women's health final

STIs that can be spread from mother to child at birth or during pregnancy include which of the following? Syphilis HIV Hepatitis B All of these are correct

All of these are correct

Lack of which of the following minerals or vitamins is a major contributor to osteoporosis?

Calcium

What did U.S. sodomy laws attempt to ban?

Certain sexual activities

(Select all that apply) Non-drug options for pain relief during labor include which of the following? Comfort measures Epidurals Meditation Breathing exercises

Comfort measures Meditation Breathing exercises

Which of the following conditions is associated with upper-body fat distribution?

Coronary artery disease

What is the most common prenatal infection?

Cytomegalovirus

Which of the following statements defines an induced abortion, as opposed to a spontaneous abortion?

Decision to terminate a pregnancy with a medical procedure

What is the study of patterns of health and disease in populations?

Epidemiology

True or False? A woman's virginity can be proved or disproved by the pain or bleeding that may occur with initial coitus.

False

True or False? Depression is a chronic disease that occurs almost exclusively during or after menopause.

False

True or false? About one-third of U.S. adults are overweight or obese.

False

Women older than the age of 65 years should obtain which type of screening annually?

High blood pressure

Which of the following is a consistent theme that provides sanctioned sexual privileges across cultures?

Marriage

Which of the following foods is a rich source of monounsaturated fat?

Olive oil

Which of the following statements is true?

STIs are a major cause of infertility in women.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are considered to be fertility awareness methods? The calendar method The withdrawal method The basal body temperature method The cervical mucus method

The calendar method The basal body temperature method The cervical mucus method

Which types of birth control prevent sperm from fertilizing an ovum after they have entered the reproductive tract?

The diaphragm and spermicides

What does the term medical abortion describe?

Abortion performed with pills

Which of the following statements about global abortion rates is true?

About 25 million unsafe abortions occur each year.

Cardiovascular endurance can be increased most effectively through which of the following?

Aerobic exercise

In the United States, women are most likely to be the sole income earners in:

African-American families.

Misconceptions, stigma, and discrimination in health care toward people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender can result in: missed disease. insensitive care from healthcare providers. unfair treatment. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Prenatal HIV transmission can occur: during pregnancy. during labor and delivery. via breastfeeding. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Sexual health includes which of the following facets of human interactions? Physical Psychological Social and cultural All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following descriptive terms is a sexual stereotype of women? Sensitive Undersexed Dependent All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following forms of contraception requires a visit to a healthcare provider for a physical exam, fitting, or prescription? Diaphragm IUD Cervical cap All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is true about the typical abortion seeker? Women living in poverty continue to be more likely than wealthy women to have abortions. More than half of women who seek abortions are in their 20s. Six in ten women who have abortions already have one child. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding comprehensive sex education programs has been found to be true? Teaching about contraception is not associated with increased risk of adolescent sexual activity. Adolescents who received comprehensive sex education had a lower risk of pregnancy than those who received abstinence-only education or no sex education. Many parents support comprehensive sex education programs in public schools. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following best describes bacterial vaginosis?

Bacterial overgrowth in the vagina that can be caused by a variety of organisms

Which of the following statements concerning bariatric surgery, or gastrointestinal surgery for the obese, is true?

Bariatric surgery permanently alters the digestive process.

Contraindications for the birth control pill include which of the following?

Being a smoker older than age 35 years

Which of the following actions is an example of secondary prevention?

Being screened for HIV/AIDS

__________ provide(s) a rough estimate of how close a person's weight is to a healthy range.

Body mass index

Which of the following statements is true?

Breastfed babies have fewer episodes of ear infections and diarrhea than formula-fed babies.

Which HHS agency conducts disease surveillance and prevention and keeps track of national health statistics?

CDC

During the U.S. Civil War, who led a national effort to organize a nursing corps to care for the war's wounded and sick?

Dorothea Dix

Which of the following actions is an example of primary prevention?

Eating a nutritious diet

True or False? From its beginning, the women's health movement embraced and advocated for women of all races and economic backgrounds.

False

True or False? Most Americans are able to easily find convenient, high-quality day care.

False

True or False? Rates of depression fall sharply for women older than the age of 65 years.

False

True or False? The "sticky floor" refers to practices that keep highly qualified women from reaching well-paying, leadership positions.

