounds directly in front or behind
C
Damage to which of the following areas results in "keyhole" vision? A) Extra-striate cortex B) Temporal lobe C) Primary visual cortex D) Optic tract
C
If we assume that appearance of a cow's colouring follows a simple co-dominance inheritance pattern from a single gene pair, which of the following is true of Lisa, a white and black spotted cow? A) If Lisa's mother is white and black and Lisa's father is black, she had a 3 in 4 chance of looking like her mother. B) If Lisa's parents were both white and black, she had a 100% chance of having the spotted phenotype. C) If Lisa's mother is white and Lisa's father is black, Lisa had a 100% chance of being a spotted cow. D) Lisa's parents must both be white and black spotted in order exhibit this phenotype.
C
In DeBruine's investment game, what was the expected behaviour of participants? A) Participants would be more trusting of players who appeared greedy, exhibiting prosocial behaviour. B) Participants would be less trusting of players who resembled themselves, exhibiting eusocial behaviour. C) Participants would be more trusting of players who resembled themselves, exhibiting prosocial behaviour. D) Participants would be less trusting of players who appeared greedy, exhibiting eusocial behaviour.
C
In Live Lecture, we discussed how music is common across cultures, evidence it may have evolved. Which of the following was not an evolutionary explanation for music proposed in lecture? A) Music is seen as attractive so music may be a way to woo or lure a mate. B) Making music increases behaviour that is cooperative and increases group cohesion. C) Music was a way to mimic mating calls of prey species for more effective hunting. D) Music sounds intimidating and so may have evolved as a threatening sign to scare enemies.
C
In live lecture, we discussed factors influencing eating behaviour beyond biological cues. Which of the following is NOT a correct description of a factor influencing eating as discussed in lecture? A) People typically eat at the same pace as those around them. B) Eating with other people makes an individual eat significantly more than when alone. C) People eat less when their attention is drawn to physical appearance. D) Bigger portion sizes influence people to eat more than they would with a smaller serving.
C
Julian's house is severely infested by two populations of termites. There are two queen termites that are unrelated to each other that create all the eggs for each colony. Which of the following is most likely true regarding the two populations of termites? A) Each individual termite would gather food for themself and not work as a group. B) The termite populations would work together to gather food and resources for the greater good of the group. C) There would be a high level of aggression between the termite populations. D) The termite populations would ignore each other and work for the greater good of their respective groups.
C
Karli's therapist has requested that she record a daily thought journal detailing how she interprets life events. Which of the following journal entries best exemplifies cognitive distortion of selective abstraction and catastrophising? A) On the way to her graduation party, Karli's limousine got a flat tire. Karli blamed herself, even though it was not her fault. Luckily, they were able to change the tire quickly, though that didn't cheer her up. B) At her graduation ceremony, all Karli could think about was the gum stuck to her shoe. Karli did not acknowledge that she had received a scholarship award. C) At her graduation party, Karli received an ugly sweater. Karli forgot about all the other wonderful gifts she had received and was upset her graduation was ruined by the ugly sweater. D) At her graduation ceremony, Karli was eager to win an award. Karli found out she had the highest grades in the class. It was not important to Karli who scored second highest.
C
Leigha has a tumour in her brain that causes her to show the same symptoms as split-brain patients. How will she perform when asked to identify a cube that has been presented to her right visual field? A) Leigha cannot identify the cube by name, but she can identify the cube by touch. B) Leigha cannot identify the cube by name, and she cannot identify the cube by touch. C) Leigha can identify the cube by name, but she cannot identify the cube by touch. D) Leigha can identify the cube by name, and she can identify the cube by touch.
C
Manny often takes much longer than his friends to feel satiated after eating a meal. Which of the following is most likely causing Manny's symptoms? A) A shortage of leptin being produced by Manny's adipose tissue. B) An excess amount of neuropeptide Y in Manny's hypothalamus. C) A shortage of cholecystokinin (CCK) in Manny's small intestines. D) An excess amount of insulin being produced by Manny's liver.
