World Civ 1 Final Review

How is the term species generally defined? A. A group of organisms that can communicate with one another B. A group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring of both sexes C. A group of organisms that originate from a different ancestor D. A group of organisms that will share food with one another

A group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring of both sexes

Although the date varies by location, when did the shift to agriculture first occur? A. 9,000 B.C.E. B. 1,000 B.C.E. C. 15,000 B.C.E. D. 3,000 B.C.E.

A. 9,000 B.C.E.

By 1500, Portugal controlled the flow of what lucrative product to Europe? A. African gold B. Indian sugar and spices C. Brazilian silver D. Persian silk

A. African gold

What important position did Solon hold as he reformed Athens? A. Archon B. King C. Tyrant D. Emperor

A. Archon

Why did the Hittites and Egyptians conclude a peace treaty in 1258 B.C.E.? A. Both sides recognized the impossibility of defeating the other. B. Both sides were exhausted by war. C. The Egyptians signed to avoid a total defeat by the Hittites. D. The Hittites brutally conquered the Egyptians.

A. Both sides recognized the impossibility of defeating the other.

How did Portugal come to be the entry point for Asian goods into Europe? A. By capturing Muslim-controlled port cities in the Indian Ocean, it gained control of European trade. B. By discovering the elusive western passage to India, it gained control of goods going into Europe. C. By invading and colonizing cities in the agricultural interior of India, it gained command of products headed to Europe. D. By defeating the Spanish navy, it gained control of Atlantic trade routes.

A. By capturing Muslim-controlled port cities in the Indian Ocean, it gained control of European trade.

In general, how did residents of ancient cities tend to view residents of rural areas? A. City dwellers viewed themselves as more sophisticated. B. City dwellers looked up to and envied those who lived in the country. C. City dwellers saw themselves as equal to the farmers. D. City dwellers tried to imitate the people of the rural areas.

A. City dwellers viewed themselves as more sophisticated.

How far west did Zheng He explore in the fifteenth century? A. Egypt B. Rome C. England D. Portugal

A. Egypt

What did the encomienda system, established by the Spanish crown, allow Spaniards to do? A. Exact tribute and forced labor from the native people on a particular piece of land B. Trade in particular American ports C. Try to convert the indigenous people in a particular area D. Invest in Spanish enterprises in the Americas without having to pay taxes

A. Exact tribute and forced labor from the native people on a particular piece of land

How is the title Shihuangdi best translated? A. First Emperor B. God of All C. Mightiest Disciple D. First King

A. First Emperor

What are the collections of sayings of or anecdotes about Muhammad called? A. Hadith B. Madrasa C. Shari'a D. Ulema

A. Hadith

What was the most significant error of Ptolemy's Geography? A. He was unaware of the Americas and underestimated the earth's size. B. His work left out the continent of Asia. C. He pictured the earth as flat. D. His maps had latitude but no longitude marks.

A. He was unaware of the Americas and underestimated the earth's size.

What is Prince Henry of Portugal known for? A. His significant support of early voyages of exploration B. His support of Protestants from France in the Thirty Years' War C. His opposition to the enslavement of any peoples D. His role in subduing the Dutch revolt

A. His significant support of early voyages of exploration

The development of which of the following helped to promote economic expansion in the early Zhou period? A. Iron technology B. Education C. Laws D. Writing

A. Iron technology

Which of the following is true of the Hellenistic city? A. It resembled modern cities and served as both a cultural and economic center. B. It was hampered by an inefficient bureaucracy that proved difficult to maintain. C. It was overseen by kings with limited authority. D. It had homogenous populations.

