Women Suffrage
Liquor Lobby was against Suffrage
Activated against WCTU farmers, bar owners, distillery, brewery, alcoholic product makers, cask makers etc etc etc Poured money in to defeat vote - like in Ohio
Teddy Roosevelt Suffrage
Adopted platform for women's suffrage in Bullmoose/Progressive Party
Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Ida B. Wells
After being denied a seat on a railroad car because she was black, she became the first African American to file a suit against such discrimination. As a journalist, she criticized Jim Crow laws, demanded that blacks have their voting rights restored and crusaded against lynching. In 1909, she helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Rosalie Garden Jones
Lead "Pilgrims " walk by foot to DC
Anna Howard Shaw Federal Amendment
Let federal amendment proposal fall to way side
First Generation of Suffragist
Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Lucy Stone, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Sarah Remond, Susan B. (Brownell) Anthony
Marchers Assaulted
Marched 4 blocks before rowdy onlookers broke through the cables. 5K women surrounded by 100k - and many of them were drunk. 100 marchers sent to hospital Police turned away and didn't help marchers
The New Women
New icon The new women is young in 20s, some college, can move (new fashion for women - unencumbered by so much clothes) spirit of curiosity and embracing future and sees possibilities for herself that her mother never had
Catt and PR Women's War Effort
Runs sophisticated PR outfit in NY and sent stories of women effort for war to news outlets around the country She likened women support and work for the war to military service and she used phrase "army of women"
Harriet Stanton Blatch
She and Alice Paul formed the National Women's Party to fight for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. During the war offered a view on why women should play a role in the wartime effort. In a variant of Wilson's theme of determining the postwar peace, women should play a role so that after the war, they will have an opportunity to gain power and rights. headed the Food Administration's Speakers' Bureau
Harriet Stanton Blatch and war
She knew that the dirty secret is that war is good for women. She said when men go to war women go to work
Inez Milholland
She led the Suffrage Parade in Washington, DC, draped in white robes and riding a huge white horse. In 1916, she went on a tour in the West, speaking for suffrage, despite suffering from pernicious anemia. Her last public words were, "Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?." Most beautiful suffragette dubbed by media
Alice Paul and the National Women's Party
She organized a large parade to maximize publicity for suffrage in DC Backdrop is that demonstrating wasn't apart of political activity that was normally done
Alice Paul refused to stop picketing
She picketed everyday. Harriet Stanford blatch and E. Pankhurst both recommended to stop Alice refused and cited Susan B Anthony who agreed to stop when civil war started and was not given vote in exchange
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Resolutions at Seneca Falls
She proposed 11 and 10 passed unanimously but one did not pass unanimously. Resolution 9- the right to vote
Alice Paul Education
She pursued an unusually high level of education for a woman of her time, graduating Swarthmore College in 1905. Master's in sociology in 1907, a PhD in economics in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania, and a law degree (LLB) from the Washington College of Law at American University in 1922.
