World Civilization

The first emperor odered which group of people to move to the capital?

-Nobility

What did the Qur'an say about the succession to Muhammad?

-Nothing. The Qur'an does not have a plan of succession

What did Ibn Battuta criticize about the people or their customs?

-Piety: the people of Mali would force their children to memorize the Koran, they would chain up their children if they were struggling to remember the Koran and not set them free until they had it memorized -Nakedness: their women servants, slave-girls, and yound girls would go naked in front of everyone

In the Civil War what followed the end of the first triumvirate, who did the Senate support?

-Pompey

The competing claims to the Americas between Spain and Portugal were settled by

-Pope Alexander VI.

The first rulers of Sumerian city-states such as Ur and Uruk were

-Priests

Norte Chico in Peru contains the earliest examaple of what architectual structure in the Americas?

-Pyramids

The Han emperor Gaozu

-Retained the centralized government created by the Quin

By taking over city-states in Central Asia, the Han under Emperor Wu were taking control of what transregional route?

-Silk Route

The Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor caused a decisive break between western Europe and

-The Byzantine Empire

One of Cyril's most important important contributions to Russian culture was the invention of

-The Cyrilic alphabet

Unit 2

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 3

Akhenaten's interest in monotheism failed in Egypt because

-it was imposed by people and enforced by intolerance

Among the many weaknesses of the First Crusaders' army was their lack of

-leadership

Pluralism was the practice of some Catholic priests to

-have more than one benefice.

As rulers, the Mongols

-improved their own capital by importing skilled workers from conquered regions

The Mongol conquest of southern China

-included the use of catapults designed by Muslim engineers.

The key to the Han tributary system as a method of dealing with other states was

-The echange of gifts via envoys

The most important weapon Mongol boys trained with was the

-compound bow

The last step in Buddhism's eightfold plan is

-contemplation

The most significant political change by Diocletian was his

-division of the Roman empire into two parts

The Han government shared the popular view that commerce by merchants

-Exploited the true producers of wealth

The treaty of Verdun divided the Carolingian empire into three parts that formed the precursor states of modern

-Germany, France, Italy

Before the Romans controlled Italy, what other civilization built cities in southern Italy and Sicily?

-Greece

Xunzi, unlike Confucius and Mencius

-Had considerable political experience

The Carthaginian general who brought the second Punic warto the gates of Rome was

-Hannibal

How did Chinggis treat cities that surrendered to his army?

-He negotiated with local elites to make them allies

Solon's reforms in Athens

-He outlawed debt slavery and freed those who had already been sold.

What happened to Temujin's father?

-He was poisoned by a rival

The Zhou sacrificed to their ancestors as the Shang had done, and also to

-Heaven

The earliest Indian civilization centered on a great river, the

-Indus

The spread of Hellenistic culture was bolstered by Alexander's tradition of doing what in his newly conquered territories?

-founded new cities with mixed populations

Describe the development of the Islamic states. How did they conquer so much territory? How did their governments function?

-Islam began in the arabian peninsula and was founded by Muhammed -Basic islamic beliefs: 1. Statement of Faith, 2. Pray 5 times a day, 3. Give a yearly offering, 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan, 5. Go on a hajj to Mecca -Many tribes adopted islam for political or commercial reasons -Islam provided the necessary cohesive forces. These forces included the creation of ethnic and cultural identities through religious traditions and customs, and a model for social and political organisation through creeds and policies based on religious teachings. -Islam brought with it politics and social stability

In the sixth century, the Byzantine emperor Justinian fought the Ostrogoths for control of

-Italy

Of the three parts of the corpus juris civilis, Justinian's digest focused on

-Jurisprudence, the science of law

Mayan texts tended to focus on the lives and exploits of

-Kings and nobles

After the fall of the Mauryans, what new empire was founded by Buddhist king Kanishka

-Kushan

How many cardinal relationships did Confucius emphasize?

-5

According to Muhammad, the umma was

-A community whose primary identity was religion.

The term "Bantu" refers to

-A linguistic classification of African people who lived south of the Congo River

Gaius Marius recruited landless men to serve in the army by promising them what in payment

-Land

Most of the Confucian scholars who served as officials in the Hans government came from

-Landholding families

In comparison with European urban centers of the ninth and eleventh centuries, the African centers of Jenne, Gao, Timbuktu, and Koumbi-Saleh were

-Larger in size

The controversy over icons in the Eastern Christian Church

-Led to further separation between western Europe and Byzantium

Carolingian power over the Franks was solidified at Poitiers by Charles Martel's defeat of which group in 732?