A. It resembled modern cities and served as both a cultural and economic center.

Even before the discoveries of Columbus, Europeans participated in the world economy through which merchants? A. Italian B. French C. English D. German

A. Italian

Sustained agriculture in Sumer relied on which of the following? A. Man-made irrigation systems B. Naturally occurring irrigation ditches that helped water the crops C. Constant annual rainfall that irrigated the fields D. An abundance of labor to work the fields

A. Man-made irrigation systems

By the mid-sixteenth century, what empire had established control over eastern Mediterranean routes to trading centers in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and the rest of North Africa? A. Ottoman B. Mali C. Safavid D. Spain

A. Ottoman

Why did Han officials encourage peasants to be independent and productive? A. Peasants made up the bulk of the population and contributed vital taxes and labor services to the state. B. All peasants had high social ambitions and were easily coerced into doing difficult jobs for the possibility of advancement. C. China's peasants were well known for their military skills and were required to serve in the emperor's army. D. Most peasants also had secondary skills such as metalworking and weaving and were vital to keeping the economy strong.

A. Peasants made up the bulk of the population and contributed vital taxes and labor services to the state.

Which European kingdom took the lead in overseas exploration? A. Portugal B. France C. Italy D. Spain

A. Portugal

How did Moctezuma II try to reform the empire before the Spaniards arrived? A. Restricted social mobility B. Expanded noble ranks C. Reduced controls and taxes D. Reduced military service

A. Restricted social mobility

Seventeenth-century Dutch trade was based on which of the following commodities? A. Spices B. Silks C. Gold D. Slaves

A. Spices

The burial sites of Paleolithic humans reveal that they believed that all things and natural occurrences had which of the following? A. Spirits B. Meaning C. Danger D. Economic value

A. Spirits

The polyglot coastal culture of East Africa is known as what? A. Swahili B. Coptic C. Soninke D. Zimbabwe

A. Swahili

Scholars have identified the natives first encountered by Columbus as peoples from what indigenous group? A. Taino B. Olmec C. Mexica D. Tlaxcalas

A. Taino

Where did Columbus first land in the Americas? A. The Bahamas B. Cuba C. Mexico D. Florida

A. The Bahamas

What role outside of religion did Ghana's Muslim religious leaders play? A. They exercised civil authority over their fellow Muslims. B. They were solely responsible for building new schools and universities. C. They were responsible for collecting tribute from the king's subordinate chieftains. D. They sat in judgment of legal cases of all people in the kingdom.

A. They exercised civil authority over their fellow Muslims.

How did the Inca link their empire together? A. They had an advanced system of roads that held the empire together. B. All villages sent representatives to the capital to engage in sporting activities. C. There was a common ethnicity among the population. D. Scholars translated local texts into Quechua, making all people feel like part of the empire.

A. They had an advanced system of roads that held the empire together.

One result of the Struggle of the Orders was the creation of a law code that made all A. citizens, plebeian and patrician, equal before the law. B. Roman-born citizens more important than foreigners. C. plebeians more powerful than patricians. D. patricians more powerful than plebeians.

A. citizens, plebeian and patrician, equal before the law.

When was Christianity made the official religion of the Roman Empire? A. 405 C.E. B. 380 C.E. C. 418 C.E. D. 337.C.E.

B. 380 C.E.

During Ghana's heyday, what were the Mandinka known for? A. Creating a rival kingdom that overthrew Ghana B. Acting as middlemen in the gold and salt trades C. Remaining seminomadic and nonagricultural D. Converting to Islam and trading with Arabs

B. Acting as middlemen in the gold and salt trades

According to Muhammad, who visited him and commanded him to preach God's revelations? A. God B. An angelic being C. Abraham D. His father

B. An angelic being

What was the Rig Veda? A. The name given to Harappan texts B. An oral collection of ritual texts, treatises, and hymns C. An oral collection of military stories D. A collection of Greek epics borrowed by the Aryans

B. An oral collection of ritual texts, treatises, and hymns

What did the Arab invaders of the Sind and the Turkish invaders of Khurasan have in common? A. Respect for Hinduism B. Belief in Islam C. Interest in Buddhism D. Ethnic background

B. Belief in Islam

During the pax Romana, what regions became prime grain producers for the empire? A. Egypt and Syria B. Britain and Belgium C. Southern Spain and Italy D. Gaul and Italy