False

True or False? The most effective way to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases in populations is to ignore gender

False

True or False? The percentage of women who use a method of contraception during their first sexual intercourse experience has decreased since 1985.

False

True or False? Treatment of sexual dysfunction usually requires long-term psychiatric therapy or targeted medications.

False

True or False? Women are more likely to be injured on the job than men.

False

True or false? About 50% of people living with HIV are from the developing world.

False

True or false? About 67% of adult Americans consume recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables on a regular basis.

False

True or false? By age 30, roughly one out of every seven women is believed to have contracted an STI.

False

True or false? From its beginnings, the American feminist movement has been inclusive with respect to race, class, and sexual identity.

False

True or false? In order to consume enough calcium to meet nutrition recommendations, a woman needs to consume dairy products on a daily basis.

False

True or false? Most cases of unwanted weight gain can be traced to a lack of willpower on an individual's part.

False

True or false? Vitamins are a major source of energy for the body.

False

What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

False labor or contractions that occur during pregnancy

Which of the following nutrients is a macronutrient?

Fat

What are the two most popular forms of birth control in the United States?

Female sterilization and the birth control pill

If a couple has repeated difficulties conceiving a child, what is most likely to be the cause?

Fertility problems that are equally likely to be present in either partner

(Select all that apply) Which of the following practices are evidence-based birth practices promoted by the World Health Organization? Early induction of labor Freedom of movement for the laboring woman Continuous labor support Encouraging spontaneous pushing in non-supine positions

Freedom of movement for the laboring woman Continuous labor support Encouraging spontaneous pushing in non-supine positions

Both the USDA's and Harvard's healthy eating plates include which of the following?

Fruits and vegetables as major components of the diet

Which of the following statements is true about genetic disorders?

Genetic disorders are caused by a variation or mutation of a gene.

Which of the following STIs has become more difficult to treat because of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains?

Gonorrhea

__________ is the "good" cholesterol, and __________ is "bad" cholesterol.

HDL; LDL

Which of the following statements is true? Having one STI increases a person's risk for acquiring another one. Sexually transmitted infections were largely unknown until roughly 200 years ago. Doctors are required to report all cases of sexually transmitted infections to the federal government. All of these are correct.

Having one STI increases a person's risk for acquiring another one

Which of the following statements is true?

Herpes outbreaks usually diminish in intensity over time.

__________ is a sexually transmitted virus that can lead to cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus

Which of the following birth control methods typically have a low failure rate during "typical use"?

IUD and tubal sterilization

Which of the following is true about the feminist movement? It is an idea that has largely been ignored outside of the United States. Most female intellectuals dismiss feminism as outdated because women have achieved equality to men in virtually all arenas. From the beginning, it has embraced and given a voice to women from every race and background. It continues to evolve while pursuing the idea that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men.

It continues to evolve while pursuing the idea that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men.

Which of the following statements about the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is true?

It increased access to health insurance for about 6 million women from 2010 to 2019.

What did the NIH Revitalization Act do for women's health?

It required that women and minorities be included as subjects in all human research funded by NIH.

Which of the following statements concerning HPV is not true? Left untreated, most women with HPV will develop cervical cancer. Some strains of HPV are associated only with genital warts, others only with cervical dysplasia. Treatment of HPV focuses on removing symptoms, not eradicating the virus. HPV is biologically sexist in the way it affects men and women.

Left untreated, most women with HPV will develop cervical cancer.

Which of the following statements is true? The average weight of a Playboy centerfold has increased along with the weight of the average U.S. woman. More than half of female adolescents in the United States are trying to lose weight. Images of excessively thin women in the media generally act as a positive force, inspiring women to get into a healthy shape. Obese women are less likely than obese men to feel guilty about their weight.

More than half of female adolescents in the United States are trying to lose weight.

Which of the following statements is true? The average income for a woman with a high school diploma is higher than women without diplomas, but having a college degree does not substantially improve average income. More than one-fourth of families maintained by women live below the poverty line. About one-third of working women do not receive paid sick or family leave or childcare benefits. All of these are correct.

More than one-fourth of families maintained by women live below the poverty line.

Which of the following statements is true? Most Americans get more sodium than they need. People who are "salt sensitive" can be easily identified with a blood test. Sodium is a micronutrient. All of these are correct.

