World Civilizations I Final Exam Review

Magna Carta

-"Great Charter"-- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in AD 1215 -Made because John Softsword was such a terrible and cruel leader -Nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the king's powers -Guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights both in England and the US

Niccolo Machiavelli

-"The Prince" by Niccolo Machiavelli examines the imperfect conduct of human beings by taking the form of a political guidebook -Machiavelli examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies so he began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt -Machiavelli said a prince must be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a fox -He might have to trick his enemies and even his own people for the good of the state -Machiavelli argued that in the real world of power and politics a prince must sometimes mislead the people and lie to his opponents

Catholic Reformation

-A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation -Ignatius wrote about meditation, prayer, and study -Jesuits founded schools, converted, and stopped spread of Protestantism -Popes Paul III and Paul IV were leaders -Endorsed actions of Jesuits -Inquisition- tried to get out heretics and tried to get people to be Catholic

Reformation

-A 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority -A movement for religious reform -The improvement or amendment of what's wrong, corrupt, or unsatisfactory with the Catholic Church

Legalism

-A Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order -Not a belief: there is no such thing as right and wrong

Hundred Years' War

-A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453 -Marked the end of medieval Europe's society -Launched by Edward III -By the end, the French rallied and drove the English out of France entirely, except for the port city of Calais

Black Death (Bubonic Plague)

-A deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid 14th century, killing millions of people (about one third of the population of Europe) -Known as the Black Death because of the purplish or blackish spots it produced on the skin -Took 5 days to kill you -Spread from rodents (rats) and fleas

Commercial Revolution

-A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. -The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries

Serf

-A medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord's estate -Lived in crowded cottages that are small and close to neighbors -Life revolved around work for both men and women; had to raise crops and livestock and take care of home and family -Children were put to work in the fields or in the home as soon as they were old enough -Most children didn't survive to adulthood because of illness and malnutriton

Council of Trent

-A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III, to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers -Met in Italy -Church's interpretation was final; any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic -Christians needed faith and good works for salvation; they were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued -The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life -Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the false selling of indulgences was banned

Indulgences

-A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin -Originally sold by Johann Tetzel to rebuild the St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome -Luther, and many other people, were angry by the indulgences because you didn't actually need to be sorry for your sins and they couldn't afford the indulgences

Mongols

-A person from Mongolia -Destroyed one city after another and slaughtered many inhabitants to help Genghis Khan conquer

Feudalism

-A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land -Based on rights and obligations

Monastery

-A religious community of men (called monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship -Important because women could be part of the church as nuns and they were like libraries; monks copied things down and preserved culture

Humanism

-A renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements -Influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions -Popularized the study of subjects common to classical education, such as history, literature, and philosophy, which were called the humanities *Saw humans as intelligent creatures capable of reason and questioning authority rather than being mindless pawns helplessly manipulated by God

Middle Class

-A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers -Neither super wealthy nor poor -Wide range of different jobs and wealth within middle class

Salons

-A social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment -Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas

John Locke

-Believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves -Believed that because humans are reasonable beings; they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society -Criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government -All people are born free and equal, with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property -Believed the purpose of government was to protect these rights and if a government didn't, the people could overthrow it -His ideas are the foundation of modern democracy and ideas in Europe and the Americas -"The mind is a blank slate" -Believed that people should give up some rights so the government can protect the natural rights, but if the government didn't, they could revolt -Believed in education

Charlemagne

-Built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome -Spread Christianity by conquering land -Most powerful king in western Europe -Traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob that had attacked the pope, and as a reward, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor -Strengthened his royal power by limiting the authority of nobles -Sent out royal agents to govern his empire to make sure counts (powerful landholders) governed counties justly -Encouraged learning and opened a palace school -Ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks and priests -Crowned his son, Louis the Pious, as emperor a year before he died

Elizabeth I

-Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne -Made England Protestant again -Reinstated the "Book of Common Prayer" -Parliament adopted the Thirty-Nine Articles -Learned from the mistakes of her predecessors and took a middle-of-the-road position concerning religion within her realm -Declared that Protestantism would be the official religion and then ignored Catholics as they kept quiet and didn't make a scene -Brought back the Anglican Church -Established a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might accept -Was charged with treason, arrested, and beheaded

Charles de Montesquieu

-Devoted himself to the study of political liberty and believed that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day -Montesquieu called Britain during this time period a division of power among different branches separation of powers -Believed in a legislative, executive, and judicial branch -Even though he oversimplified the British system, his idea became a part of his most famous book, On the Spirit of Laws, from 1748, that proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government -Said that no one person should be in charge of more than one branch in order to avoid absolutism -Said "Power should be a check of power", and this idea would later become checks and balances -His ideas about separation of powers and checks and balances became the basis for the US Constitution -Protect liberty

Petition of Right

-Drafted by Parliament -Declared several important rights of individuals and Parliament that severely cut the power of the monarch -No funds could be borrowed or raised through taxes and tariffs without explicit approval of Parliament -No free person could be imprisoned without a reason -No troops could be garrisoned in a private home without permission