B. Britain and Belgium

The Khmer Empire was centered in what modern-day country? A. Thailand B. Cambodia C. Vietnam D. Laos

B. Cambodia

Who had the most advanced economy in the world before the eighteenth century? A. Persia B. China C. Italy D. Indonesia

B. China

Which of the following was one of many important factors in encouraging the expeditions of the late fifteenth century? A. The lack of natural resources in Europe and the need to find alternative sources B. Competition among European monarchs C. Religious disillusionment and frustration with the church D. An economic crisis in Europe

B. Competition among European monarchs

How did Rome solve the problem of feeding its growing population? A. The Senate forced thousands of residents out of the city to colonize the frontiers. B. Emperors provided free bread, oil, and wine to the population. C. Leaders started subsidizing the cost of basic commodities. D. Emperors combined small tenant farms into huge agricultural operations.

B. Emperors provided free bread, oil, and wine to the population.

Other than Greeks, who were the first people to build permanent settlements in Italy? A. Hittites B. Etruscans C. Egyptians D. Persians

B. Etruscans

How many wives does the Qur'an allow a man to have? A. As many as he can afford to keep B. Four, as long as all are treated justly C. Four, if the first one is treated best D. Only one

B. Four, as long as all are treated justly

How did Cortés defeat the Aztec Empire? A. He promised Aztec slaves freedom. B. He allied with the Tlaxcala. C. He had help from Pizarro. D. With only six hundred Spaniards, he marched into Tenochtitlan.

B. He allied with the Tlaxcala.

How did religion contribute to Hammurabi's political success? A. He destroyed all existing Mesopotamian religions and forced acceptance of his Babylonian faith. B. He claimed that divine authority stood behind the laws that he established. C. He demonstrated his strength by forcing the exile of all Sumerian priests. D. He partitioned all of Mesopotamia into small political units governed by priests.

B. He claimed that divine authority stood behind the laws that he established.

What did Cortés do upon reaching the city of Tenochtitlan? A. He proclaimed himself a god. B. He took Moctezuma hostage. C. He demanded the Mexica pay him tribute. D. He claimed the city for Spain.

B. He took Moctezuma hostage.

What happened when the Inca leader Atahualpa first met the Spanish? A. He offered them chests of jewels as a peace offering. B. He was seized and ultimately executed. C. He and his unarmed followers were taken captive. D. He lured them into a trap and seized many of their men and horses.

B. He was seized and ultimately executed.

How was Roman society divided in the early republic? A. Between urban and rural dwellers B. Into two groups—the patricians and the plebeians C. Between Roman citizens and their slaves D. Between Roman citizens and non-Romans who were seen as subject peoples

B. Into two groups—the patricians and the plebeians

For what was the Mongol leader Hülegü best remembered? A. Being brutally defeated by the armies of the Abbasid caliphate B. Leading the army that conquered Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate C. Leading the conquest of North Africa and bringing Egypt into the caliphate D. Converting to Islam, which all Mongols then embraced

B. Leading the army that conquered Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate

The hijra of 622 occurred when Muhammad and his followers fled to what city? A. Baghdad B. Medina C. Mecca D. Jerusalem

B. Medina

Where was maize, the most important American food crop, first grown? A. The Caribbean B. Mexico C. Alaska D. The Andes

B. Mexico

Unlike Confucius, Xunzi was willing to discuss which of the following? A. Education B. Religion C. Ethics D. Morality

B. Religion

What Mediterranean island did Athens invade during the Peloponnesian War? A. Lesbos B. Sicily C. Cyprus D. Crete

B. Sicily

The Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan was aided by what disease? A. Syphilis B. Smallpox C. Measles D. Bubonic plague

B. Smallpox

Where did Italian merchants originally purchase slaves? A. The Persian Gulf B. The Balkans C. The Strait of Gibraltar D. The Nile Valley

B. The Balkans

On what was political authority in the Ethiopian kingdom based? A. Military strength B. The Christian faith C. The legacy of the pharaohs D. The Muslim Shari'a