Most Americans get more sodium than they need.

Which organization conducts most federally funded medical research?

NIH

Which of the following applies to foods labeled as "all-natural"? They must be free of processing. They must be grown without pesticides or harmful chemicals. They must be produced in an eco-friendly manner. None of these is correct.

None of these is correct.

What informational tool can consumers use to compare the nutritional quality of various foods?

Nutrition facts label

Here is data for the hypothetical disease D, which lasts 3 days: Day 1: 1st case Day 2: 2 new cases Day 3: 4 new cases

On Day 3, the incidence is 4. On Day 2, the prevalence is 3.

Which of the following statements is true? Performing spot exercises, such as "crunches," are an effective way to reduce specific areas of fat. One should not experience muscle pain when exercising regularly. Overweight people should avoid exercising before meals because it increases appetite. All of these are correct.

One should not experience muscle pain when exercising regularly.

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits of physical activity is not true? Physical activity builds lean body weight. Physical activity increases the rate of bone loss. Physical activity improves mood. Physical activity reduces symptoms of anxiety.

Physical activity increases the rate of bone loss.

Which of the following statements about malnutrition is not true? Malnutrition can result from eating too much food as well as too little. The most severe consequences of malnutrition are often easily preventable. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) results when infants and children are unable to process protein they ingest. Anemia caused by a lack of iron affects almost one in four people around the world.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) results when infants and children are unable to process protein they ingest

Which of the following statements is true? Research from the completed Human Genome Project promises to significantly improve the public health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) oversee all government-sponsored women's health initiatives. Medical research has largely refuted the idea of biological differences between the sexes beyond the reproductive organs. All of these are correct.

Research from the completed Human Genome Project promises to significantly improve the public health.

People will generally only attempt things they believe they can accomplish and won't attempt things they believe they can't accomplish or will fail at. This summarizes the:

Self-Efficacy Theory

Kinsey's research found which of the following?

There exists a seven-point continuum that ranges from exclusive contact with and attraction to the other sex to varying degrees of "heterosexual" and "homosexual" orientation.

True or False? Family planning has allowed women to advance in society, while also resulting in healthier infants, women, and children.

True

True or False? On average, working disabled women make less money than women without disabilities.

True

True or false? Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are often referred to as the "bad cholesterol."

True

True or false? Many STIs can be spread through oral sex.

True

True or false? Pap screenings catch most cases of cervical dysplasia, but they require regular screenings and often produce false-positive results.

True

Which of the following statements about women and sex work is true?

Women facing intersecting forms of discrimination typically have fewer legal protections and are at greater risk.

Vitamin A deficiency in infants can be most easily and safely prevented by encouraging:

breastfeeding.

Eating a high-fiber diet may protect against

heart disease.

A person who is born with sex chromosomes, external genitalia, or internal reproductive organs that are not considered biologically "standard" as male or female is referred to as:

intersex.

In what year did the FDA approve the birth control pill?

1960

A person is generally considered obese if he or she has a BMI of:

30 or greater.

(Select all that apply) Social scientists have attempted to understand what is meant by the popular lay term natural childbirth. Which of the following items have been included as a social practice integral to natural childbirth? Activity during birth Preparation before birth Social support Breastfeeding

Activity during birth Preparation before birth Social support

Which of the following is a possible side effect of taking birth control pills? More-regular menstrual periods A reduced sex drive Clearing of acne All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements concerning the history of childbirth is true? In the United States and Europe, physicians began attending routine births for women at the start of the 20th century. Giving physicians control over childbirth took power away from women while providing no significant benefits in safety for mothers or their babies. As birthing became more medical and less routine in the early to mid-20th century, women and mothers were often shut out from learning about the experience. All of these are correct.

As birthing became more medical and less routine in the early to mid-20th century, women and mothers were often shut out from learning about the experience.

A contraceptive with a failure rate of 1% means which of the following?

One out of every 100 women using this method will become pregnant every year.

Which of the following minerals is not required by the human body? Magnesium Iodine Silicon Zinc

Silicon

Which of the following statements concerning swimming is true?

Swimming is less damaging to joints compared to most other forms of aerobic exercise.

Who first began using the phrase "me too" to describe the widespread, but often silent, nature of sexual assault and harassment in the United States?

