Worksheet Test 2 Joints

The two structures that like a joint capsule have an outer fibrous layer with an inner synovial membrane are ___ and ___. The function of these structures is ...

2 structures that, like joint capsule have outer fibrous layer with inner synovial membrane, are bursa and tendon sheaths. Function of these structures is preventing friction between bone and tendon and other structures. Tendon sheaths prevent closely packed tendons from abrasion in areas where tendons could rub up against other tendons or bones.

A joint capsule consists of an outer layer called the _______ layer that is made up of _____ connective tissue. This layer merges with the periosteum of the bone. The inner layer consists of the ______ which secretes the fluid in the synovial joint space. This membrane covers the inner surface of the capsule at all sites except where ______ is found.

A joint capsule consists of an outer layer called fibrous membrane layer that is made up of dense irregular connective tissue. This layer merges with periosteum of bone. Inner layer consists of synovial membrane which secretes fluid in synovial joint space. This membrane covers inner surface of capsule at all sites except where hyaline cartilage is found.

The fibrocartilaginous pads that sit on the tibial plateaus of the knee joint are the ______. The function of these structures is:

Fibrocartilaginous pads that sit on tibial plateaus of knee joint are medial and lateral menisci. Function of these structures is: Improve bony congruence between the lower femur and tibia and to absorb shock.

Provide examples of synovial joints:

Most of the major joints in the appendicular skeleton.

Provide examples of fibrous joints:

Sutures of the skull, gomphosis (teeth embedded in maxillary and mandibular bones), ligaments such as at distal end of tibia and fibula, interosseous membranes.

The elbow joint is classified as a _____ joint. The bony articulation consists of the _____ of the ulna with the ____ of the humerus. This joint permits __ degree freedom of movement and permits the motion of ___

The elbow joint is classified as a hinge joint. The bony articulation consists of the olecranon process of the ulna with the olecranon fossa of the humerus. This joint permits one degree freedom of movement and permits the motion of flexion/extension.

The type of joint that does NOT have a joint cavity, allows minimal movement and is connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage is a

cartilaginous joint.

Provide examples of cartilaginous joints:

epiphyseal growth plate in children, symphysis pubis, and intervertebral disk.

The type of joint that does NOT have a joint cavity and is held together by extremely strong connective tissue that permits essentially no joint movement is a

fibrous joint.

The three types of joints based on the classification of whether a joint space is present or absent are

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.

The ends of bones in synovial joints are covered by

hyaline cartilage.

The function of synovial fluid is for

lubrication, nutrition, immune function, waste removal

The type of joint formed by the articulation of many of the carpal bones which permits on a slight amount of sliding/gliding is a

plane joint.

A connective tissue structure that holds other structure in place (such as the tendons of the wrist and finger flexors) is termed a

retinaculum.

The type of joint that has a joint cavity is a .

synovial joint

Substances found in synovial fluid include:

water, electrolytes, and a few leukocytes, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, hyaluronic acid (for lubrication).

The ankle joint is also termed the ____ joint and consists of the articulation between which three bones? _____. This joint is the most ___ in the body with the greatest amount of bony congruence. Technically is has only 1 degree freedom of movement. When the toes move upward towards the head the movement is called ____; when the toes move downward away from the head the movement is called ____. Joints distal to the talocrural joint permit the movement in which the sole of the foot turns inward called _____ or outward called _____.

Ankle joint is also termed talocrural joint and consists of articulation between Tibia, fibula and talus. This joint is most stable in body with greatest amount of bony congruence. Technically it has only 1 degree freedom of movement. When toes move upward towards head, movement is called dorsiflexion; when toes move downward away from head, movement is called plantarflexion. Joints distal to talocrural joint permit movement in which sole of foot turns inward called inversion or outward called eversion.

The articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal region of the ulna is the ____ joint and is classified as a ____ joint. The motion permitted at this joint movement of the radius around the ulna and is termed ___. The ligament that holds the head of the radius secure against the ulna is the ____ ligament.

The articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal region of the ulna is the radioulnar joint and is classified as a pivot joint. The motion permitted at this joint movement of the radius around the ulna and is termed pronation/supination. The ligament that holds the head of the radius secure against the ulna is the annular ligament.

The articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the metacarpal of the thumb (digit 1) is a ___ joint. This unique articulation permits the motion of ____.

The articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the metacarpal of the thumb (digit 1) is a saddle joint. This unique articulation permits the motion of opposition.

The knee is similar to the elbow joint in that it permits ___. However the knee is classified as a modified ___ joint as it also permits ___ rotation during stance. The knee joint consists of the articulation between the __ of the femur with the ___ of the tibia .The ___ is not part of the articulation of the knee joint.

The knee is similar to the elbow joint in that it permits flexion-extension. However the knee is classified as a modified hinge joint as it also permits internal rotation during stance. The knee joint consists of the articulation between the distal end (condyles) of the femur with the plateaus of tibia . Fibula is not part of the articulation of the knee joint.

The ____ joint in the upper extremity that is classified as a ball-and-socket joint is the ___ joint. The specific bony articulation is between the ___ of the humerus and the ____ of the scapula. There are three degrees freedom of movement at this joint. The motions that occur at this joint are ______, ______ and ______. The joint in the lower extremity that is similar to the previous joint is the ____ joint in which the ____ of the femur articulates with the _____ of the pelvis.

The shoulder joint in upper extremity that is classified as ball-and-socket joint is glenohumeral joint. Specific bony articulation is between head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula. There are 3 degrees freedom of movement at this joint. Motions that occur at this joint are flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation. Joint in lower extremity that is similar to previous joint is hip joint in which head of femur articulates with acetabulum of pelvis.

The structure that connects a muscle to a bone is a ___. The structure that connects bone to bone is a ____. The specific site at which a tendon attaches to a specific bony region is termed an _____.

The structure that connects a muscle to a bone is a tendon. The structure that connects bone to bone is a ligament. The specific site at which a tendon attaches to a specific bony region is termed an enthesis.

The term for an immobile joint is ___. The term for a slightly moveable joint is ___ and the term for a freely moveable joint is ___.

The term for an immobile joint is synarthrosis. The term for a slightly moveable joint is amphiarthrodial and the term for a freely moveable joint is diarthrodial.

The type of joint between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of digits 2-4 is a ____. This joint has ___ degrees freedom of movement and permits the motions of ___and ____

The type of joint between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of digits 2-4 is a condyloid. This joint has two degrees freedom of movement and permits the motions of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

Using the knee as an example, the names of the intracapsular ligaments are the _____ and the _____. These ligaments prevent what type of movement that could damage the joint?

Using knee as an example, names of intracapsular ligaments are anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. These ligaments prevent what type of movement that could damage the joint? Anterior-Posterior stresses.

Using the knee joint as an example, the names of the extracapsular ligaments are the ________ and _______. These ligaments prevent what type of movement that could damage the joint?

Using knee joint as an example, names of the extracapsular ligaments are medial collateral (tibial collateral) ligament and lateral collateral (fibular collateral) ligament. These ligaments prevent what type of movement that could damage the joint? Lateral (side-to-side) stresses (varus/valgus stresses).