B. The Christian faith

What was the Byzantines' best-known innovation? A. The cure for Justinian's plague B. The explosive compound known as "Greek fire" C. Bronze weapons D. The Cyrillic alphabet

B. The explosive compound known as "Greek fire"

Who in Paleolithic society was believed to regularly receive messages from the spirit world? A. The chief B. The shaman C. The warriors D. The king

B. The shaman

What was the Phoenicians' greatest cultural achievement? A. They developed settled agriculture. B. They created the first fully phonetic alphabet. C. They developed the first sun-based calendar. D. They were responsible for the composition of The Iliad.

B. They created the first fully phonetic alphabet.

Why did women in Southeast Asia tend to have more economic power than women in India, China, and Europe? A. They were frequently appointed as political leaders. B. They took the primary role in planting and harvesting rice. C. They usually managed the pepper harvest. D. They often managed sugar plantations.

B. They took the primary role in planting and harvesting rice.

A common belief in most African religions held that A. the gods created social hierarchies. B. a supreme being had created the universe. C. an individual needs to explore their own spirituality. D. natural phenomena could not be explained or controlled.

B. a supreme being had created the universe.

What does the term oligarchy mean? A. "The rule of the king" B. "The rule of the excellent" C. "The rule of the few" D. "The rule of the people"

C. "The rule of the few"

What discovery marks the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic? A. Stone tools B. Burial C. Agriculture D. Religion

C. Agriculture

How did Egyptians view the afterlife? A. As a fictional realm that nonetheless inspired great wonder B. As bleak and very frightening C. As pleasant D. As a place of punishment

C. As pleasant

Spanish viceroys presided over what judicial advisory council? A. Hacienda B. Encomienda C. Audiencia D. Quinto

C. Audiencia

What group was the most important political and military force in pre-Islamic Arabia? A. Meccan artisans B. Byzantine emissaries C. Bedouin tribes D. Jewish merchants

C. Bedouin tribes

In Aztec society, what were macehualtin? A. Students in training to become priests B. Servants similar to serfs in Western Europe C. Commoners, sometimes men who had failed in military campaigns D. Members of the most privileged class

C. Commoners, sometimes men who had failed in military campaigns

What species of animal did humans domesticate around 15,000 years ago? A. Cattle B. Horses C. Dogs D. Sheep

C. Dogs

How did Egyptian and Mesopotamian women compare in terms of their ability to own and control property? A. Neither culture allowed women to own or control property independently. B. Mesopotamian women owned and controlled more property than Egyptian women. C. Egyptian women owned and controlled more property than Mesopotamian women. D. In both cultures, women were able to own and control property freely.

C. Egyptian women owned and controlled more property than Mesopotamian women.

What country served as an important base for the conversion of Germany and other parts of northern Europe? A. Portugal B. France C. England D. Spain

C. England

Who led the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire? A. Christopher Columbus B. Hernán Cortés C. Francisco Pizarro D. King Charles III

C. Francisco Pizarro

What happened to Arius after the Council of Nicaea? A. He and his followers were executed. B. He became bishop of Alexandria. C. He and his followers were banished. D. He created an alternative church

C. He and his followers were banished.

How did the Hellenistic city differ from the polis? A. It tolerated same-sex relations. B. It was united by religious rituals. C. It was not autonomous and had to follow royal orders. D. It perceived itself as a community of citizens.

C. It was not autonomous and had to follow royal orders.

What is an astrolabe? A. It was a tool meant to plot longitude and was invented by Muslims. B. It was a navigational instrument rejected by Europeans as a pagan device. C. It was used to plot latitude using the sun. D. It was used to locate the earth's position.