Tarana Burke

True or false? Today, American adults eat about 300 calories more on average than they did 30 years ago.

True

In the United States, what is the most widely used abortion method?

Vacuum curettage

Used properly, latex condoms are __________ against HIV infection.

almost always effective

According to Roe v. Wade, each state:

cannot outlaw first trimester abortions.

The severity of herpes symptoms often vary dramatically:

for an individual as time goes by.

Fall-related injuries are of special concern to elderly women suffering from:

osteoporosis.

Eating __________ raises LDL levels and reduces HDL levels.

trans fats

In 2018, approximately 100,000 people died in a small country that had a total population of about 1 million people. During that year, the incidence of cancer in this country was 0.5% and the prevalence of heart disease was 3%. What was this country's approximate mortality rate for that year?

10%

About __________ of American high school students eat USDA-recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables each day.

13%

The U.S. Physical Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults get at least __________ minutes of moderate exercise per week.

150

What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote?

19th Amendment

In the United States, the highest percentage of working women is between the ages of:

35 and 44.

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

46 (23 from the mother, 23 from the father)

About what percentage of pregnancies in the United States are unintended?

50%

The USDA dietary guidelines recommend that most Americans get about __________ of their diet from fruits and vegetables.

50%

Women currently make up about what percentage of the current U.S. labor force?

57%

About __________ of Americans are overweight or obese, and about __________ are extremely obese.

67%; 5%

What percent of women in the workforce have young children?

70%

In the United States, women make about how many cents for every dollar earned by men working in similar positions?

81

In which year did the U.S. Supreme Court strike down a state law criminalizing birth control pills?

1965

At the end of the fourth month, what is the average size of a typical fetus?

5 to 6 inches long and weighs about 2 to 5 ounces

Which of the following statements is true? A primary cause of the U.S. obesity epidemic is the lack of spending on weight loss and gym equipment. The body's metabolism slows down to rest for a few hours after a workout. Alcohol, consumed in moderation, can improve the metabolism and promote weight loss. A person who replaces fat with muscle with exercise can appear thinner even if no weight is lost

A person who replaces fat with muscle with exercise can appear thinner even if no weight is lost

Which of the following conditions is an early sign or symptom of pregnancy?

A need to urinate frequently

(Select all that apply) Which of the following statements are true? Teenage girls tend to rely on their male partners for contraception during early sexual intercourse experiences. Female condoms are more common than male condoms among adolescent couples. Adolescent women who use contraception are most likely to use condoms. The average time period between an adolescent woman's first experience of sexual intercourse and a medical consultation is about 1 year.

Teenage girls tend to rely on their male partners for contraception during early sexual intercourse experiences. Adolescent women who use contraception are most likely to use condoms. The average time period between an adolescent woman's first experience of sexual intercourse and a medical consultation is about 1 year.

Which of the following statements is true? Most women will experience postpartum depression for several months after giving birth. Cytomegalovirus causes mild flulike symptoms in both adults and newborns. Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes are often underweight. The only real cure for preeclampsia is delivery.

The only real cure for preeclampsia is delivery.

The current HPV vaccine prevents infection from which of the following?

The seven most common strains that cause cervical cancer and other cancers and two strains that cause genital warts

Which of the following statements about muscle-strengthening activities is true? They need to be performed three times a week or more to be effective. They break muscle fibers and force the body to rebuild stronger muscles than before. They usually need specialized equipment to be performed effectively. All of these are correct.

They break muscle fibers and force the body to rebuild stronger muscles than before.

During World War II, many women entered the U.S. workforce. What happened to most of these women at the end of the war, when men returned from the front?

They usually had to leave their jobs and return to the home as men returned to the workforce.

Gloria Steinem, a feminist, writer, and activist who started the magazine Ms. in 1972, and was most active from the 1960s to the 1990s, would be best categorized as an example of which generation of feminism?

Third generation

What is the main objective of the Family and Medical Leave Act?

To provide unpaid medical leave for employees caring for a newborn baby, adopted child, or sick relative

What are the largest behavior-related causes of death in the United States?

Tobacco use, poor diet, and inactivity

Which of the following actions is an example of tertiary prevention?

Treating a terminally ill patient with painkillers

True or False? A woman's behavior can often determine whether she gets a chronic disease, as well as the chronic disease's course of infection.

