womens history final
What role does organized labor play for women workers today? While labor unions have declined in recent years, women's representation in organized labor has risen. Organized labor has helped increase hostility between American-born members and new immigrants. Organized labor has helped spur employer inflexibility and a hostile political climate. Organized labor has shunned working-class and immigrant women in its goals and membership.
While labor unions have declined in recent years, women's representation in organized labor has risen.
Why was challenging the gendered structure of the workplace a problem for women's unions? Women activists had long supported protective labor legislation. Most working women embraced the 1950s ideology that women were unfit for strenuous labor. Male resistance toward female skilled workers threatened the existence of female unions. White women resisted any legislation that would treat African American women as equals.
Women activists had long supported protective labor legislation.
What concerns were raised by women enlisting in the military during World War II? Women might grow tired of the harsh conditions and resign. Women could fall prey to sexual immorality and drunkenness. Women could lower the morale of men in the service. Women would lower the wages that male soldiers received.
Women could fall prey to sexual immorality and drunkenness.
How did homemaking become more complicated for women during the Great Depression? Women had a hard time finding domestic workers as many women flocked to the factories. Women had to contend with the increased burdens of pregnancies as families grew larger in these years. Women had to deal with the stress of blended families as couples increasingly divorced and remarried. Women had to deal with the presence of extended kin, as many families combined households.
Women had to deal with the stress of blended families as couples increasingly divorced and remarried.
How did the Social Security Act of 1935 reinforce women's inequality as wage workers? Women only received benefits after their husband died if they quit their paying jobs. The act only covered men working in the factories, not women. The act offered no coverage for workers in domestic and agricultural occupations. Dependent mothers only received funds for their children if they did not work.
Women only received benefits after their husband died if they quit their paying jobs.
What was significant about women's participation in the Community Service Organization in the Mexican American community? Women's participation was virtually nonexistent, a reflection of macho attitudes and ideas. Women were about half the organization's membership and much of its clerical support. Women's participation brought Helen Chávez to organizational leadership. Women were limited to child care and coffee making when local groups met.
Women were about half the organization's membership and much of its clerical support.
How did American housewives' lives change in the 1920s? Many women divorced their husbands because they were attracted to the glamorous life of a "flapper." After the war, Americans returned to conservative notions of male authority in the family. Women were expected to be better consumers, provide cleaner homes, and raise healthier children. Middle-class families increased in size, burdening women with more maternal responsibilities.
Women were expected to be better consumers, provide cleaner homes, and raise healthier children.
What also ended with the end of World War II? The male-centered ideal of the family wage Women's brief venture into well-paid industrial labor The brief wartime rise in the birthrate Race-based employment practices
Women's brief venture into well-paid industrial labor
What was the main connection among the antiwar, civil rights, and feminist movements? Women's leadership in the civil war and antiwar movements gave them confidence to launch a women's movement. Women's frustration with their exclusion from leadership in the other movements led them to insist on equality and liberation. Men in the other movements repeatedly urged women to push for equal rights. Black women were among the earliest feminist leaders and pushed their white peers toward a woman-focused movement.
Women's frustration with their exclusion from leadership in the other movements led them to insist on equality and liberation.
In what way were women the backbone of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? The Montgomery Improvement Association, which led the boycott, was predominately a women's organization. Women, more than men, depended on public transportation to travel to their jobs. African American men disapproved of Rosa Parks's confrontational approach. Women were put in the forefront because white men were less likely to attack them.
Women, more than men, depended on public transportation to travel to their jobs.
One fundamental contradiction of the mission of the President's Commission on the Status of Women was between advancing women's careers and preserving their traditional roles. forwarding women's rights without helping minority women. promoting women's rights and maintaining their marginal status. promoting women's educational and career goals.
advancing women's careers and preserving their traditional roles.
Sandra Day O'Connor was significant because she was the first woman Speaker of the House. major party candidate for vice president. appointed to the Supreme Court. to serve as secretary of state.
appointed to the Supreme Court.
Beyond union organizing and participation, twenty-first-century working women have also taken advantage of new opportunities that afford them equal pay in all job sectors. increasingly left the job market to pursue unpaid opportunities. been part of numerous class action suits to demonstrate a pattern of job segregation. rejected affirmative action because it is inherently discriminatory.
been part of numerous class action suits to demonstrate a pattern of job segregation.