C. It was used to plot latitude using the sun.

What was the most significant food item introduced from Europe to the New World? A. Sugar B. Wheat C. Meat D. Olive oil

C. Meat

In what region did the first known states develop? A. India B. Persia C. Mesopotamia D. Egypt

C. Mesopotamia

Animal domestication led to humans becoming able to digest which of the following? A. Meat B. Minerals C. Milk D. Grain

C. Milk

The Mongol government of China conducted its business in what language? A. Uighur B. Turkish C. Mongolian D. Chinese

C. Mongolian

Who settled the dispute over Spain and Portugal's competing claims to the Americas? A. The Holy Roman emperor B. Pedro Álvares Cabral C. Pope Alexander VI D. King Ferdinand of Spain

C. Pope Alexander VI

What empire was defeated by the Muslim army at the battle of Nihawand and ended in 642? A. Visigothic B. Byzantine C. Sassanid D. Afghanistan

C. Sassanid

What did the Spanish discover at Potosí in the sixteenth century? A. Large veins of gold B. Several mines with a plentiful supply of iron ore C. Silver, in large quantities D. Silk worms

C. Silver, in large quantities

Which of the following statements best describes slavery and race in the seventeenth century? A. Slavery changed Africans' ability to reason and learn. B. Slavery created ideas of racial inequality directed toward Africans. C. Slavery did not change Europeans' negative perceptions of Africans. D. Notions of race had little impact on the expansion of slavery.

C. Slavery did not change Europeans' negative perceptions of Africans.

In the sixteenth century, there was a huge increase in the use of enslaved Africans in Brazil in order to produce what crop? A. Cotton B. Rum C. Sugar D. Tobacco

C. Sugar

What did Paul of Tarsus advocate with regard to Christian ideals? A. That Christians should avoid contact with pagans B. That Christianity should be used to defeat Rome C. That Christ's teachings should be proclaimed to all D. That Christ's message applied only to Jews

C. That Christ's teachings should be proclaimed to all

What did Paleolithic peoples believe about dead members of their kinship groups? A. That the dead became new gods B. That the dead were gone forever C. That deceased family members were still with them D. That the dead would return one day

C. That deceased family members were still with them

What geographic feature had the largest impact on Egyptian culture and prosperity? A. The Red Sea B. The Mediterranean Sea C. The Nile River D. The Sinai Desert

C. The Nile River

What two law-making bodies guided Athenian political life? A. The archon and the boule B. The agora and the archon C. The boule and the ecclesia D. The agora and the chora

C. The boule and the ecclesia

The adoption of armor by Chinese soldiers was a response to which of the following military technologies? A. Siege engines B. Bronze swords C. The crossbow D. Gunpowder

C. The crossbow

What writings provide the historical documentation of the life of Jesus? A. The sermons he wrote are the main source for his life story. B. Accounts written by Pontius Pilate provide the most comprehensive information. C. The four Gospels of the Bible provide the principal evidence for his life and deeds. D. The biographies written by his contemporaries tell his life story.

C. The four Gospels of the Bible provide the principal evidence for his life and deeds.

Which of the following is true of the Minoans? A. They settled in Greece after they were driven from their homes in Persia. B. They were the first peoples who formed a society on the Greek peninsula. C. They formed a society that lived on the island of Crete. D. They were a matriarchal society that lived on the island of Sicily.

C. They formed a society that lived on the island of Crete.

Why did the Huns retreat from Italy in in the mid-fifth century? A. They were forced out by Visigoths. B. Their leader, Attila, had died, and their new leader wanted to return home. C. They were weakened by disease and poor food supply. D. They did not find what they needed.

C. They were weakened by disease and poor food supply.

What was the most important food item introduced from the New World to Europe? A. Peppers B. Tomatoes C. White potatoes D. Squash

C. White potatoes

Which of the following statements is true about women in ancient Aryan society? A. Women could never remarry if widowed. B. Women were economically equal to men and could hold property. C. Women lived in patrilineal and patriarchal tribal groups. D. Almost all females were married while they were still children.

C. Women lived in patrilineal and patriarchal tribal groups.

The early Han policy for dealing with the Xiongnu was to A. send them sons of the emperors. B. invade and destroy their camps. C. make peace with gifts and brides. D. capture as many of their horses as they could.