Harriet Stanton Blatch in NYC Election of 1909
She researched that New York laws did not prohibit non-voters from serving as poll watchers and became credentialed as a poll worker. During NYC Election 1909, 53 year old Blatch by end of day had two drunken election officials forcibly removed by police Others followed her lead
Carrier Chapman Catt and Hermitage
She said recanvas and find out who is suceptible to bribes despite pledging to ratify. Pledgers began to reneg. By time senate passed it 25-4, the vote in TN House was postponed. Speaker Seth Walker double crosses them and vowed will take many TN house members with him. It seems they would fail by 2 votes
Ida B Wells and ballot
She said that taking the vote is to deprive black ppl of their only method of defense Vote was fundamental- if can't vote can't sit on jury and can't become a judge and can't use justicie system against lynching
Alice Paul and PR for Parade
She saw how to use media (photos in newspapers) to keep news and attention and build idea of it being something ppl are participating in to entice others to. She made buzz so great that journalists stopped by her office everyday for latest developments
Harriet Stanton Blatch - Second Generation Leader
She the first of the second generation of Suffragists. Daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton which gave her legitimacy and confidence, lived in England, was friends with Pankhurst, was one of the first classes at Vassar. She recognized that first generation suffragettes were only in home but her-second generation- the world has changed a little and women were moving out of home into the National stage
Ida B. Wells and understanding of lynching
She was born into slavery months before emancipation proclamation. A close friend of Wells was a victim of lynching First person to truly understand in a National way how lynchings were used as a tool for white supremacy and the perception was that it was brought on by actions even if the victim was not the same person - an incident compelled it. She understood after having close friends become victims that it was a tool of terrorism and white supremacy
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. July 19-20, 1848
Women opposed to suffrage
Social conservatives: this change was not good for society Religious conservatives: goes against the will of god These women were arguing from position of class and privilege - they could knock on door of judges or legislators- indirect influence serves us well, we don't need the vote. Believed that they were protecting women standing by opposing because women would lose something in the sordid world of politics
US reaction to Hunger Strikes
Us condemned the behavior of the women. US felt a superiority that "thank goodness our suffragist don't behave like that." Viewed England had backwards government so these women were forced to do behave like this but this wasn't true in US, women didn't have to that far
Mrs Nathan Meyer
Vehemently opposed to suffrage that she stopped speaking to her sister Maude an active suffragist
Equality League of Self-Supporting Women
Wage earning women Founded by Blatch because she believed women wage earners was the key to suffrage
Ida B Wells doesn't march
Was asked to march in rear and said if we do not take a stand then the colored women are lost She was not at the formation when parade started at 3pm
Ida B. Wells and the DC Suffrage Parade
Was discouraged from having a float in parade in DC
Frederick Douglass
Was first male champion of women's suffrage
Ratification Vote
Wed Aug 18. AFter 3 hours of debate, moved to vote on house floor. Harry Burn changed his mind - voted Aye which brought tally dead even. At last possible moment, Banks Turner stood to address the speaker and said that his vote was incorrectly listed as nay and he announced he wished to be recorded as aye.
US Society in time of Second Generation of Suffragists
women were moving out of home in to the National stage (1/5 of women were labor force - mostly immigrant unmarried women) because of US shifting towards an industrial society by 1900s. Women becoming educated, were delaying marriage and children to join progressive movements - gave rise to "the new women" iconography. New clothing
Congress votes for war
Jeannette Rankin among them
Emmeline Pankhurst
(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.
Richard Barry
(Blatch invited Pankhurst to gives lectures on eastern seaborne) Commissioned by Pearson's Monthly to investigate suffrage Took angle of women who opposed suffrage: like Grover Cleveland's first lady (sex roles assigned by higher intelligence) Mrs Gilbert Jones DIL of founder of NYT (advancement of women already done without the vote), Mrs Nathan Meyer founder of Barnard College (did not see reason for vote and doubted it would make a difference)) Argued that anti suffrage women were in equal number to suffragist -> meaning these suffragist were making spectacles for politicians to suffer through
Dec 1910 Election
4 states held referendum on suffrage Oklahoma, South Dakota, Oregon, Washington It failed by wide margins but Washington approved theirs 2:1 vote - makes seem possible- buoyed movement. Women were in local voting league, clubs, dues paying associations
Ratification
48 states in 1920. Therefore 36 states (¾) must ratify. Campaigned for 1 year and by mid June 1920, 35 states had ratified the amendment. & in the South- 7 states had rejected it (LA, MS, AL, GA, SC, VA, MD). 3 refused to consider it (FL, VT and CT). Left was NC and TN. NC was certain to not ratify.