Social reformers Julia Lathrop and Frances Perkins opposed the ERA because they feared it would set back women's advancement in teaching and nursing. preferred a more gradual and calculated entrance into the political arena. were staunch supporters of states' rights and opposed a national amendment. believed it would damage protective labor laws for women.
believed it would damage protective labor laws for women.
Why did support for reform movements diminish after World War I? The war resulted in new international organizations to manage conflict and promote global prosperity. The positive effects of Prohibition convinced many Americans that no new reforms were needed. The Red Scare cast suspicion on all liberal reform initiatives as suspect and dangerous. Probusiness Democrats controlled both the White House and Congress and opposed federal regulation.
he Red Scare cast suspicion on all liberal reform initiatives as suspect and dangerous..
Dorothea Lange's photograph, "Migrant Mother," became an icon of the Depression decade because it demonstrated how hard-working farmers weathered the economic downturn. illustrated the suffering of families caught up in the nation's economic collapse. highlighted the energy of participants in the migrant workers' union activities. illustrated the activism and political action of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
illustrated the suffering of families caught up in the nation's economic collapse.
How were the WASPs (Women Airforce Service Pilots) different from the other women's military agencies? WASP was the only female agency that was segregated. Women were allowed to serve only as nurses and clerks in this agency. The first black female pilot in the U.S. military was a WASP. WASPs performed high-status male jobs such as serving as test pilots.
WASPs performed high-status male jobs such as serving as test pilots.
The first national political event at which the women's liberation movement made its appearance was a 1970 rally in support of the Equal Rights Amendment. 1965 gathering of Black Panther Party members. 1968 antiwar demonstration in the nation's capital. 1973 pro-choice rally in New York City.
1968 antiwar demonstration in the nation's capital.
What was the 1956 movement known as Operation Coffee Cup? A series of meetings in the homes of housewives who promoted the Equal Rights Amendment A series of lectures by female union leaders encouraging stay-at-home mothers to join the workforce A series of small social gatherings in private homes where Republican women could meet local candidates A series of demonstrations led by African American mothers demanding better schools in black neighborhoods
A series of small social gatherings in private homes where Republican women could meet local candidates
What was NOW hoping to bring attention to when it held the National Women's Strike for Equality? Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sexism of the Miss America contest Abortion rights Rights of migrant workers
Abortion rights
What did Native American female activists bring to the feminist movement? The fight for welfare rights A demand for ethnic diversity An emphasis on spirituality The challenging of ethnic stereotypes
An emphasis on spirituality
What was the main effect of the Moynihan Report on the dawning feminist movement? Black men and women both opposed the conclusion that female-headed households in the black community were "pathological." Black and white feminists were brought closer together to work for better employment opportunities for black men. Many black women were driven into the Black Muslim movement as a protest against black men's promiscuity and irresponsibility. Black women were forced by the recommendation to put federally supported child care at the top of their policy reform lists.
Black men and women both opposed the conclusion that female-headed households in the black community were "pathological."
How did the feminist movement change higher education? The inclusion of women in traditionally male sports Broadening academic disciplines that had marginalized or ignored women The availability of the "morning after" pill in campus clinics The increase in women who attended women's colleges
Broadening academic disciplines that had marginalized or ignored women
What radical action supposedly took place at a protest of the Miss America Pageant in 1968? Wearing old-fashioned bathing suits Picketing network television Burning bras Throwing paint on furs
Burning bras
What aspect of society did Alfred Kinsey's report expose, shocking many in post-World War II America? Racial discrimination in northern factories Changes in sexual behavior among women and men Communists serving high positions within the government Rise of juvenile delinquency among children of working mothers
Changes in sexual behavior among women and men
What type of revolutionary change did the women's liberation movement seek? Cultural transformation of American society Legal justice for women Passage of the Equal Rights Amendment Election of the nation's first female president
Cultural transformation of American society
What was one effective tool used by the anti-abortionists to cut down the number of abortions in the United States? Pamphlets left in public places like hospital parking lots and outside supermarkets Visits to public high schools to give talks on the consequences of early sexual activity Demonstrations and violence against abortion clinics and medical providers Passage of a constitutional amendment banning abortion
Demonstrations and violence against abortion clinics and medical providers
For what problem did Casey Hayden and Mary King criticize SNCC in their discussion paper? Moving too slowly to end segregation in the South Allowing white students to participate in Freedom Summer Denying women equal participation in decision making Failing to fight violence with violence
Denying women equal participation in decision making
What was historically ironic about women's labor in the 1950s? Household incomes went up dramatically while an increasing percentage of women stayed home. Despite the emphasis on domesticity, increasing numbers of married women and mothers entered the workforce. White women worked in increasing numbers while African American increasingly stayed home with their children. American women secured increasing numbers of prestigious jobs while their college graduation rates fell.
