WORLD CIV - CH. 21 & 22

One distinguishable feature regarding slavery in Africa was that slaves could

be admitted into kinship groups.

Conditions grew so bad on many ships that slaves opted to

commit suicide.

What was the primary source of wealth and power in Africa?

control of human labor

What was the source of wealth and power in Africa?

control of human labor

European invaders used existing Mediterranean and Indian Ocean routes for slave trading and

created new routes across the Atlantic.

African law differed from European and Asian law because it

did not recognize private property.

What was one of the primary sources of conflict between English settlers and indigenous peoples?

different understandings of land ownership

During what century were the greatest number of enslaved Africans exported to the Americas?

eighteenth century

Africans often purchased enslaved people to

enlarge their families.

One distinguishable feature regarding slavery in Africa was that

enslaved people could be admitted into kinship groups.

In what century did the first European raiding party seize African slaves?

fifteenth century

One of the "benefits" of the slave trade for African peoples such as the Asante was accessing

firearms.

Which opportunity might enslaved people in Africa have within a generation?

freedom

Though deposits of ______________ were scarce in the Caribbean, Spanish adventurers continued to seek treasure there for more than a century.

gold, precious metals, or metals

The Caribbean ultimately proved to be an ideal location for

growing cash crops.

Which indigenous group in the Americas suffered through a major civil war that weakened its empire just before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors?

the Incas

Match the colonies to their founders. Vancouver Island

the Spanish

What was the primary institution through which the Spanish recruited Taíno laborers?

the encomienda

Which of the following groups of people did the Spanish employ first for labor in the Caribbean and the Americas?

the indigenous peoples

Which of the following are examples of the European qualities of colonial American society?

the presence of churches and cathedrals

The demand for enslaved people during the trans-Saharan slave trade prompted

the raiding of villages to capture people to enslave.

What was the role of the audiencia in the Americas?

to check the power of the viceroys

What was the primary reason why French, English, and Dutch mariners sailed the North Atlantic?

to find a northwest passage to Asia

To meet the demand for enslaved people in the western hemisphere, the Europeans developed a three-stage trading system called the ______________ trade.

triangle

In order to rule Mexico and Peru more effectively, Spain created the office of ______, the highest government post in the Americas.

viceroy

The earliest Portuguese slave raiders encountered ______ resistance from Africans.

violent

Who commonly became enslaved in Africa?

war captives

The encomienda system used by the Spanish

was a forced labor system.

Which language was often used in rural settlements of the Spanish and Portuguese in the Americas?

Guaraní

Though Spanish and Portuguese were used in formal settings, indigenous languages persisted in the Americas. Match each language with its location of origin. Quiche

Guatemala

What was the fate of the Aztec emperor Motecuzoma II?

He was killed in a skirmish with the Spanish in 1520, and Cuauhtémoc then took the throne.

The Spanish first established a coercive labor system in the New World on the island of ...

Hispaniola

Which Caribbean island served as the base of operations for the Spanish settlers led by Christopher Columbus?

Hispaniola

A civil war, resolved only shortly before the arrival of Francisco Pizarro's expedition, divided the ______ and greatly compromised their ability to fight off the Spanish in Peru.

Incas

Match each Spanish conquistador with the people he helped conquer. Francisco Pizarro

Incas

Early English and French settlers encountered indigenous peoples in eastern North America who were speakers of what main language groups?

Iroquois Lakota Algonquian

Which of the following were factors that enabled Cortés and a tiny Spanish army to conquer the large and powerful Aztec empire?

The Spanish had horses and were good horsemen. The Spanish had cannons, guns, and armor. The Spanish had help from peoples conquered by the Aztecs.

The first Europeans to reach the Americas made contact with

The Taino in the Caribbean

In Peru, the Spanish moved the capital from Cuzco in the highlands to ______ on the coast.

Lima

Match the indigenous peoples to their geographic regions. Aztecs

Mexico

Though Spanish and Portuguese were used in formal settings, indigenous languages persisted in the Americas. Match each language with its location of origin. Nahuatil

Mexico

The jurisdiction of the viceroyalty of New Spain reached from _____ as far as St. Augustine in Florida.

Mexico City

In Mexico, the Spanish renamed the capital city Tenochtitlan as

Mexico City.

In which regions did Spanish explorers ultimately find rich sources of silver?

Mexico and Peru

After the eighth century, ___________________ merchants from north Africa, Arabia, and Persia sought African slaves for sale and distribution to destinations in the Mediterranean basin, southwest Asia, India, and even southeast Asia and China.

Muslim or Islamic

Though Spanish and Portuguese were used in formal settings, indigenous languages persisted in the Americas. Match each language with its location of origin. Guarani

Paraguay

Though Spanish and Portuguese were used in formal settings, indigenous languages persisted in the Americas. Match each language with its location of origin. Quechua

Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia

Which of the following did not contribute to Pizarro's eventual defeat of the Incas?

Pizarro bribed the Inca rulers with gold and silver.