C
Natalie, a poor undergraduate student, recently went on a spontaneous trip to Vegas. Since she returned home, she has felt sad, unmotivated to do work, and had trouble sleeping. If any of her friends ask about her trip, she gets very upset. What diagnosis would you most likely give Natalie? A) Dysthymia B) Major Depressive Disorder C) Bipolar Disorder D) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
C
Researchers are investigating the role of the hypothalamus in hunger and satiety by blocking the receptors of all neuropeptides. Which of the following best describes how this disruption would affect the rats' perception of hunger and satiety? A) The rats would never feel satiated because the hypothalamus is unable to stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas. B) The rats would never feel hungry because the hypothalamus would be unable to indicate to the liver that glycogen stores are depleted. C) The rats may feel hungry less often because the hypothalamus would not have high levels of neuropeptide activity to stimulate appetite. D) The rats may not feel satiated as quickly as control rats because the hypothalamus is unable to indicate to the liver that glycogen stores are full.
C
Tam is staring intently at a school bus, attempting to determine what it is. Which of the following properly describes one of the theories of object recognition that Tam could use to identify the bus? A) Tam used bottom-up processing from her expectations to infer that the object was a school bus based on her standing at a school, waiting for a ride home. B) Tam recalled a prior experience in which she saw the exact same bus, and she is able to match the current bus to her prior experience using the prototype theory. C) Tam identified individually the rectangular body and the circular wheels as geons, and combined them in such a way to fit the mental image of a bus. D) Tam used top-down processing from the stimulus to infer that the bright yellow paint and the four wheels were signs that the vehicle was a school bus.
C
What colour would be produced when mixing yellow and blue in terms of subtractive colour mixing and additive colour mixing respectively? A) Green and Brown. B) Brown and Green. C) Green and Grey. D) Grey and Green.
C
What is a longitudinal research design, and what advantage does it have over a cross-sectional design? A) Different people are studied at the same age; there is less selective attrition. B) The same group is studied repeatedly throughout their life; there is less selective attrition. C) The same group is studied repeatedly throughout their life; it directly assesses individual developmental changes. D) Different people are studied at the same age; it produces greater practice effects.
C
Which of the following best describes a neural signal's pathway? A) Ganglion cells > Bipolar cells > Photoreceptors B) Retina > extrastriate cortex > primary visual cortex C) Photoreceptors > Thalamus > Extrastriate Cortex D) Cornea > Vitreous Humor > Retina
C
Which of the following best describes the difference between the complex and simple cells? A) Complex cells are found in the LGN and visual cortex, while simple cells are only found in the visual cortex. B) Complex cells can respond to both light bars and diffused light flashes, while simple cells can only respond to diffused light. C) Complex cells can be excited from numerous locations in the receptive field, while simple cells are more limited in the areas that can excite them. D) Complex cells have a larger receptive field than simple cells.
C
Which of the following best explains how the eye uses cumulative selection in evolution? A) Eye formation undergoes collective modifications that decrease the sophistication of the eye making it easier to use. B) Eye formation uses inputs from many different species to spontaneously form. C) The existing eye undergoes a modification and then new changes are made to the modified eye. D) The existing eye undergoes many collective modifications that occur in one step.
C
Which of the following is a major critique of psychoanalysis? A) Psychonanalysis focuses too much on current symptoms as opposed to the root causes of a psychological disorder. B) The sensitive nature of thoughts revealed by psychoanalysis contributes to an unhealthy relationship between the therapist and patient. C) Patients need to be reasonable and cooperative for the therapy to be successful. D) It is considered too mild and non-directed to be effective.
C
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? A) Flat affect B) Inappropriate affect C) Disorganized speech D) Poverty of speech
C
Which of the following regarding voltage-gated ion channels is correct? A) Voltage-gated potassium channels open when the membrane potential is near 0mV. B) Voltage-gated sodium channels open when the membrane potential is near 0mV. C) Voltage-gated sodium channels open when the membrane potential reaches the action potential threshold. D) Voltage-gated potassium channels open when the membrane potential reaches the action potential threshold.
C
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the nature of action potentials? A) Action potentials cannot occur when a neuron is experiencing its refractory period. B) Messages are encoded by the frequency at which action potentials are occuring in a neuron. C) Action potentials can have different strengths depending on how quickly threshold is reached. D) An action potential occurs if, and only if, the threshold voltage is reached.