Despite the emphasis on domesticity, increasing numbers of married women and mothers entered the workforce.
Why did American women as a whole not get ahead financially in the 1970s despite concerted campaigns and legislative gains? Economic changes in the 1970s brought hard times to many Americans. Married women left the workplace in response to cultural pressures. Workplace discrimination meant that women stayed clustered in low-paying jobs. High competition among baby boomers for jobs kept wages low.
Economic changes in the 1970s brought hard times to many Americans.
How did World War II impact the lives of Mexican women in the United States? Employers stopped asking for proof of legalization because they needed all the workers they could find. Authorities considered Mexican immigrants a security risk and typically deported them. They were banned from factory work, forcing them to take low-paying migrant farm work. They faced discrimination and hostility in the factories, so they preferred to work as domestic servants.
Employers stopped asking for proof of legalization because they needed all the workers they could find.
What change was Eleanor Holmes Norton responsible for as head of the EEOC? Adoption of an affirmative action program by the Nixon administration An end to economic discrimination based on marital status A successful legal challenge to sex-segregated labor in the airline industry Establishment of guidelines against sexual harassment in the workplace
Establishment of guidelines against sexual harassment in the workplace
What recommendation made by the President's Commission on the Status of Women benefited poor black and Chicana women? Endorsement of the Equal Rights Amendment Expansion of the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act Promotion of women's education and job training Improvement of maternity benefits for working women
Expansion of the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act
What was Betty Friedan referring to when she wrote about "the problem that has no name" in The Feminine Mystique? Women's growing sexual frustration in the wake of the baby boom Sharply declining rates of female college attendance following World War II Female disillusionment with societal restrictions and traditional roles American society's refusal to acknowledge domestic abuse
Female disillusionment with societal restrictions and traditional roles
What was consciousness-raising? Small groups dedicated to encouraging women to become political leaders Groups of women who shared their experiences in order to understand female subordination and alienation Women who began to live in women-only households Lesbians who encouraged each other to publicize their sexual orientation
Groups of women who shared their experiences in order to understand female subordination and alienation
How did the Cold War affect ideas about American women's domestic roles? It undermined respect for homemakers. It promoted a revised cult of domesticity. It encouraged women to join the military. It boosted women's sexual freedom.
It promoted a revised cult of domesticity.
How did the new immigrants of the late twentieth century differ from those in the late nineteenth century? Most came from the formerly communist Eastern European countries. Women made up the majority of illegal immigrants flooding the borders. Half of them came from Latin America. Fewer Asians immigrated due to the boom in the Asian economy.
Half of them came from Latin America.
What was President Obama's record on support of women in government? He only appointed one woman, Hillary Clinton, to a cabinet position. He appointed a significant number of women to high-level positions, including his cabinet and the Supreme Court. He appointed a few women to high positions in his administration but never named a woman to his cabinet. He often overlooked talented women, such as Condoleezza Rice, for male party leaders such as Joe Biden.
He appointed a significant number of women to high-level positions, including his cabinet and the Supreme Court.
What was Sarah Palin's appeal to voters as John McCain's running mate? Palin's long political record as governor of Alaska Palin's diplomatic experience and strong grasp of foreign policy Her "soccer mom" image and support for so-called traditional family values Her experience serving in previous Republican presidential administrations
Her "soccer mom" image and support for so-called traditional family values
Who was the first woman to seriously challenge the political glass ceiling in her attempt to win her party's presidential nomination? Geraldine Ferraro Hillary Clinton Sarah Palin Nancy Pelosi
Hillary Clinton
What was the single way in which President George W. Bush's policies allied themselves with a feminist ideology? Bush's opposition to a constitutional amendment banning abortion His willingness to fund family planning through United Nations channels Bush's endorsement of his daughter for state office in Texas His appointments of women to high-ranking positions within his administration
His appointments of women to high-ranking positions within his administration
How did the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) reflect existing assumptions about women's subordinate role in the workforce? It outlawed hiring women for industrial jobs. It allowed women to be paid lower wages than men. It only allowed women to be hired for a limited time. It only allowed male unions to strike for better wages and hours.