Thomas Hobbes

-Expressed his views in a work called "Leviathan," written in 1651 -Horrors of English Civil War convinced him that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked -Said without governments to keep order, there would be "war... of every man against every man," and life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" -His social contract was an agreement between a society and its government and said that people needed to give up some of their rights and have an absolute ruler -Hobbes argued that to escape a bleak life, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler and in exchange they gained law and order -Believed in an absolute monarchy because he thought it would impose order and demand obedience and compared the monarch's power to a leviathan, or a sea monster -"Individual desires lead us to 'the war of each against all'"

John Calvin

-Founder of Calvinism -Published "Institutes of the Christian Religion", which was a summary of Protestant theology

Christian Humanists

-Goal was to promote education of women -Goal was to reform society based on Christian ideals (more ethical way of life; intellect and reason bring moral reform; education) -Goal was to reform the church and correct any corruption to encourage people to live a more Christian life -Best known humanists were Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More -Italy used classics to understand and improve politics and education

Kublai Khan

-Grandson of Genghis Khan and assumed the title Great Khan -Ruled entire Mongol empire -Abandoned the Mongolian steppes of China -Liked to live luxuriously -Maintained a beautiful summer place at Shangdu -Built a capital at the site of modern Beijing -Couldn't conquer Japan because the Japanese fought back and then there was a typhoon -Restored grand canal -Built a paved highway -Increased foreign trade -Had little in common with his subjects so there wasn't a huge feeling of unification, which was a problem during the fall of the dynasty

Galileo Galilei

-Greatest accomplishment was the formulation of the experimental method -From Italy -He was tried for heresy several times by the papal Inquisition and took back his claims, but then wrote another book. The second time he was tried he was imprisoned and threatened with torture -Formulated the law of inertia -Found the first four moons of Jupiter -Used a telescope to discover that the moon is not perfectly round or smooth; it has craters

Scientific Method

-Has joined precise observations and experimentalism with the search for general laws that may be expressed in rigorously logical, mathematical language -Deductive and inductive reasoning helped lead to the devlopement

Maria Theresa

-Heir of Charles VI -Austrian ruler who had the Hapsburg territories -Was supposed to have a peaceful reign -During the War of Austrian Succession, Frederick II underestimated her strength because she was a woman and though she wouldn't be forceful enough to defend her lands -She journeyed to Hungary even though she recently had given birth, and carrying her infant, she asked Hungarian nobles for aid -Hungary gave her an Army -Although she stopped Prussia's aggression, she lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapalle

Predestination

-Idea of Calvinism -The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved

Knight

-In medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback -Pledged to defend their lords' land in exchange for fiefs -Had to follow the code of chivalry -Most failed to meet high standards of being loyal, brave, and courteous because they treated lower classes brutally

Oliver Cromwell

-Independent and believed that each religion and congregation should be free to decide what ecclesiastical structure it would adhere to -Called his army "The New Model Army" and turned the tide of the English Civil War -He and the Puritans ejected all the Presbyterians by force and took over Parliament -Formed a new republican government Now called England a commonwealth -Parliament would now legislate, raise taxes, run the judiciary, and head the army -Cromwell had the real power because he had the army -Set up the "Protectorate" -Served as "Lord Protector", a dictator -Dismissed Parliament permanently and became an absolute monarch over England

Henry VIII

-King of England -Needed a son to be his heir to prevent a civil war -Only had a daughter, Mary -His wife, Catherine, was too old so he wanted to divorce her, which wasn't allowed -Wanted to annul his marriage but the pope said no because he didn't want to offend Charles V (Catherine's nephew) -Became head of the church so he could marry Anne Boleyn -His heirs were Elizabeth I, Mary, and a weak son named Edward -Married many times

Louis XIV

-King of France -Believed he and the state were one and the same and said "L'etat c'est moi", or "I am the state" -Came into power at four years old -Never forgot his fear or anger at the nobility and was determined to become so strong that they could never threaten him again -Believed in the divine right of kings -Weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils when he was 22 because Cardinal Mazarin died -Increased the power of intendants -To keep power under control, he made sure that local officials communicated with him regularly -Announced a policy that slowed France's economic progress because he canceled the Edict of Nantes. His policy robbed France of many skilled workers because thousands of Huguenot artisans and business people fled the country -Devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance -Called the Sun King because he thought the universe revolved around him -Lived in the palace of Versailles, which he built -Lived a life of luxury -Loved the arts and ballet -Invaded Spanish Netherlands to expand France's boundaries -Led an army to the Dutch Netherlands but the Dutch saved their country by opening the dikes and flooding the countryside -Poor harvests, constant warfare, and taxes he imposed to finance his wars brought great suffering to the French people -Regretted the suffering he brought to his people -Died in bed in 1715 -People rejoiced when he died

Natural rights

-Life, Liberty, and Property -Locke says that people are born free and equal with these rights