C
Which of the following would result in the colour white? A) Additive mixing of red and green. B) Subtractive mixing of blue and yellow. C) Additive mixing of blue and yellow. D) Subtractive mixing of red and green.
C
Why does an ant, which belongs to the eusocial hymenoptera, exhibit more violent behaviour towards other ants when they are less related? A) A distantly-related ant is less likely to possess the same genes as the actor, resulting in low direct fitness. B) Aggressive behaviour decreases as the percentage of shared alleles decreases. C) A distantly-related ant is less likely to possess the same genes as the actor, resulting in low indirect fitness. D) According to Hamilton's rule, a smaller r value corresponds to more altruistic behaviour.
C
A hypothetical species has one ear on the front and one ear on the back of their head. Which of the follow sounds would be most difficult to localize? A) Sounds coming from a high elevation B) Sounds coming from a low elevation C) Sounds coming from directly in front or behind D) Sounds coming directly from the right or the left
D
After eating meals, Jennifer never feels satisfied. Which of the following disorders does she most likely have? A) Jennifer's OB genes are dysfunctional B) Leptin levels are too low C) NPY levels are too low D) CCK is not released following meals
D
Brijesh is the only male child in his family and has three sisters. He is the only person in his family with the disorder known as "blue-skin-itis". His mother is a carrier of the gene but his father is not. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A) Codominant inheritance B) Simple dominant-recessive inheritance C) Polygenetic inheritance D) Sex-linked inheritance
D
Elandra seeks help from her doctor for her chronic difficulties with her posture. Which area of the brain should the doctor focus on while trying to help Elandra? A) Cerebellum B) Medulla C) Superior colliculus D) Reticular formation
D
Glaucoma is a condition that causes damage to your eye's optic nerve. What results can occur in the visual pathway? A) Photoreceptors will no longer be able to receive their necessary nutrients to function. B) As the condition progresses, your blind spot will slowly start to disappear. C) You will no longer be able to accommodate the viewing of objects that are close to you versus those that are far. D) As the condition progresses, you will slowly start to lose your vision.
D
If the Nodes of Ranvier did not exist on the axon of a neuron, what would be the most likely consequence? A) There would be gaps in myelin cells that coat the axon of a neuron. B) Ion channel cascades would become more frequent. C) Saltatory conduction would continue to occur along the axon. D) The action potential would become weaker the farther it travelled along the axon.
D
In a population of prairie dogs, males establish nests to raise their offspring in that are nearby the one they themselves were raised in. On the other hand, females travel far away from the nest they were raised in to search for a male to mate with. Which of the following is most correct? A) Females who do not mate will most likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator. B) Females who mate will likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator. C) Females and males who do not mate are equally likely to make an alarm call upon the sight of a predator. D) Males who do not mate will likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator.
D
Which of the following is one of the major problems with the Trichromatic Theory? A) It could not explain why subjects reported seeing the colour yellow as a secondary colour. B) It did not explain subtractive colour mixing. C) It was developed from behavioural data. D) It could not explain how a primary colour mixed with its complementary colour would produce white.
D
In the live lecture, we discussed the evidence that was put forward for early childhood enrichment programs such as the First Three Years education movement. We found that: A) Toddlers who engage in these enrichment programs maintain the neurons that developed during their biological exuberance period. B) Toddlers who show high restraint on the marshmallow test are more likely to gain long-term benefits from enrichment programs than toddlers that show low restraint. C) Perceptual narrowing of phoneme sensitivity is prevented in toddlers who listen to classical music during their critical period. D) The emergence of enrichment programs was partially inspired by scientific research on critical periods in the development of vision.
D
Jordan went to his therapist because he was feeling a lot of distress. According to the psychotherapy model, what should the therapist do to try to uncover the real cause? A) Ask Jordan to explain how he interprets his daily experiences and look for flawed explanations. B) Ask Jordan about any negative thoughts he has and see how he is reacting to these thoughts. C) Ask Jordan about his life plans and how he thinks the people he loves feel about these plans. D) Ask Jordan to freely discuss his thoughts and experiences and look for topics that Jordan is finding hard to discuss.
D
Our genes determine how others behave around us. What type of correlation is this? A) An active genotype/environment correlation. B) A canalization correlation. C) A passive genotype/environment correlation. D) An evocative genotype/environment correlation.