C. make peace with gifts and brides.

According to the text, the Qur'an's injunctions regarding the treatment of women implied that women A. were spiritually superior to men. B. restricted their freedom substantially compared to earlier Arab tradition. C. were a substantial improvement on earlier treatment of women in Arab societies. D. were determined strictly by the sexual needs of men.

C. were a substantial improvement on earlier treatment of women in Arab societies.

What made Christopher Columbus convinced he had reached Asia? What does this say about his goals?

Chistopher Columbus realized it was impossible to reach Asia from Europe by land. This was due to the route being long and arduous. So Christopher Columbus decided to sail across the Atlantic Ocean. He saw a Bahamian island which made him believe he was in Asia. He was a very determined person.

By what time was the Bronze Age well under way? A. 7500 B.C.E. B. 10,000 B.C.E. C. 5000 B.C.E. D. 2500 B.C.E.

D. 2500 B.C.E.

What was one of the first things recorded in the new Mongol script? A. A warfare manual to be distributed among the confederation B. The Secret History, a history of the Mongol people C. Prayers to the Sky and Earth D. A record of the Mongol laws and customs

D. A record of the Mongol laws and customs

Who was the first European explorer to realize that Columbus had discovered an unknown continent? A. Bartholomew Diaz B. Pedro Álvares Cabral C. Vasco da Gama D. Amerigo Vespucci

D. Amerigo Vespucci

Which of the following was true of the harem system? A. Harems, or the seclusion of women, occurred only in areas where the Byzantines had previously ruled. B. Harems were most often founded in cities as a means to protect unmarried women from predatory males. C. Only women on the Arabian peninsula were required to remain in this type of seclusion. D. By 800, women in more prosperous households stayed out of sight.

D. By 800, women in more prosperous households stayed out of sight.

In the third century B.C.E., the main challenge to Roman control of the Mediterranean came from which of the following? A. Ptolemaic Egypt B. Macedonia C. Alexandria D. Carthage

D. Carthage

When Columbus landed on Cuba on October 28, 1492, where did he think he had landed? A. India B. Japan C. Malaysia D. China

D. China

In terms of India's geography, what regions have been home to its great empires? A. Jungles of the Vindhya Mountains B. Forests at the foot of the Himalayas C. Deserts of the Rajasthan regions D. Fertile plains in the river valleys

D. Fertile plains in the river valleys

The spread of Hellenistic culture was bolstered by Alexander's tradition of doing what in his newly conquered territories? A. Forcibly resettling conquered peoples in Greece B. Placing Macedonian kings in charge C. Censoring art and culture that criticized him D. Founding new cities with mixed populations

D. Founding new cities with mixed populations

During the Kushan period, Indian art was strongly influenced by the art of what society? A. Turkish B. Chinese C. Egyptian D. Greek

D. Greek

The Confucian scholar-official system began during the A. Qin Dynasty. B. Age of Division. C. Zhou period. D. Han Dynasty.

D. Han Dynasty.

What did the Han emperor Gaozu do to reestablish stability after the fall of the Qin Dynasty? A. He resurrected Legalism as the guiding philosophy of government. B. He enacted harsh laws and high taxes in order to quell uprisings. C. He outlawed Confucian philosophy. D. He retained the centralized government created by the Qin.

D. He retained the centralized government created by the Qin.

What was one of the shaman's primary duties? A. Leading building projects in urban areas B. Leading the war band C. Harvesting crops D. Healing the sick

D. Healing the sick

Neanderthals lived side by side with which of the following for millennia? A. Homo sapiens B. Cro-Magnon C. Australopithecus D. Homo habilis

D. Homo habilis

How did the geography of Greece affect its development? A. It enabled a strong central government to dominate the political order. B. It had little impact on the development of Greek society. C. It helped to unite the Greek city-states. D. It was a divisive force in Greek life.