19th Amendment (1920) Certified
8 days later after the TN vote on Aug 26th 1920, Sec State Bainbridge Colby certified 19th amendment to US Constitution enfranchised 26M women of voting age
1918 - Total Number of States with Women's Suffrage
21
Alice Paul bio
Born on January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, NJ. Died on July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, NJ. Buried at Westfield Friends Burial Grounds In Cinnaminson, NJ.
argument against a state by state passage vs National Amendment
Alice Paul saw how difficult was to pass via states- all male legislators must approve bill, bill to vote etc
Suffrage Leaders Start to Acquiesce to Southern Stymie/Stallmate of the Federal Amendment movement through Congress
Alice said publicly that she was organizing white women in the south to vote; Since Black men were not able to vote in the south, then Black women would not be able to vote NAACP issued formal resolution to condemn her remarks (complaint to them filed by Mary Church Terrell)
Anna Howard Shaw
Along with Carrie Chapman Catt, they led the National American Suffrage Association which grew from 13,000 members in 1893 to over 2 million in 1917., she led the women's suffrage movement in the United States, as well as a physician, and the first ordained Methodist minister in the United States; she was born in England
No Celebration - Continued Home to Campaign for Ratification
Amendment is 19th. Originally when written in 1870s, it was written to be the 16th amendment
Seneca Falls Convention summary
An early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence. *Leaders:* Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Alice Paul Joins WSPU Movement
As a grad student in University of Birmingham, she saw a flyer for C. Pankhurst lecture, knew of her from US news. At the lecture, she saw how hostile men were, shouted down C. Pankhurst, one threw dead mouse. The hostility of the men, students from the university, convinced Paul to join movement
Banks Turner
At last possible moment, Banks Turner stood to address the speaker and said that his vote was incorrectly listed as Nay. 30 year old farmer. He kept silent when roll was called and now he announced he wished to be recorded as aye.
Suffrage Movement slackened
Because of immigration/15th Amendment/White Supremacy- people became weary of giving people right to vote - "shrinking faith in democracy because immigrants shouldn't vote, not smart enough, etc" In Response to 15th Amendment- a movement to bar people (black men) from voting and then also prevent others like immigrants and women
Two Strategies Emerged
By 1870 when Black men were starting to cast ballots- a fraction believed should go through each states - because voter eligibility was more states issue Most believed in a federal amendment like Stanton and Anthony
Suffrage Leaders Hear the News of Ratification
Carrie Chapman Catt could hear the cheering from Hermitage hotel across the street and knew it had passed Alice Paul stitched the 36th star into her flag and waved the flag over banister while she is in DC
Hermitage Hotel is the HQ for Suffrage Fieldwork in TN
Carrie Chapman Catt is staying there. Supporters go and canvas for votes, obtain pledges. By their count- they had votes to win. The anti-ratification people also staying there and they open a speakeasy 24/7 and the lobby and bribe and threaten
First Task of Suffragist
Change attitudes that women voting was radical idea. Women was thought to be too emotional, volatile, not intelligent, domestics Change attitudes of Americans i.e. convince men. The concept of women voting was considered a joke
Temperance and White Supremacy
Did not want women to get political capitol to effect change - liquor laws- economy and didn't care about social ills If give women vote then fear escalating to give black men vote. White Supremacy part of underlying for anti-suffrage for women because it would effect progress for black ppl. Also it was unseemly to beat up black women if they tried to vote but okay to use physical brutality tactics against black men and didn't want to come up with new tactics
15th Amendment (1870)
Doesn't guarantee right to vote - it says you can't deny based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. So tatics is to start denying on other things i.e., if your grandfather was a slave
White and Black Women
Each group asking the other to concede rights for the other and therefore prevented both groups from coming together to fight for suffrage. By 1900 mainly white middle class women were in the National Association
Alice Paul's First Arrest
Emmeline Pankhurst leads march to Parliament steps. Suffragettes protests at steps of Parliament, police roughed up the women and when they were unable to drive women back, they arrested the 112 women (including A. Paul) Paul was arrested many times in England
Seneca Falls Convention Impact
First - prominent- National declaration that women are asking for rights and it is considered very radical
Jeanette Rankin
First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII. First of her sex to sponsor bill to Congress introduced the federal amendment
Alpha Suffrage Club of Chicago 1913
Formed by Wells
Wilson tried to avoid war
Germany keeps sinking US ships. Wilson campaign on avoiding war but finally cut diplomatic ties with Germany in early February 2017
Harry Burns and Tennessee's role in 19th Amendment
Harry Burn, 24 years old, youngest legislator, and represented a strenuously anti-suffrage district. His mother sent him a letter and a page delivered it that morning and admonished him for not voting for the amendment. He voted Aye which brought tally dead even until the rest of roll call.