It allowed women to be paid lower wages than men.
Why did the U.S. Department of Labor encourage the employment of women in the 1950s? Government leaders believed that women's small hands made them ideal for operating computers. Because of casualties in World War II, there were not enough men to fill the growing number of industrial jobs. It believed the nation needed "womanpower" to maintain prosperity and compete with the Soviet Union. It was concerned that more and more American families were slipping below the poverty line.
It believed the nation needed "womanpower" to maintain prosperity and compete with the Soviet Union.
What impact did the recruitment of white students have on Freedom Summer? It created tension within the movement between white and black women. It created new leadership positions for women as white women played major roles. It lessened the violence as southern whites refrained from hurting other whites. It helped bring national attention to and support for the movement.
It created tension within the movement between white and black women.
What effect did the counterculture of the 1960s have on sexual liberation? It encouraged women to attend college before they considered marriage. It encouraged experimentation with new living arrangements in communes. It created a maternalist bent to the ideology of sexual liberation. It restored abstinence to a place of honor among young people.
It encouraged experimentation with new living arrangements in communes.
How did the civil rights movement help revive the feminist movement? The Civil Rights Act of 1961 left out the word "gender," which angered women. White and black women bonded due to the sexism within the civil rights movement. It gave middle-class women exposure to female activist role models, like Ella Baker. Women were inspired by the militancy of the Black Power movement.
It gave middle-class women exposure to female activist role models, like Ella Baker.
How did anti-immigration sentiment affect immigrant women and children? It led to stricter immigration laws that denied single mothers the right to enter the country. It triggered a federal law that denied legal immigrants access to federal welfare programs for five years. It instigated a court ruling that upheld California's right to deny immigrant children access to public schools. It led to several state laws that denied citizenship to American-born children of illegal immigrants.
It triggered a federal law that denied legal immigrants access to federal welfare programs for five years.
How did World War II affect the lives of Chinese women in America? Jobs in the defense industry offered significant economic improvements over the work they had traditionally done. Chinese women found themselves facing the same persecution and discrimination that Japanese women endured. Many Chinese women left the United States to return to China and help in the war effort against Japan. Chinese woman endured closer scrutiny and were often asked to produce proof of legal status.
Jobs in the defense industry offered significant economic improvements over the work they had traditionally done.
What did the organization Daughters of Bilitis defend? Voting rights Civil rights Lesbian rights Immigrant rights
Lesbian rights
What role did founders of the National Organization for Women (NOW) expect the organization to serve? Mass membership support organization Lobbying and litigating group Consciousness-raising group A new political party
Lobbying and litigating group
Why did more women serve in local government rather than on the national level during the 1920s? The pay was better on the local level than on the national level. Men felt women's inferior education made them unfit to solve national issues. Many local positions were nonpartisan and seemed more appropriate for women. Women did not have to run against men for these jobs because they were appointed.
Many local positions were nonpartisan and seemed more appropriate for women.
How did Anita Hill's accusations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas on national television in 1991 affect American society? Future presidents were hesitant to appoint African Americans to high office. There was a backlash against women who lodged sexual harassment complaints. Many more women reported sexual harassment on the job. Women's power and assertiveness in electoral politics diminished.
Many more women reported sexual harassment on the job
What significant changes took place to childbearing and childrearing in the late twentieth century? Middle-class women increased the number of children they were having. The ratio of women in their mid-forties who were childless declined. The number of unmarried teenage mothers was increasing. More women were likely to have children without marrying.
More women were likely to have children without marrying.
What was the job market like for African American women after World War I? African American women who had migrated north retained their high-paying factory jobs. Most African American women were engaged in farm work and domestic service. After losing wartime factory jobs, many African American women became teachers. With the war over, many African American women entered the high-status occupation of clerical work.
