Women's Rights- APUSH
Carrie Chapman Catt
(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. -NAWSA leader, decided to repudiate her own pacifism and throw her organization into patriotic war work- helped make more pro-war people turn to support suffrage, decided NAWSA would pursue state campaigns as way to acquire power in Washington to change constitution- 50-state-plus-federal strategy that would adjust campaigns in each state to local conditions
Intersectionality (3rd wave)
-the 1st and 2nd waves of feminism focused on white middle class women -intersectionalisty gave voice to women of color and different classes of women -said people of other races and classes had different experiences with women's rights t recognizes that women come from different struggles whether it be race, sexuality, socioeconomic status, etc. and creates a reality where these backgrounds will not be erased and can work together to create an all-inclusive feminism to combat social, economic, and legal issues by means of grass roots activism, legal activism, and other forms of protests without using a particular group to claim "inclusivity." It is basically how these different groups have shared struggles even though their experiences may be very different and how they can use the differences and the similarities to bond together and fight for what they believe in.
Impact of WWII on women
many in army 5M in workforce out of house
Sexual Revolution of the 1960's
marketing of birth control made possible what "free lovers" had long demanded-the separation of sex from procreation; central to the "second wave" of feminism
Impacts of WWI for women
turning point in them getting the vote: they helped a lot in the war and they worked so people began to feel they deserved the right to vote -women were allowed to vote, earn wages, and feel a sense of financial independence -war did help the cause for suffrage because since they worked in the wartime industries, it convinced many that it was wrong to deny them the vote
Gloria Steinem (Ms. Magazine)
-An American journalist, who became the spokeswoman for the woman's liberation movement in the 1960s. She was the co founder of Ms. Magazine, which is an American feminist magazine. It was the first magazine to describe the issue of domestic violence. -Ms. is an American liberal feminist magazine co-founded by second-wave feminist and sociopolitical activist Gloria Steinem. The magazine was seen as a voice for women by women, a voice that had been hidden from and left out of mainstream media. Ms. Magazine's first publication as an independent issue included articles about women who had experience with abortions, promoting the removal of sexist wording from the English language, and literature focused on helping women realize they could stand up for themselves against social norms.
Silent Sentinels (1917)
women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal -part of NWP led by Alice Paul
Republican Motherhood (1790s)
women were important to the new republic because they were raising kids, especially male kids who would become future legislators, voters, and doctors of US -women couldn't participate in political process but they needed to be educated to teach their sons (who would be able to participate politically)
National Organization for Women (NOW)
-Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) because of refusal of newly formed Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -intended to work towards equal rights for women in social, political, and legal sphere -called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women, reproductive rights, child care -fought to get ERA in constitution -founded by Betty Friedan and Marguerite Rawalt
Abigail Adams "Remember the Ladies"
-In the midst of revolutionary fervor in 1776 Abigail adams, the wife of John adams raised her voice on behalf of women in this private letter to her husband, urging him to "remember the ladies" in his new governement and to give them some power in the new country. Was not actually exectued -She wasn't asking for the vote or equal rights but she wanted to prevent husbands from having unlimited power over their wives. She was talking about the power men had in coverture -believe women deserved a more active role
Coverture laws
-Joined husband and wife into one person in marriage -women lost right to property rights when married -women lost legal status -women had no rights to kids in a divorce -no rights to body- husband could rape her with no legal punishment -husband allowed to abuse wife as long as he didn't kill
Phyllis Schafly and the Stop the ERA campaign
-Schafly believed American women were the most privileged people as they had the most rights and rewards and the fewest duties -said God created women to have babies -if ERA is passed it will 1. ruin traditional family and gender roles 2. women will become a part of draft 3. abolish women's right to child support/alimony 4. wouldn't guarentee mother gets kids after divorce -during the 3rd wave of feminism there was a rise in conservatism especially after Regan was elected president. Regan opposed the ERA and wanted to stop the ERA campaign. Many conservatives felt like feminists were a threat to the traditional family structure.