True

True or False? About 60% of U.S. women older than 16 years are either currently employed or looking for work.

True

True or False? Children as young as age 3 can show signs of gender dysphoria.

True

True or False? During childbirth, the cervical canal stretches to 50 or more times its normal width.

True

True or False? Factors such as the hormonal variations caused by the menstrual cycle and the possible effects of a trial on a developing fetus can pose statistical and ethical challenges for clinical investigators.

True

True or False? Revisions to FDA policies in 1993 required drug studies to include women of childbearing age.

True

True or False? Spermicide works by preventing sperm from fertilizing the ovum.

True

True or False? Stress can result in the failure to menstruate.

True

True or False? Susan Wood was the top official in charge of women's health at the FDA.

True

True or False? The Bartholin's glands, located on each side of the vaginal opening, secrete a liquid that lubricates the vaginal tissues.

True

True or False? The external part of the clitoris has about the same number of nerve endings as the head of a penis.

True

True or False? The federal government's role in funding biomedical research is significant.

True

True or False? Women are more likely than men to develop carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive motion injuries.

True

True or False? Women who work in the healthcare setting may face hazards such as anaphylactic shock and needlestick injuries.

True

True or False? Women with college degrees earn more money than other women and are more likely to be employed.

True

True or false? Athletic amenorrhea, a condition brought on by excessive exercise, occurs when a woman stops menstruating.

True

True or false? Both the duration and the intensity of a physical activity affect its aerobic benefit.

True

True or false? Excessive dieting and preoccupation with body shape contribute to the development of eating disorders.

True

True or false? Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the two most common causes of PID.

True

True or false? HIV is a fragile virus that does not survive after prolonged exposure to the outside air.

True

True or false? Herpes is most likely to be spread when symptoms are present.

True

True or false? Processed foods are generally less nutritious than their natural equivalents from the same food group.

True

True or false? The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination (CEDAW) legally binds 165 UN member states to take steps to promote women's equality and to report on the steps they have taken.

True

Which of the following statements concerning HIV is true? Symptoms of HIV conform to a consistent, distinct pattern from person to person. HIV is a relatively durable virus and can survive for hours outside the human body. Unbroken human skin is an effective barrier against HIV infection. All of these are correct.

Unbroken human skin is an effective barrier against HIV infection.

Which of the following drinks is generally the healthiest option for women?

Water

Which group of women has faced the highest rates of unemployment?

Women aged 16 to 24

(Select all that apply) Which of the following statements are true? Women are more likely than men to work at low-paying jobs. The gender gap in earnings is lowest among women younger than 25. Female professors, on average, are paid less than male professors. Female nurses, on average, make slightly more than male nurses.

Women are more likely than men to work at low-paying jobs. The gender gap in earnings is lowest among women younger than 25. Female professors, on average, are paid less than male professors.

During which of the following wars did the type and number of jobs available to women increase dramatically?

World War II

A fetus that received the sex chromosomes XXY would develop into:

a baby boy at risk for learning disabilities.

Health promotion is:

any planned education, political, social, or other campaign to help a person or population improve or maintain health

By the end of the second stage of labor, the:

baby is born.

Women who breastfeed should: double their pre-pregnant caloric intake. consume a healthy diet and increase their consumption of calcium. engage in daily, high-impact aerobics. All of these are correct.

consume a healthy diet and increase their consumption of calcium.

An individual's subjective sense of being a male or female is his or her:

gender identity.

During their senior years, women should:

get regular exercise. have routine mammography as recommended by their healthcare provider. receive an annual vaccination to reduce the risk of influenza.

Assuming an equal number of risks, women are more likely than men to receive HIV from:

heterosexual contact.

Amniotic fluid:

protects the embryo/fetus from bumps.

The placenta:

serves as a conduit for the return of waste products back to the mother for disposal.

Nearly one out of every five employed women in the United States work as:

teachers, secretaries, managers, or cashiers.

If the prevalence of a disease in an area is high but the incidence is low:

the disease rate is probably stable.

Conception usually occurs in the:

upper third of the fallopian tube.

Feminism is the idea that:

women should have the same rights, opportunities, and privileges as men.

Which of the following actions is an example of primary prevention?

Quitting smoking to prevent lung disease