Most African American women were engaged in farm work and domestic service.
In his best-selling childrearing book Baby and Child Care (1946), what did Dr. Benjamin Spock state about motherhood? Mothers should enroll in childrearing classes to improve their parenting skills. Mothers and fathers were equally responsible for childrearing responsibilities. Mothers needed sexual satisfaction in marriage to be effective parents. Mothers should focus on childrearing rather than careers outside the home.
Mothers should focus on childrearing rather than careers outside the home.
What movement was Phyllis Schlafly instrumental in launching? The anti-immigrant movement New Right antifeminism The Congressional Committee on Women's Issues The New Left pro-abortion movement
New Right antifeminism
What did many young lesbians feel was the root of discrimination against lesbians? Oppression of women by the patriarchy Sexism within the media Lack of support from the women's liberation movement Hostility toward women by gay men
Oppression of women by the patriarchy
What was behind Rosa Parks's decision to challenge segregation on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus? The encouragement of her husband, an important civil rights worker Weeks of planning by the local NAACP chapter to stage the confrontation Parks's background as a civil rights activist for fifteen years The encouragement of President Eisenhower, who despised segregation
Parks's background as a civil rights activist for fifteen years
How did some white women respond to the employment of African American women in the defense industries? In a show of solidarity, they demanded that African American workers be paid equal wages. Feeling that they were no longer needed, some white women quit work and returned to their homes. Reflecting a desire to keep race boundaries, some women went on strike demanding segregation in the workplace. Angry that black workers had skilled jobs, they petitioned Congress to change the practice.
Reflecting a desire to keep race boundaries, some women went on strike demanding segregation in the workplace.
What were the two issues from the 1970s that carried the impact of feminism to the center of national politics and created the great controversy? Reproductive rights and the ERA Violence against women and women's safety issues Equality in the workplace and affordable day care Sexual harassment and equitable working conditions and wages
Reproductive rights and the ERA
What did the Supreme Court rule in the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)? Plessy v. Ferguson should be upheld. States could enforce "separate but equal" as they wished. Segregated schools were unconstitutional. Linda Brown had the right to teach white students.
Segregated schools were unconstitutional.
What role did First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt play in the New Deal? She publicized her husband's disability in an effort to create public recognition of disability rights issues. She promoted birth control for poor Americans who could not afford large families in times of economic stress. She pushed the president to pay more attention to the problems of African Americans and women. She served as a role model for the average housewife by remaining out of politics and concentrating on domestic life.
She pushed the president to pay more attention to the problems of African Americans and women.
What development was a factor that contributed to Americans' postwar prosperity? The GI Bill, which aided families in securing education and starting businesses Weak unions, which allowed businesses to rapidly expand The creation of new markets for American goods in Eastern Europe Racial integration, which increased prosperity for African Americans
The GI Bill, which aided families in securing education and starting businesses
What mass protest led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)? The Greensboro sit-in The Montgomery bus boycott The Freedom Rides Freedom Summer
The Greensboro sit-in
What two groups came together in a new movement during the late 1970s and early 1980s to contest the gains of feminism and oppose the ERA? The Republican Party and conservative Christians The organized labor movement and the Old Right Stay-at-home wealthy women and poor immigrant women Aspiring female politicians and young Republican
The Republican Party and conservative Christians
What did the popularity of television's Mary Tyler Moore Show in the 1970s reflect? The popular acceptance of abortion in American society The belief held by most Americans that single women can't be whole without a man The irony that a fictional woman executive had to be solely a figure of ridicule The appeal of the show to younger females with career goals
The appeal of the show to younger females with career goals
What significant development occurred during Freedom Summer of 1964? The capitulation of long-standing southern resistance to black voting rights The protection of civil rights workers by the U.S. Justice Department The decline of national attention to civil rights issues A high degree of deadly violence against civil rights workers
The capitulation of long-standing southern resistance to black voting rights
What is one theory of why feminism underwent a reneweal in the 1990s? Older feminists returned to the movement after their children went to school. The conservative political climate inspired young women to fight for their rights. Feminists were inspired to build on the victory of Roe v. Wade. Passage of the ERA encouraged feminists to fight for new rights.
The conservative political climate inspired young women to fight for their rights.