"Lowell Girls"/Factory Girls 1820-30's
-Young single women that were the primary source of labor in the factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts -women began moving from homes to factories to get higher wages -they no longer depended on family -started questions of what women's role should be because a lot of people believed that working in the mills made these women unfit for marriage because they were "citified" -cult of domesticity: women's role is in the home
Second Industrial Revolution
-a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s -The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, he Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I) was a phase of rapid standardization and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-first wave feminist (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. -main goal was suffrage but also focused on divorce rights, employment rights, property rights, reproductive rights -key leader in temperance and abolitionist movements -called for anti radification of 14th and 15th amendments because they did allow women the right to vote- led to her starting the NWSA -wanted to take issues about women's suffrage to the federal government
Suburban ideals (1950s)
-people started moving to the suburbs and wanted to have perfect families and relationships to distract from cold war -women were supposed to be the housewife
Second Great Awakening/reform movements
-religious revivalism -emphasis on reforming society -worrying about social things- is society ready for 2nd coming reform movements 1. temperance movement: men drinking too much, women tired of it, want vote to create laws to stop excess drinking 2. abolitionist movement: wanting to get rid of slavery 3. women's right's movement: women are starting to get involved in movements above but they weren't allowed in debates and they didn't have any political power to enact change. Because they have no power but they want voice to be heard, they start fighting for women's rights
The Personal is Political
-slogan of the 2nd wave of feminism -coin termed by radical feminist Carol Hanisch -personal feelings women had regarding their rights and the problems they were facing at home were common among other women -many issues women thought were personal actually turned out to be societal
Consciousness Raising
-tactic of the 2nd wave -women would have meetings held in homes across USA -they would come together and hear each others stories- realized many of the issues they faced were also faced by other women -made women aware of patriarchy
Betty Friedan
-2nd wave feminist -1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". -founded NOW in 1966 and was dedicated to getting the ERA passed
Margaret Sanger
-1st-2nd wave feminist American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. -in 1916 she was arrested for opening the first birth control clinic in the USA. -controversial because she spoke at eugenics rallies because it gave her own movement legitimacy: historians believe Sanger was against eugenics along racial lines and opposed belief that poverty=hereditary -1960: she created the pill- many people, especially A.A. were appalled at her ongoing support of population control movement after she seemed to support eugenics -some black women felt like Sanger's intention was to eliminate future black kids
Progressive Era
1980-1920believe government can help solve social problemsdistrust of corporate capitalists- solve problems of IR
Seneca Falls Convention
-(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments: said all men and women are created equal and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them -leading feminists met at Seneca falls -call for women's suffrage
The Pill
-1960: Margaret Sanger creates the pill -gave women greater freedom to be sexually active without the risk of pregnancy -helped lead to sexual revolution -gave women opportunity for more educational and work related opportunities because now they could control their families
Susan B Anthony
-1st wave feminist -social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton -eventually president of NAWSA -due to Quaker faith, believed everyone equal under God -When Congress passed the 14 and 15 amendments giving voting rights to African American men, she didn't support it because it didn't include the right to vote for women. This led her to split from other suffragists- NWSA -voted illegally in 1872 and was fined $100 and arrested -1888- merged 2 largest suffrage associations into NAWSA and led group for 12 year -spoke to Pres. Teddy Rosevelt in 1905 to try and get voting rights for women
Lucy Stone
-1st wave feminist American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association after Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton broke off because they didn't support the 14/15th amendments. -fought for women's right to divorce, opposed to loss of legal status for women in 19th century -created own marriage contract with husband to protect her rights. Kept her last name -wanted men and women to be equal in a marriage
Lucretia Mott
-1st wave feminist a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840. In 1848 she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first meeting about women's rights. Mott helped write the Declaration of Sentimentsduring the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" speech
-1st wave woman's rights activist Sojourner Truth's "ain't i a woman" speech was pivotal for African American women that were along the fight for suffrage. Her speech advocated for suffrage for all women, no matter race, gender or class. She said slavery and women not being able to vote were two immorally wrong aspects of society that needed to be fixed. Women were just as capable as men which is why there should be gender equality.