Legislators Tactics to Delay Vote
It was made chaotic legislative session with procedural highjinks: purposeful clerical errors, resolutions to delay, maddening adjournments. Stalled the senate vote until friday and left legislators with nothing to do but hangout at the Hermitage
Woodrow Wilson welcoming party
He steps off train and crowd was sparse. Most ppl were at parade
" Suffrage Column" states with women suffrage
In new, Western states, Women's vote were considered an asset because population was sparse Wyoming joined union in 1890 with women fully enfranchised Colorado 1893 Idaho 1896 Utah 1896
Carrie Chapman Catt Dinner with Wilson
Officially was guest of Sec of Navy but POTUS was the host. Setting: for Catt many important referendums on docket like in NY for upcoming fall of 1917 and for Wilson was facing and preparing to break campaign Pledge to keep the US out of war. Unknown what the discussion was but it is clear that Less than 3 weeks later Nawa sent support to Wilson that if needed the 2M members would supprt Wilson and war effort (Catt knew the PR angle that American women can be trusted, patriotic, willing to step up to change public sentiment) She gets kicked out womens party, other pacifist shun her but she does makes deal with Wilson which she does because she feels like it will help gain support for federal amendment
Summer 1912
Ohio Failed. 58% voting against it, 2 days later, Wisconsin also failed same way. Michigan failed in November
Ohio Liquor Lobby
Ohio special election, Harriet Taylor Upton for state referendum on women's suffrage Amendment 23. It seemed likely to pass. Then a handbill started circulating that said if women got the vote that ohio would become a dry-prohibition state- charge that dogged suffragist because it rang true
The great demand
On the first float. Putting wilson on notice that women demanded action
hunger strike as a tactic
Paul's Third time in jail - Holloway Jail. Broke windows in jail declared themselves political prisoners And went on hunger strikes and no one wanted thought of a woman wasting away A way to get more media attentions They were forced fed- stick a rubber or glass tube down throat or through nose and poor mixture of eggs and milk
Carrie Chapman Catt
Pragmatic- said if we don't back the country then how can we expect the country to back us. She was a pacifist and had urged European easing of relations and disarmament
Elizabeth Cady Stanton at Seneca Falls Convention
Provocatively compared her status as a free married woman with children to slavery. She was 32 years old.
Alice Paul as a Quaker
Quakers believes that men and women are equal regardless of race, religion and sex. They educated men and women equally. In England, she realized that the world does not believe this and she had to do something about it.
Civil War and Black Men Enfranchisemenet /Women Suffrage
Republican Party said they could only support one radical reform. Schism between whose rights should be prioritized. Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (more "intelligent & capable portion of women first - Susan B Anthony) said woman over black men. Anthony said more polite racism but Stanton said "think of Sambo, who never read Declaration of Independence or Webster's Spelling Book- making laws for educated and refined women"
Alice Paul
Return to US in Jan 1910 from England, a minor celebrity
WSPU tactics
Started with mass demonstrations, standing on soapboxes on street corners (men traditionally only did this), interrupted politicians at political meetings (considered extremely rude) and were dragged out of the meetings. Tactics got them sent to prison- the goal was to get attention to force/draw politicians and people into movement.