In addition to male employment rates, what other rate dropped during the Great Depression? High school graduation rates for girls Enlistment in the military The fertility rate Desertion rates of husbands
The fertility rate
How did the Red Scare after World War II spill over into private life? Veterans received government-subsidized college tuition only if they signed loyalty oaths. The FBI was authorized to wiretap home telephones without court authorization to search for radicals. The government funded cartoon programs to show the United States as stronger and more moral than the Soviet Union. The hunt for subversives targeted people with nonconformist sexual lives, particularly suspected homosexuals.
The hunt for subversives targeted people with nonconformist sexual lives, particularly suspected homosexuals.
What is one explanation for the steep decline in the marriage rate in the late twentieth century? The high tax rate on middle-class married couples A relatively low number of single men compared to single women The increasing ability of women to support themselves economically The reduction in mixed-faith marriages
The increasing ability of women to support themselves economically
What does Zoe Baird's withdrawal from consideration for the position of attorney general in 1993 illustrate? The problems professional women face in securing reliable child care The temptations of poor women to seek revenge on the wealthy families that hire them The lingering double standard despite women's advances in the workplace Women's unwillingness to use their professional educations to serve the wider public
The lingering double standard despite women's advances in the workplace
What criticism was made of Chicana feminists by Chicano men? They encouraged Chicano men's machismo. They were too closely allied to white feminists and Anglo ideas. Their self-sufficiency led to an increase in single-parent households. They were too tied to Latin culture to accept equality between the sexes.
They were too closely allied to white feminists and Anglo ideas.
What were the "slave markets" in New York City and other large cities during the 1930s? The street corners on which unemployed men gathered in hopes of being hired for day labor The red-light districts in most large cities where men could find prostitutes The street corners where black women would stand waiting for white women to hire them The alleys in most slums where children were abandoned by poor parents
The street corners where black women would stand waiting for white women to hire them
What was one of African American women's most distinctive contributions to women's activism? The strengthening of women's labor leadership The struggle for women's welfare rights The fight for lesbian rights The integration of men into the movement
The struggle for women's welfare rights
Whose rights did the anti-abortion activists build their campaign around? The parents of pregnant teenage girls The unmarried pregnant woman The husband of the pregnant woman The unborn child or fetus
The unborn child or fetus
Which of the following is an accurate explanation for the continued disparity between men's and women's incomes? The vast majority of women continue to work in female-dominated occupations. Women prefer to stay home and raise the children. Women continue to be reluctant to join unions. Men outnumber women in higher education.
The vast majority of women continue to work in female-dominated occupations.
What did the surge of popular magazine articles about "marriage contracts" in the 1970s illustrate? The growing place of women in the profession of law The willingness of popular magazines to ridicule new ideas The willingness of the mainstream to accept changes to customs The greater likelihood of white women over black women to support radical change
The willingness of the mainstream to accept changes to customs
What did women liberationists discuss during "speak-outs"? Discrimination they experienced in higher education Examples of sexual harassment in the workplace The burden of unwanted pregnancies Their experiences as rape victims
Their experiences as rape victims
How did the women of the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) exemplify 1950s labor activism? They attempted to break down sex-typing of jobs in their industry. The women purged their union of Communist sympathizers. The women limited their actions to petitioning for day care. They challenged racial discrimination in their industry.
They challenged racial discrimination in their industry.
Why did some new female activists reject the term "feminism"? They viewed it as too old-fashioned and circumscribed. Many thought it was too radical of a term. New activists felt it was too tainted with the failures of the past. The term alienated too many middle-class women.
They viewed it as too old-fashioned and circumscribed.
How were black nurses treated differently than white nurses during World War II? They were not allowed to travel overseas. They were often assigned menial, not skilled, tasks. They were prohibited from serving in the army until 1944. They were always assigned to the night shift.
They were often assigned menial, not skilled, tasks.
Why did SDS women begin to meet separately from SDS men? They were tired of male ministers occupying the leadership positions. SDS cast women's role as mothers of a new generation and not as political actors. Many were uncomfortable with SDS's adoption of the New Left ideology. Many SDS men were hostile to women's issues and concerns.
They were tired of male ministers occupying the leadership positions.