Alice Paul
-1st-2nd wave feminist leader of the National Woman's Party who focused on tactics borrowed from radical British suffrage activists, her and NWP circled white house with pickets, flung Wilson's words about democracy into his face every time he left white house, disapproved of USA's entry in the war, compared Wilson to the Kaiser -Wilson arrested the protesters after they waved signs at a delegation from Russia -method for getting suffrage- protesting- her and militant suffragists broke away from NAWSA and created NWP -wrote and began campaign for ERA in 1923
main things in 3rd wave
1980-present 1. intersectionality 2. LGBT 3. sexual harassment: Me too movement
Context for Seneca Falls
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucrietta Mott held this after being denied to speak at an anti slavery convention in London because of their sex -brought attention to women's rights movement
The split between AWSA and NWSA
-the debates over the 14th/15th amendments caused the women's rights movement to split over the next steps to take to secure women the right to vote -Elizabeth Cady Stanton did not approve of the 14/15th amendments and vented her frustrations saying she felt betrayal from male allies and had an underlying sense that educated women like herself deserved voting rights more than A.A. men who had just gotten out of slavery- her and Fredrick Douglas had a falling out b/c of this -Stanton and Susan B Anthony led a walkout of a portion of the women at that meeting to form a new organization to focus on women's suffrage: National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) -A second group under Lucy Stone's and Julia Ward Howe's leadership formed a rival organization: American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) -AWSA counted on the longstanding connections with abolitionism and the leadership of the Republican Party to get women's suffrage enacted once black male suffrage had been fully inscribed in the Constitution -both groups spread their influence to the midwest and pacific coast -NWSA linked political rights to other causes- the right to free love, while AWSA stayed clear of side issues -AWSA's strategy to get votes for women was pressing for changes in state constitutions. These campaigns required winning over a majority of male voters making them extremely difficult to carry out -NWSA's strategy was to focus on the National Constitution- tried to get women's suffrage into the Constitution's existing provisions because they knew that doubted that any additional federal amendment would be passed. They tried to get women's right to vote included in the 14th amendment
Gibson Girl
-the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson -1890s combined elements of older American images of contemporary female beauty, such as the "fragile lady" and the "voluptuous woman". -member of upper middle class society, always perfectly dressed in the latest fashionable attire appropriate for the place and time of day. The Gibson Girl was also one of the new, more athletic-shaped women, who could be found cycling through Central Park, often exercised and was emancipated to the extent that she could enter the workplace
The Market Revolution
-the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves- shifted from doing work at home to going to factories to do work -Industrial Rev in America that started development of textile factories -men start drinking more because of long and hard hours which leads to temperance movement -because of temperance movement women start fighting for right to vote -young women start working in the textile factories away from home -leads to cult of domesticity: women's role is in the home- happens because of women in workforce -high class women shouldn't work
What was the antebellum period? When? main focuses? why?
1820-1860 between Jackson and civil wartime of reforms focused on education, mentally ill, prohibition, women, and slavesWHY: Puritan sense of mission, Enlightenment, Jacksonian democracy, changing social relations, religion
Main things in 1st wave of feminism
1848-1920 1. Seneca Falls/Declaration of Sentiments 2. Progressive Era, Market Rev, WW1, cult of domesticity 3.more focus on political rights 4. start of ERA 5. reform movements 6. 19th amendment people: Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Lucrietta Mott, Alice Paul (wrote ERA)
main accomplishments in 2nd wave
1960-1980 1. Title IX: education rights 2. No fault divorce 3. women can open credit card 4. Roe vs Wade: abortion is legal
main things in 2nd wave
1960-1980 1.Feminine Mystique: Friedan saying women shouldn't be confined to household 2. civil rights and counter culture target sexual abuse and reproductive rights 3. birth control, Roe v Wade- abortion, employment rights, divorce laws people: Betty Friedan, Margaret Sanger (birth control), Gloria Steinam- Ms. Magazine
Counterculture movement
1960s *Began at Berkeley with free speech movement *Beliefs included women's liberation, anti-materialism, and opposition to the war in Vietnam *Experimented with drugs and sex *Young people who favored the counterculture were called "hippies" *The Woodstock Music and Art Festival in NY State (1969) marked the culmination of the counterculture movement -response to suburban ideals of 50s -went against main stream- less rigid social norms -encouraged sex, drugs, rock and roll -aligned with civil rights movement and feminist movement
Miss America Protests
1968 New York Radical Women organized the first protest against Miss America in Atlantic City- responding to misogynistic attitudes toward woman and how the US as a whole treated women, also the beauty standard or white thin single women they had a freedom trash can where women would throw away all physical manifestations of women's oppression- bras, girdles, curlers, false lashes, wigs, representative issues of magazines