-Muslims

Compare the Aksumite, Zagwe and Ghana kingdoms in Africa. In what ways were the economic, political, and social structures the same and in what ways were they different?

-Aksumite:a trading nation in the area of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea that existed from approximately 100 to 940 CE. At its height extended across most of present-day Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, western Yemen, southern Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. The capital city of the empire was Aksum, now in northern Ethiopia. Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean ( Rome, later Byzantium). Aksum's access to both the Red Sea and the Upper Nile enabled its strong navy to profit in trade between various African (Nubia), Arabian (Yemen), and Indian states.The Kingdom of Aksum is notable for a number of achievements, such as its own alphabet, the Ge'ez alphabet. Under Emperor Ezana, Aksum adopted Christianity, which gave rise to the present-day Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church. Historians agree that climate changes must have greatly contributed to the end of Aksum. -Zagwe: An Agaw lord named Mara Takla Haymanot founded the Zagwe dynasty in 1137. The new dynasty established its capital at Roha and controlled a smaller area than the Aksumites, with its core in the Lasta region. The Zagwe seem to have ruled over a mostly peaceful state with a flourishing urban culture. The new Zagwe dynasty established its capital at Roha (also called Lalibela), where they built a series of monolithic churches. The architecture of the Zagwe shows a continuation of earlier Aksumite traditions. The Zagwe dynasty controlled a smaller area than the Aksumites, with its core in the Lasta region. Unlike the Aksumites, they were very isolated from the other Christian nations, although they did maintain a degree of contact through Jerusalem and Cairo. -Ghana: Called the Wagadou (or Wagadu) Empire by its rulers, was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, western Mali, and eastern Senegal. Ghana's economic development and eventual wealth was linked to the growth of regular and intensified trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and ivory, which allowed for the development of larger urban centers and encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over different trade routes. The Ghana Empire lay in the Sahel region to the north of the West African gold fields, and was able to profit by controlling the trans-Saharan gold trade, which turned Ghana into an empire of legendary wealth.

The Inca kingdom was linked by

-An advanced system of roads, some of which were paved

The crowning achievement of Pericles' rebuilding of the Acroplis was a temple dedicated to

-Athena and the greatness of Athens

The Peloponnesian Wars grew out of

-Athenian imperialism

What impressed Ibn Battuta about the kingdom of Mali?

-Battuta was very taken back by the amount of hospitality he received while in Mali "All these persons sent me hospitality-gifts of food and treated me with the utmost generosity--may God reward them for their kindnesses!"

The The most important political force in pre-Islamic Arabia was

-Bedouin tribes

Around 350 B.C.E. Chinese military technology developed the

-Crossbow

The first Qin emperor created a new class of officials to administer conquered lands, who were

-Dependent on the emperor for power

Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1314-1315 led to the Mediterranean world

-Discovering the wealth of Mali.

Egypt and Mesopotamia were the sites of some of the earliest civilizations. Describe the political structure, religion, society and culture of those civilizations. Why did they develop around rivers? How were they similar and how were they different?

-Egypt relied on the nile river as an endless supply of bounty which greatly influenced their optimistic way of living. Farming was very proserous along the Nile and this led to an increase in economic development such as trading with many different regions including Mesopotamia. Strong central authority. Art focused on monumental structures. -Mesopotamia's politics hsifted over a substructure of city-states. Art focused on literary elements.

Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries to Moravia by

-Emperor Michael III

Which ruler made Confucian scholars an integral part of Chinese government?

-Emperor Wu

Describe the Development of the Byzantine Empire. How did the government function? How did the government connect with the religious ideas of the people?

-The emperor of the Byzantine (Justinian) held more power over the church -Strong central government and proserous economy -Justinian reformed the laws of the Byzantinian empire with Corpus Juris Civilis "Body of Civil Law" -The Justinian code was based on the idea that the people should be ruled by laws not on the whim of the emperor -Justinian was a autocrat meaning he was the sole ruler with complete authority -Christianity was very influential in the Byzantine empire, the emperor appointed the Patriarch, the highest church official -The Emperor tried to unify the church under one chritian faith and swore to defend the faith -the Byzantines used lots of officials and secretaries to run the government, collect taxes, etc.

The mit'a in the Inca Empire was

-The system of conscripting labor from villages

Religious shrines in southern Arabia were economic and political centers because

-They were neutral arbitration sites

The largest Mayan religious and ceremonial center was

-Tikal

The Delhi Sultanate was invaded by

-Timur.