D
The image of a bouncing red ball falls on the nasal half of the retina at the back of Pablo's right eye. Which visual field does this information correspond to and what stream processes the correct component of this information? A) Left visual field, with shape information processed by the dorsal stream. B) Left visual field, with bouncing information processed by the dorsal stream. C) Right visual field, with bouncing information processed by the ventral stream. D) Right visual field, with shape information processed by the ventral stream.
D
What property is characteristic of hair cells that transmit the neural signal to the brain? A) Synaptic connections with thin axons. B) Axons whose signal travels slowly to the brain. C) Synaptic connections with unmyelinated axons. D) Less convergence of their signal to the brain.
D
Which of the following best describes tonotopic organization? A) Sounds that are close to each other in loudness are processed next to each other. B) Sounds from neighbouring regions in the environment are processed next to each other. C) Sounds that fall on neighbouring areas on the eardrum are processed next to each other. D) Sounds with similar wavelengths are processed next to each other.
D
Which of the following best explains how Mel is able to slowly lift a glass of juice so he doesn't spill it? A) Afferent nerve fibers carry a high amplitude action potential to Mel's arm to allow him to slowly lift his glass. B) Efferent nerve fibers carry a low amplitude action potential to Mel's arm to allow him to slowly lift his glass. C) Afferent nerve fibers carry a very frequent series of action potentials to Mel's arm to allow him to slowly lift his glass. D) Efferent nerve fibers carry a less frequent series of action potentials to Mel's arm to allow him to slowly lift his glass.
D
Which of the following correctly explains the solution to the "problem" of altruism? A) All natural sightings of altruistic behaviour are actually examples of cooperation. B) Altruism cannot be explained, except for in the context of sexual selection. C) Altruism is simply not possible since all genes are selfish and are only concerned with direct fitness. D) Genes for altruism could be successful if they improved inclusive fitness or encouraged reciprocity.
D
Which of the following correctly outlines a path that light first takes as it travels through the eye? A) Pupil, Cornea, Lens B) Cornea, Lens, Pupil C) Photoreceptors, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells D) Ganglion Cells, Bipolar Cells, Photoreceptors
D
Which of the following is true regarding taste receptors? A) Taste receptors are responsible for converting a physical stimulus into a chemical stimulus. B) We have one type of taste receptor that differentiates between sweet, salty, bitter, and sour based on where the taste receptor is located on the tongue C) Taste receptors send taste and food texture information to the primary gustatory cortex. D) Taste receptors are unable to detect flavor, and instead recruit help from another sensory system.
D
Which of the following statements regarding leptin is most correct? A) Defective leptin signaling is the main cause of human obesity. B) Neuropeptide Y stimulates appetite by inhibiting leptin activity. C) It is impossible to be obese and have normal levels of leptin. D) The adaptive function of leptin was likely to indicate low energy stores.
D
While Loraine is waiting in line for lunch one day with a group of friends, the person ahead of them is frantically searching for her money and exclaims that she must have forgotten it at home. Even though Loraine will likely never see this person again, Loraine gives her money to pay for her lunch. What would be the most likely explanation for Loraine's kind gesture? A) Direct Reciprocity B) Phenotype Matching C) Cooperation D) Indirect Reciprocity
D
Why do many eusocial Hymenoptera help the colony but never reproduce? A) Inheritance B) Cooperation C) Direct fitness D) Inclusive fitness
D
You are a marketing executive working for BabyBots and have been given the task of selecting between the two final designs for the newest babysitter robot. Since the BabyBot spends a lot of time with babies, it is important to select the face babies like best. Which test would be best to make this determination? A) You place a pacifier in the baby's mouth, and show the baby one robot at a time. Then measuring the strength of the sucking each time you show babies the different robots, you can determine which robot is liked best. B) You hook up a baby to a special cap of electrodes to measure event related potentials when looking at different robots. You find that there is no change from the first robot to the second, so the first robot must be preferred. C) You present each robot one after the other. Once the baby has become habituated to the first one, you present the second robot. If the baby shows increased response to the second robot, the second robot is preferred. D) You present both robots at the same time, and measure the amount of time babies spend looking at each one. Whatever robot babies look at longest is the robot design babies prefer.
D