Compare and contrast goals of 1st and 2nd wave
1st: focused on women's suffrage -in order for women to make political change they need a vote ex: Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton splitting into NWSA in order to fight for women's right to vote at the federal level similarities between the 2: there is political and social inequality between men and women 1st wave: men have right to vote, women don't -coverture laws: women lose legal identity in marriage 2nd wave: fighting for ERA and equal opportunities in the workforce and with education. Men still have more power than women even though women have the vote change: women get no fault divorce laws- they can divorce husband without him having to abuse her 2nd Wave: "Feminine Mystic"- women shouldn't have to be confined to being housewives. Wanted more rights outside of just being housewive -wanted equal pay, equal education opportunities, equal job opportunities, no fault divorce, more legal independence for women -2nd wave: kinda just expanding women's rights and the independence they got from the vote: putting the plan of the 1st wave in action- now that they have to vote they can start demanding for change in other areas -more freedom sexually- birth control -abortions= allowed -protesting miss America- women are fed up with idealized beauty standards
2nd wave vs 3rd wave
2nd wave: focused on expanding women's equality and freedom -no fault divorce, abortion, trying to get equal opportunities for edu, workplace, targeted sexual abuse 3rd wave: tries to address issues of 1st and 2nd wave that were missed- 1st and 2nd waves focused on the issues of white women and 3rd wave focuses on idea of intersectionality: other races and classes have been oppressed in women right fight- their stories need to be shared and hear -continue to fight against sexual harassment especially in the work place: Me Too movement: women sharing their stories of sexual harassment especially against big names in Hollywood such as Bill Cosby and Harvey Weinstein -martial rape: recognized -continuity: still fighting for recognition of sexual discrimination and sexual harassment
Title IX
A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." -purpose: to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity that's federally funded
Roe v. Wade (1973)
A pivotal moment in the debate around abortion. Supreme court ruled that the Constitution protects a pregnant women's liberty to choose to have an abortion without extreme gov't restriction. It restricted state and federal laws regarding abortion. This case redefined US politics by dividing the country into pro-life and pro-choice ideals. The actual case was filed by "Jane Roe," who wanted to have an abortion. She argued that Texas' abortion laws were unconstitutional, and the outcome was in her favor- to an extent. The state of Texas was seen to having violated women's natural and constitutional right to privacy.
Alice Paul and the ERA (1920s)
Alice Paul was head of the National Women's party, the more radical group that split from NAWSA -Alice Paul believed in protesting and her and the members of NWP would protest with picket signs in front of the white house -she was arrested and went on hunger strike but was force fed. -ERA was drafted by NWP president, Alice Paul in 1932: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or any State on the account of sex"
The 19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. -only gave white women the right to vote
The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. -talked about how women are restricted to the home and they shouldn't have to be
Flapper Girls (1920s)
Bolstered by gaining the right to vote and getting to hold men's jobs during WWI, these women emerged with new fashions and new behaviors previously considered "unladylike" -women would wear shorter skirts, bobbed haircuts, listened to jazz, smoked, wore lots of makeup, young and often flirted with men
ERA Campaign
ERA: Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or any State on the account of sex -1923: ERA introduced in Congress, authored by Alice Paul, head of National Woman's party -1923-1970: ERA is introduced into each session of Congress -1967: NOW pledges to fight for ERA -1971: ERA is approved without Amendments by House- National Education Association and United Auto Workers vote at National conventions to endorse ERA -1972: ERA approved by Senate. Senator Sam Ervin and Rep Emanuel Celler set arbitrary time limit of 7 years for ratification Phyllis Schafly establishes National Committee to Stop ERA -1977: 1st congressionally funded National Women's Conference in Houston 2000 delegates from every state call for ratification of ERA -1977-78: ERA gets extension until 1982 -1980: Ronald Regan opposed ERA after 40 years of support for ERA from Republican party. Democratic Party reaffirms support for ERA -1981: Regan is president and opposes ERA -1982: ERA is stopped 3 states short of ratification
Planned Parenthood
Founded by Margaret Sanger. Based in Brooklyn New York, 1st birth control clinic. -previously the American Birth Control League -way to educate women on reproductive rights and different options they had regarding pregnancy
sexual harassment (3rd wave)
In the case of Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas, Anita became one of the first women to testify in a case accusing a man of sexual harassment in the workplace. In 1991, Hill accused Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment during her time as his assistant.