WWI and suffrage
Suffrage leaders had to choose if they were going to back the US in war or keep criticizing and trying to get vote
Temperance Movement
Susan B Anthony was a leader This is about men's behavior, abuse of alcohol and beating of women by drunk men, money used by men to abuse alcohol and not for family The WCTU birthplace in Ohio
Northeast Federation of Colored Women's Clubs response to Suffrage sidelining race in Suffrage debate
The 6k members applied for membership in the National Association. Carrie Chapman Catt asked them to redraw. The president Elizabeth Carter said they will withdraw on condition that the National pledge to stand for the amendment as originally drawn without modification
Political Statemate Broken
The Democrat's loss during the midterm elections is what breaks the stalemate. This results in a Republican controlled Congress that passes the amendment as written 40 years before. It squeaked through Senate by 2 votes more than needed to pass
Alice Paul and the Suffrage Parade and Black women Marching in it
Understand that because of expediency to deprioritize racial issues Decides to ignore the issue. Doesn't encourage and doesn't prohibit participating in parade
Tennessee
The state was the last hope. TN, in the previous year voted to allow women to vote in the Presidential election - a bitter fight that split the Democratic Party. Governor Albert Roberts had refused to call special session to vote but Woodrow Wilson sent wire in late June to press Roberts to call special session so that the Democrats can take credit for its passage. Roberts called Wilson his "Moses" and compliantly set the date for August 9 Tennessee is border southern state and is a daunting place to have the final fight for suffrage
Northeast Federation of Colored Women's Club Disruption
They realize they need to keep race in conversation of suffrage therefore forcing leaders of the suffrage movement to confess their sins. It's a challenge and a disruption to organizations that have been poised to ignore Black Women
Southern Congressman Strategy to Prevent Suffrage
They wanted to prevent Black women from voting because they felt that Black women were more "aggressive" at voting and tried to limit any legislation to white women's suffrage only
Seneca Falls Convention
Took place in Upstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and some men discussed rights and conditions of women. They wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which included suffrage and brought issue of women right to vote to the national fore 300 people attended
Christabel Pankhurst
With her mother, Emmeline, set up WSPU. Was imprisoned for disrupting a Liberal Party meeting. Wanted women with property to have the vote With her mother, led the women's movement for suffrage in Great Britain. Suffragettes got a bill passed in 1928
Women Legal Status in US at time of Seneca Falls Convention
Women had no legal status, when married she was "absorbed" into her husband, her earnings if she worked was her husband's, if she dared to divorce- husband got custody of children, unable to sign a contract, universities were closed to them
California Suffrage Campaign
Women mounted campaign- chinese in Sf canvassed, latinas in la translated, black women in Oakland monitor polling place California approved in Oct 11, 1911 (sixth state) The campaign coalesced - successful efforts in to other states, dress in white, putting on sash and marching- more women joined efforts and thus reverberated to families and men forced to be part/see effects of suffrage movement
Women are critical to war effort
Women should be able to vote That was the PR message intended to hammer home
Suffragettes
a woman seeking the right to vote through organized protest. A derisive term coined by a British journalist - meant to ridicule and minimize them because they were so aggressive in his opinion.
WSPU - Women's Social and Political Union
a women-only political movement and leading militant organisation campaigning for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1917. group dedicated to draw attention to the cause of women's suffrage; advocated using violence if necessary
Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) and work against Lynching
achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade. part-owner of a newspaper, the Memphis Free Speech. In May 1892, in response to an article on a local lynching, a mob ransacked her offices and threatened her life if she did not leave town. Moving to Chicago, Wells continued to write about Southern lynchings. While investigating, she would go directly to the site of a killing, sometimes despite extreme danger. In 1895, she published The Red Record, the first documented statistical report on lynching. Wells was also a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She stands as one of America's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.
WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)
founded in 1874. Fought for laws at local and state level against/limiting the sale of alcohol. They were moderate reformers of temperance. Francis Willard led the union to organize 10,000 branches Women's organization founded to oppose alcohol consumption & that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S. Largest women's organization in the country And endorsed vote as a "weapon for home protection."
Alice Paul Blurb
leader of the National Woman's party, campaigned for Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority although most condemned her way of thinking.
Declaration of Sentiments
modeled after and used the language Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights, declared that all "people are created equal"; listed the injustices towards women and list of resolutions that women should be entitled as citizens
Lucy Burns
very good friends with Alice Paul with whom she founded the National Women's Party; Irish heritage