D. It was a divisive force in Greek life.

Mahavira was the founder of what Indian religion? A. buddhism B. Hinduism C. Sikhism D. Jainism

D. Jainism

What was recorded on the Twelve Tables? A. Religious texts B. Myths C. Prayers D. Laws

D. Laws

During the Struggle of the Orders, how did the plebeians force political concessions? A. All plebeians declined to pay annual taxes and local fees. B. Plebian leaders ordered the assassination of several senators and consuls. C. Plebian farmers refused to sell agricultural goods to the cities. D. Plebian men refused to serve in the military.

D. Plebian men refused to serve in the military.

Why did the Mongols allow Russian princes to continue to rule their territories until the second half of the thirteenth century? A. Mongols were sympathetic to the Orthodox Christian religion. B. The Mongols were more interested in European territory further west. C. Mongols and Russians tended to get along well together. D. Russian princes turned over adequate tribute.

D. Russian princes turned over adequate tribute.

Where have the majority of Australopithecus skeletal remains been found? A. Southern Africa B. Northern Africa C. Western and northern Africa D. Southern and eastern Africa

D. Southern and eastern Africa

By the fifteenth century, some 150 schools in Timbuktu were devoted to which of the following? A. Educating former slaves B. Maintaining oral traditions C. Training new merchants D. Studying the Qur'an

D. Studying the Qur'an

To what does the term asceticism refer? A. All of the Brahman faith's sacrificial rites B. The rejection of anthropomorphic gods C. What Brahmans refer to as the individual soul D. The practice of severe self-discipline and self-denial

D. The practice of severe self-discipline and self-denial

Why were madrasas important to the Muslim world? A. They encouraged young men to develop military talents. B. They encouraged the understanding of Aristotelian thought. C. They prepared young men for business careers. D. They attempted to prepare men for religious and legal responsibilities.

D. They attempted to prepare men for religious and legal responsibilities.

How did the Muslim military elite ensure the recruitment of troops and their loyalty? A. They promised military recruits eternal salvation. B. They created new cities that offered special amenities for retired soldiers. C. They scattered soldiers as landlords across conquered lands. D. They provided soldiers with a monthly ration of food and an annual cash stipend.

D. They provided soldiers with a monthly ration of food and an annual cash stipend.

What was the religious policy of the Gupta emperors? A. They demanded that their subjects be Hindus. B. They encouraged the adoption of Islam. C. They persecuted Buddhists. D. They were Hindu but tolerated all faiths.

D. They were Hindu but tolerated all faiths.

Why were eunuchs allowed to serve in a variety of occupations in the Muslim world? A. They were favored because of their family ties. B. They were physically stronger. C. They were considered more intelligent. D. They were viewed as more dependable and manageable.

D. They were viewed as more dependable and manageable.

Why were dhimmis, or protected people, allowed some religious freedom? A. They controlled major trade routes. B. They were generally uneducated and weak. C. They greatly outnumbered the Muslims. D. They worshiped only one God.

D. They worshiped only one God.

What was the main feature of the reform program proposed by Tiberius Gracchus? A. To abolish the class distinctions of patricians and plebeians B. To provide free bread to the poor of Rome C. To establish colonies populated by ex-soldiers and their families D. To redistribute public land to poor Romans

D. To redistribute public land to poor Romans

Describe the various ways settled agriculture moved into different regions of Africa.

Knowledge of plant cultivation moved west from the Levant, arriving in the Nile Delta in Egypt. Settled agriculture then traveled down the Nile Valley and moved across the Sahel to the central and western Sudan. From there plant cultivation spread to the equatorial forests. African farmers learned how to domesticate plants. Hunting and gathering societies survived only in scattered parts of Africa.

How did Muhammad and Islam unite the Bedouin tribes and other Arabs into an umma?

Muhammad attracted increasing numbers of believers. Many of whom were Bedouins who supported themselves by raiding caravans en route to Mecca. This set off a violent conflict between Mecca and Medina. After eight years of strife, Mecca capitulated. By the time Muhammad died, he had welded together all of the tribes.