Jane Addams
founded Hull House, settlement house in Chicago, rejected idea that citizenship should derive from men's ability to serve as soldiers, believed city government had expanded from saloons to the domestic sphere where women had more competence than men to govern
Comstock Laws & Margaret Sanger
Named for Anthony Comstock, a zealous crusader against what he considered to be obscenity, the act criminalized publication, distribution, and possession of information about or devices or medications for "unlawful" abortion or contraception. Individuals convicted of violating the Comstock Act could receive up to five years of imprisonment with hard labour and a fine of up to $2,000. The act also banned distribution through the mail and import of materials from abroad, with provisions for even stronger penalties and fines. -basically he was trying to ban. contraceptives -Sander challenged these laws and in 1916 she was arrested for opening the first birth control clinic in the USA
Hunger strikes
Paul was arrested sentenced to a month in jail for being a part of a suffragist protest -invented suffragette hunger strike in jail- she practiced it in jail -she ended up being force fed by the female guards and spent her whole time in bed because she refused to wear prison clothes -food was injected through her nostrils and the female guards would hold her down to keep her from moving while they did this -Paul tried fighting back but she was still forced to eat -She was tied to a chair to try and get her to eat
Impact of Great Depression on women
The Great Depression was characterized by high rates of unemployment and an economic crash. However, women's employment during the period actually rose. Men worked more in factories and manufacturing, the industries most affected by the GD. Women, who worked primarily in service industries, did not face the same high rate of unemployment. Women often became the only breadwinners in families. The New Deal federal jobs excluded women since so many men were unemployed. This kept women in traditionally female roles.
Cult of Domesticity
The idea that a woman's place is in the home -job of woman is to let husband work while they took care of house and kids -idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home
AWSA vs. NWSA
The two organization while both working for women's rights had different focus. The AWSA worked exclusively to get women the right to vote. The AWSA had both men and women in the leadership roles. AWSA led by Lucy Stone. Moderate. WSA's strategy to get votes for women suffrage was pressing for changes in state constitutions. while NWSA worked on other women's issues including divorce rights and equal pay. NWSA's strategy was to focus on the National Constitution- tried to get women's suffrage into the Constitution's existing provisions because they knew that doubted that any additional federal amendment would be passed. They tried to get women's right to vote included in the 14th amendment. Leaders: Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Radical
NAWSA vs. NWP
While NAWSA and the NWP were both fighting for women's suffrage, they had very different means of going about it. NAWSA, the united form of NWSA and AWSA led by Stanton and Anthony, was more pragmatic. It focused on legal battles and creating new legislation through speeches, pamphlets ect. The NWP was much more radical. Led by Alice Paul, this group help protests, did picket lines, went to jail, held hunger strikes, and more. This group brought a lot of attention to the movement and responsible for pushing Wilson over the edge when deciding whether or not to grant women the vote.
No fault divorce
a divorce granted without either party having to prove the other party guilty of misconduct -happened in 2nd wave -emphasized by Lucy Stone's marriage contract in 1900s
Bicycles and suffragettes
bikes gave women more mobility and bikes were a symbol of women's suffrage
Bloomers
clothes= restrictive for women, Amelia Bloomers made pants to go under skirt to make it more comfortable