Spartan women were expected to

-To remain fit and hold strict Spartan values, to make sure they raise spartan girls to be like them and spartan males to be harsh warriors.

The basic Germanic social unit was the

-Tribe

Which group did the Tang ultimately called upon to help put down the rebellion of An Lushan?

-Uighurs

Mansa Musa's most significant innovation was the

-Use of loyal family members as provincial governors

How did Ibn Battuta describe the religious beliefs of the people he met?

-Very passionate about their religion -Must go to the mosque early, or you will not find a spot to kneel because the crowd

Most victims of the Mexica human sacrifice were

-War captives

Following the death of Alexander

-Was divided by his generals into three main sucessors kingdoms

Iconoclasts believed that people were doing what to icons?

-Worshipping them

The Black Death that struck Europe and the Middle East in the mid-fourteenth century probably came from

-central asia

Political organization among nomadic herding peoples was generally based on

-clan ties

Chivalry was

-code of conduct

Hammurabi secured Babylon's cultural ascendancy through

-making Marduk sovereign to all other gods

What was the basic unit of medieval rural life?

-manor

The Greek polis contained an agora, or

-marketplace

The Black Death was initially spread out of Asia by merchants and

-mongol armies

The first Punic War ended with the Roman victory and the creation of Rome's first

-navy

What impressed Temujin when he fought against others?

-personal courage

In 1095 the Pope who called for a Christian holy war against the infidels was

-pope urban II

Hammurabi's code was designed to

-regulate the relationships among his people

Most medieval battles, such as those of the Crusades, were

-sieges of towns

The samurai were

-skilled warriors in Japan

In China, the Mongol system of tax farming

-sold tax licenses to Central Asian Muslim merchants.

The seventeenth century Dutch trade was based on

-spices

Which of the following best describes a ziggurat-style temple?

-stepped pyramid

Prince Henry II of Portugal is significant for his

-support of voyages of exploration.

The emperor Constantine

-supported Christianity

Ashoka's religious policies

-supported orthodoxy in Buddhism

Although the term "Crusade" is not medieval in origin, the best medieval meaning of it is

-taking the cross to spread the faith.

During the rule of Khubilai in China,

-the Chinese were treated as legally inferior to all non-Chinese

Jains' radical nonviolence was motivated by

-the desire to avoid the karmic consequences of causing harm to life

According to Confucius, the basic unit of society was the

-the family

At the death of Chinggis Khan, his empire

-was divided into four parts among his descendants

When the Inca leader Atahualpa first met the Spanish, he

-was seized and ultimately executed

In addition to papyrus, Egyptian hieroglyphs were

-written on walls

Compare the Han Dynasty with the Tang Dynasty. In what ways were the economic, political and social structures the same and in what ways were they different?

Han: -Maintained its bureaucracy and military through a more efficient and thorough system of taxation than many contemporary empires. -established a centralized government -Han created monopolies on iron and salt. The salt monopoly has been a traditional source of revenue for Chinese states since, one that apparently lasted until 2014. -The Han Empire removed princes from power, crushed rebellions, and they took over areas controlled by regional lords -(206 BCE - 220 CE) Founded by Liu Bang, named after his homeland. It was the longest and most influential of all of China's dynasties. -There was a brief uprising (9-23 CE) which divided the Han dynasty into two periods, the Former Han and the Later Han. Tang: -Founder; li yuan (also known as emperor gaozu). -Ruler: emperor taizong; he improved the system of government and reformed the administrative system. -Four-tier system (foreign policy) -Technology: gunpowder, fireworks, block print, steel, flame thrower -Silk Road and trade to flourish-think caravans -open society -new ideals -transmitted its culture to other nations. -the golden age of chinese imperial power and culture. Considered to be the Golden Age of China because of its advancements in technology, medicine, and trade. The foundation of their greatness was from the emphasis put into study which led to stronger leadership and ideas.

Compare the Inca to the Aztecs. You should describe similarities and differences between their political structure, social order, economies and religions.

Inca: Aztecs: -The Aztecs were a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of Central Mexico in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. -The capital of the Aztec empire was Tenochtitlan, built on a raised island in Lake Texcoco. -At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, and reached remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. -Two of the primary architects of the Aztec empire were the half-brothers Tlacaelel and Montezuma I, nephews of Itzcoatl. -The Aztec economy can be divided into a political sector, under the control of nobles and kings, and a commercial sector that operated independently of the political sector. -