The earliest European slave traders in Africa came from what country?

Portugal

Which of the following European powers did not establish a colony in North America during the sixteenth century?

Portugal

Why did Portugal establish a presence in Brazil?

Portugal and Spain agreed to split the world along an imaginary line.

In addition to the brutality of the encomienda system, what other factor contributed most to the decline in population among the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean in the early sixteenth century?

The smallpox virus arrived in the area.

Which of the following did not pertain to lives of enslaved people in Africa?

They possessed civil rights.

How did Europeans provide labor for most of the plantations they established in the Americas?

They sought enslaved people from Africa.

Which statement best describes the condition of eastern indigenous North Americans at the time of first contact with Europeans?

They were living in dozens of distinct mobile societies and most engaged in hunting.

Which best describes the fate of the indigenous Taino a few decades after the arrival of the Spanish?

They were wiped out by disease.

Where did Muslims transport freshly caught African slaves?

across the Sahara desert to Swahili port cities

Enslaved people were sometimes employed as

administrators. soldiers.

Slavery became common in Africa after the Bantu migrations spread ______ to all areas of the continent.

agriculture

In 1492 what was the approximate indigenous population of the territory that is now the United States?

at least 5 million

By the mid-sixteenth century, which of the following had caused the indigenous population in North America to be greatly reduced?

attacks by Europeans and the spread of disease

Whereas the Spanish and Portuguese were the first to arrive in the New World, the ______ arrived soon after and founded colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America.

French, English, and Dutch

What ultimately spurred the Portuguese to settle in Brazil?

sugar plantations

Match the indigenous peoples to their geographic regions. Incas

the Andes Mountains

Match the indigenous peoples to their geographic regions.

the Caribbean

Match the colonies to their founders. New Amsterdam

the Dutch

Match the colonies to their founders. Jamestown

the English

Which European group made treaties with indigenous peoples for rights to their land?

the English

Match the colonies to their founders. Port Royal (Nova Scotia)

the French

By the seventeenth century enslaved people were introduced into the North American mainland by the Blank______ colonists.

English

What did the Spanish and Portuguese try to model their cities on?

European cities

The Tainos, who were already living in the Caribbean when the Spanish mariners arrived, were primarily involved in fishing.

FALSE

About how many English settlers came to North America in the seventeenth century?

150,000

In the Americas the Spanish established ______ main center(s) of colonial administration.

2

The conquistadores arrived in Peru just after a bitter dispute between Huascar and ____, two brothers within the Inca ruling house, and Pizarro's forces exploited the differences between those factions.

Atahualpa

Match each Spanish conquistador with the people he helped conquer. Hernán Cortés

Aztecs

In which area of the Americas did Portugal establish a foothold?

Brazil

Which of the following statements regarding the English colonists of North America and the Spanish colonists of South America is correct?

British colonists had limited self-government.

How did the Tainos obtain land?

Chiefs gave land to families.

Established in 1498, the city of Santo ____________ served as the Spanish capital of the Caribbean.

Domingo

Why did enslaved Africans typically not work in European fields?

Serfs and free peasants worked the land.

Which of the following contributed to Pizarro's eventual defeat of the Incas?

Smallpox had swept through before Pizarro's arrival. People conquered by the Incas joined with the Spanish to defeat the Incas.

In addition to advanced weaponry and local alliances, what other factor contributed most to Spain's ability to overcome the Aztec Empire?

Smallpox killed so many people that Aztec society was unable to function.

Why did Spanish rule in the Americas lead to the rapid establishment of cities?

Spanish colonists preferred to live in cities.

Which of the following islands was a Portuguese colony with sugar plantations?

São Tomé

The Aztec capital of ______, present-day Mexico City, was besieged by Hernán Cortés and the Spanish until the city surrendered in 1521.

Tenochtitlan

European expansion of the African slave trade created ______ that affected societies in the Atlantic Ocean basin.

involuntary migration

Most enslaved Africans in Europe worked as ______, porters, or domestic servants.

miners

Most enslaved Africans in Portugal's island colonies worked as

plantation laborers.

Match the European power with the source of funding it used to finance its colonies in the Americas. the Dutch

private investors

Match the European power with the source of funding it used to finance its colonies in the Americas. the English

private investors

Match the European power with the source of funding it used to finance its colonies in the Americas. the French

private investors

Enslaved people in Africa were considered important because they were

property that could be inherited.

Match the European power with the source of funding it used to finance its colonies in the Americas. the Portuguese

royal backing

Match the European power with the source of funding it used to finance its colonies in the Americas. the Spanish

royal backing

During the second leg of voyages in the triangular trade, which of the following was the most important part of the cargo?

slaves

In Africa, wealth was measured by the number of _____________ a person had.

slaves

Which disease was responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of Aztecs during the Spanish siege of Tenochtitlan?

smallpox

The Portuguese first found success in Brazil by establishing ______ plantations.

sugar

What were two major cash crops Europeans cultivated in the Caribbean islands?

sugar and tobacco