World Civ Midterm

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an enslaved African brought to the Caribbean?

3 years

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

90 percent

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period?

All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa?

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

What was a consequence of the Europeans introducing firearms into North America?

Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.

In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise?

Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world.

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires?

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas?

Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China?

China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following?

Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What impact did the arrival of corn have in West Africa beginning in the sixteenth century?

Corn contributed the caloric energy needed to transform rain forest into arable land.

How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives?

Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime?

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system?

European elites

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade?

European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states?

European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.

By the end of the seventeenth century, what best characterized the role of Europeans in Asia?

Europeans held a few coastal enclaves and had not significantly transformed Asian trade.

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa?

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Which of the following are reasons why the Taino peoples were initially repulsed by the Europeans?

Europeans' hairiness and bad manners

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors?

Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves?

Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable?

God

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War?

Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?

He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people?

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.

Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia?

Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

What differentiated Chinese merchants from Islamic traders?

Islamic traders had more autonomy as they were not subject to any central authority.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

What was Egypt's main significance within the Ottoman Empire?

It served as the Ottoman's breadbasket.

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?

Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies?

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia?

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?

Mesoamerica and the Andes

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century?

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of Africans as slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravanseries for travelers' refreshment and protection.

What did the Battle at Lepanto in 1571 demonstrate?

Only a united European effort could combat the Ottomans' advance.

How did the encomienda system work in the Caribbean?

Select Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract a quantity of Amerindian labor.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations?

Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to 16-hour days.

How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development?

The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?

The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices?

The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in intra-Asian trade.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands?

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch?

The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and the Amerindians?

The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century?

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following characterized the Spanish tributary empires?

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

The church increased missionary efforts abroad.

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

The church increased missionary efforts abroad.

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success?

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires?

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?

They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas?

They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

How did Plains Amerindians enhance their power in North America at the expense of both other tribes and Europeans?

They used horses in strategic raids.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following was the most common way that enslaved Africans in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement?

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties?

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties?

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following?

a decline in centralized state control

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

The Ming dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.

Which of the following characterized Ottoman expansion into North Africa and the Middle East in the sixteenth century?

fierce opposition in Egypt and Syria, resulting from insurmountable logistical challenges

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

healers, consorts, and power brokers

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to

identify their religion with their local state and language.

Where did Luther's and Calvin's critiques of the Catholic Church have the most appeal?

in regions ruled by Catholic "outsiders"

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

kinship and clan networks

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?

mercantilism

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system?

military technology

All of the following resulted from the Little Ice Age EXCEPT

rice production increased in China.

What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin?

sophisticated bronzes

Which of the following were the primary methods and goals of early Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean?

strategic checkpoints and extraction of bribes for passage from merchants headed east

Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China?

study guides for civil service examinations

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century?

sugar

The Ottoman Sultans used all of the following approaches to manage their expanding empire EXCEPT

suppressing non-Islamic religions.

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?

the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?

to enrich the states that had founded them

In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group?

warriors

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?

weak rulers and internal divisions