What two major realities did 1950s American culture try to balance? Unprecedented prosperity and a feeling of insecurity Communist subversion and military inferiority Growing religious skepticism and sexual inhibition Shrinking industrial capacity and decreasing family size
Unprecedented prosperity and a feeling of insecurity
Why did Esther Peterson and the Women's Bureau initially oppose amending the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include women? The language of the amendment did not include the term "gender." They were from the South and supported Jim Crow laws. They worried that the legislation would undermine state protections of women. They were responding to political pressure from President Johnson.
They worried that the legislation would undermine state protections of women.
Women's military service during World War II was restricted and highly regulated largely because of cultural anxieties about servicewomen sacrificing their femininity. concern that too many women in the military would damage the workforce. women's inability to master the physical requirements of military service. private pressure from the women's families to limit their role.
cultural anxieties about servicewomen sacrificing their femininity.
The Black Power movement inspired women's liberation with its success at mobilizing the intellectual elite. success with nonviolent protests. interpretation of women as mothers rather than political actors. emphasis on self-determination rather than integration.
emphasis on self-determination rather than integration.
The main impact of the Nineteenth Amendment on women's activism of the 1920s was to bring women together to pursue additional successes. expose the class, race, age, and ideological differences among women. shift activists' focus from public issues to quality-of-life issues. push the women's movement toward increased liberalism.
expose the class, race, age, and ideological differences among women.
When considering single motherhood, second-wave feminism failed most significantly in the movement for publicly funded child care. to establish equal pay for equal work. to end Aid for Families with Dependent Children. to provide health benefits for single mothers.
for publicly funded child care.
One major change to American families in the late twentieth century was a(n) decrease in the divorce rate. drop in the number of women who never married. increase in the number of women committed to lifelong marriage. increasing acceptability of lesbianism and gay families.
increasing acceptability of lesbianism and gay families.
The number of women entering the workforce in the last third of the twentieth century rose in the context of the gradual equalizing of American family incomes. increasing disparity between rich and poor. ability of single-income families to thrive if that income was the man's. rising incomes of African American and Hispanic families.
increasing disparity between rich and poor.
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act changed single mothers' lives by limiting to five years the time that poor women could receive welfare. offering subsidies to single, poor women to help pay for child care. stating that small businesses did not need to offer benefits to their hourly workers. helping raise many single working women out of poverty.
limiting to five years the time that poor women could receive welfare.
Sociologists writing in the 1930s, assessing the psychological effects of the Depression, gave the impression that women were hardest hit because they faced increased discrimination in the workplace. children were hardest hit because their families could no longer clothe or feed them. men were hardest hit because they were traditionally the chief family wage earner. the Depression actually helped women because it placed higher value on their work.
men were hardest hit because they were traditionally the chief family wage earner.
One of the major challenges confronting second-wave feminism was creating a new egalitarian economic model for American society. mission statement that did not radically threaten the status quo. more inclusive, diverse women's freedom movement. list of legislative priorities to build concrete progress.
more inclusive, diverse women's freedom movement.
In the 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states have the right to restrict marriage to one man and one woman. the Court has no role in the same-sex marriage debate. while same-sex marriage is legal under the Constitution, federal benefits would not extend to same-sex couples. no state could deny a same-sex couple the right to marry.
no state could deny a same-sex couple the right to marry.
Black women fought persistent discrimination in the defense industries by pressuring the National War Labor Board to issue and enforce antidiscrimination regulations. organizing a march against U.S. Employment Services offices. demanding that President Roosevelt enforce the same guidelines in the defense industry that existed in the armed forces. orchestrating a letter campaign to Eleanor Roosevelt asking for her personal attention to their situation.
organizing a march against U.S. Employment Services offices.
Women served as "bridge leaders" in the civil rights movement by being spokeswomen to white organizations for their own local civil rights groups. making connections between government agencies and civil rights groups. working temporarily in leadership when men were taking part in demonstrations. organizing communities to take particular actions in support of civil rights.
organizing communities to take particular actions in support of civil rights.
Since its ruling in Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court has consistently upheld a woman's right to choose without equivocation. ruled in favor of state laws limiting access to abortion but has not overturned Roe v. Wade. ruled against access to abortion in a way that has effectively overturned Roe v. Wade. refused to hear any court cases concerning abortion since its ruling in Roe v. Wade.
ruled in favor of state laws limiting access to abortion but has not overturned Roe v. Wade.
The feminist argument that "the personal is political" meant that the power inequities women faced in society could be found in the personal struggles of women in leadership positions. social roles taught in schools and higher education. feminization of personal weakness. smallest details of daily life.
smallest details of daily life.
Women Strike for Peace (WSP) came into the public spotlight on November 1, 1961 when it picketed the White House against American involvement in the Vietnam War. staged demonstrations in forty communities protesting the nuclear arms race. held a sit-in in Birmingham, Alabama, protesting racial violence in the South. organized peace marches in ten major cities protesting violence against women.
staged demonstrations in forty communities protesting the nuclear arms race.
In terms of their sexual lives, American wives of the 1920s experienced change in the increasing availability and respectability of reliable birth control. the repression of their sexuality by husbands threatened by the "flapper" image. a return to more conservative notions of male authority. a new freedom from housekeeping and childrearing due to modern conveniences.
the increasing availability and respectability of reliable birth control.
Japanese American internment during World War II led to the erosion of many traditional religious beliefs. anti-Asian sentiment among American citizens. the strong patriarchal authority of the Japanese household. women's traditional rights in Japanese culture.
the strong patriarchal authority of the Japanese household.
Ecofeminism contends that the subjugation of women and the subjugation of nature are connected. women's natural role is to procreate. women alone can solve the planet's ecological problems. the earth's resources are equitably distributed.
the subjugation of women and the subjugation of nature are connected.
Although Rosie the Riveter succeeded in breaking down sex-segregated labor patterns, the press instead chose to emphasize that these women acknowledged that men did their jobs better. only unmarried women filled these hard labor jobs. most of these women were women of color. these women had maintained their femininity.
these women had maintained their femininity.
When we look at the emergence of the flapper, was the alteration of the appearance of women a feminist statement or did it reflect traditional gender roles? How did flapper's impact women's roles in a public way after World War I?
typical flapper: Short, bobbed hair - Wore make-up, shorter skirts and bright clothes - Flattened chests - Smoked and drank - Danced Charleston - Had jobs, cars and motorbikes Flappers, as they were called in the US, were young women in the 1920's who wore short skirts, bobbed hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted a lot which back then was considered unacceptable behavior. Feminist statement: They were rebelling against the Victorian womanhood. Rejected the idea that women had to uphold society's morals. impact womens role: Some say that World War I was the reason because women became more respected due to the role they had played in the war. Consumerism during this period also played a part in changing the domestic life of a woman. Other say that society was finally coming around to the idea that women could be independent. Another reason for these many changes is the emergence of the Flapper. A flapper was a woman who defied the standards - wore short skirts, cut her hair to a short bob, wore makeup, and smoked in public. These were all very new ideas and flappers inspired many women to become more "modern". Many of the ads during this time period were aimed at women because women were usually the ones out shopping for their families. Consumerism also helped women along because the new electric appliances made chores and daily work take a lot less time, so women had the chance to go out and live more exciting lives.
Ella Baker believed that she could never have a permanent leadership position in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) because she lacked a college education. supported the Equal Rights Amendment. was a woman and not a minister. had questioned Martin Luther King's leadership.
was a woman and not a minister.
The question that often arose during the Democratic presidential primary race between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton was whether Americans were ready to elect a woman to the presidency. thought Barack Obama was too young for the presidency. found Hillary Clinton too conservative for the times. would ever elect a presidential candidate who had not served as a gove
were ready to elect a woman to the presidency.
In Roe v. Wade (1973), the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional all state laws making abortion a crime. ended widespread sterilization of minority women. used the Fourteenth Amendment to protect women from discrimination. widened the legal loophole that allowed doctors to perform abortions.
widened the legal loophole that allowed doctors to perform abortions.
The 1932 National Economy Act helped set a trend of firing or not hiring women whose husbands already had jobs. African American women. immigrants who were not naturalized. teens who might take jobs from older adults.
women whose husbands already had jobs.
During World War II, women became the objects of a massive propaganda campaign to urge them to serve as nurses and doctors in the military. return to their homes to care for their families. buy only domestically produced goods. work in the defense industry and other sectors of the economy.
work in the defense industry and other sectors of the economy.