Peter the Great

-Made strengthening the Russian military his primary goal so he could continue the expansionism of his predecessors and keep the rowdy peasants in check -Became interested in modern weapons and military strategy and decided he needed to upgrade his military -Modernized and westernized Russia -Toured western Europe for a year and a half, disguised as a common Russian and not dressed as a czar so he could observe and learn as much as he could without being noticed -As a boy he played war games -Banished Sophia from public life and forced her to be a nun in prison -Emphasized ships and a navy -Fought the Turks because he wanted the black sea, but he lost, so he decided he needed a navy to attack them again -Built St. Petersburg because he wanted a city that would never surrender and wanted a foundation for his new society

Martin Luther

-Monk -Teacher in Germany -Wanted to be a good Christian, not lead a religious revolution -Wrote the 95 Theses and posted them on a door of the castle church. This challenged Johann Tetzel -Went into hiding as "Squire George"and wrote a German version of the New Testament

Voltaire

-Most brilliant and influential philosophe -Francois Marie Arouet used the pen name Voltaire to publish over 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama -Used satire against his opponents and made frequent targets of the clergy, aristocracy, and government -Sent to prison twice and was exiled to England for over two years after his second jail term -Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech, even though he made powerful enemies -Fought against humanities worst enemies: intolerance, prejudice, and superstition -Said "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it"

Natives

-Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for landlords -Landlords had received the rights to the natives' labor from Spanish authorities -Holders of encomienda promised the Spanish rulers that they would act fairly and respect the workers but many abused the natives and worked many laborers to death, especially in dangerous mines

Enlightenment despots

-One of the 18th-century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects -Despot means "absolute ruler" -Supported philosophe's ideas but also had no intention of giving up any power -Wanted to make their country stronger and their own rule more effective

Crusade

-One of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims -Holy War

Peace of Augsburg

-Princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of its state -Declared by Charles V, who was speaking to both Protestants and Catholics

Three-Field System

-Rotating between fields because soil needs a break -Rotate between which field is the fallow

Upper-Class Renaissance Women

-Should know the classics and be charming but weren't expected to seek fame -Were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it -Were better educated than medieval women but most had little influence in politics

Printing Press

-Spread new ideas quickly and accurately -Especially important since many Renaissance ideas weren't acceptable to the Church but with the printing press, these ideas were very hard to suppress -Basis/inspiration was block printing

Universities

-Stood at the center of growth of learning in European institution -People made them up -Some arose at Paris and Bologna, Italy -Most students were sons of burghers or well-to-do artisans and their goal was a job in government or the Church

Glorious Revolution

-Supporters of Parliament, the Whigs, and supporters of the monarch, Tories, agreed that a Catholic line of kings was intolerable, so they voted to ask William of Orange, the duke who was married to James' sister Mary, to invade England -1688 -The English welcomed William of Orange -James II saw that he had no support and fled to France and the protection of Louis XIV -Called this because the king had been deposed by an act of Parliament without any bloodshed whatsoever -Parliament declared the throne vacant and declared William and Mary to be the sovereigns of England in 1689

Geocentric

-The earth centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe -Aristotle and Aquinas thought this

Heliocentric

-The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun -Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo thought this

Nicolaus Copernicus Hypothesis

-The stars and planets revolve around the sun -Stars are at rest and their apparent nightly movement was just a result of the Earth's rotation -The universe is of a staggering size -Destroyed the idea of Aristotelian physics that the earthly world was quite different from the heavenly one -Copernicus published this right before he died so people wouldn't attack him

Italy's 3 Advantages that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance

-Thriving cities -A wealthy merchant class -The classical heritage of Greece and Rome

English Bill of Rights

-William and Mary agreed to it -Parliament issued it -Severely restricted the power of the monarch over Parliament and over individuals -Fundamental basis of the American Bill of Rights -No monarch could assume the throne without the express approval of Parliament -The monarch would be subject to all the laws of the realm -No Catholic could assume the English throne -Guaranteed rule of law and natural laws

95 Theses

-Written by Martin Luther -Formal statements attacking the pardon-merchants -Posted them on a door -Became known throughout Germany due to the printing press -The true treasure of the church is the most holy Gospel and the grace and glory of God -Said that true forgiveness is received by actually apologizing; not buying indulgences -Doesn't agree with how the pope and church are spending the money

Absolutism

-form of government within a monarchy in which the rulers exercised complete and unrestricted power over all facets of his or her kingdom -complete control of government and law, religion, economic policy, the military, and sometimes the culture of the country -one person ruling (king or queen) who has total control

Luther's Teachings

1) People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation. 2) All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. 3) All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

Prayer

5 pillars; 5 times a day Muslims face towards Mecca to pray either at a mosque or wherever they are

Pilgrimage

5 pillars; all muslims who are physically or financially able to perform haji, or pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once. They were identical garments so that all stand as equals before Allah

Faith

5 pillars; believe Allah is the only god and Muhammad is the prophet of Allah

Fasting

5 pillars; during holy month Ramadon, fast between dawn and sunset to remind them their spiritual needs are greater than their physical needs

Almsgiving

5 pillars; had a responsibility to support the less fortunate; gave money for the poor (alms) through a special religious tax

Shari'a

A body of law governing the lives of Muslims; regulates the family life, moral conduct, business life, and community life of Muslims

Chivalry

A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion

Tithe

A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Renaissance Man

A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a "universal man"

Islam

A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in the seventh century

Justinian's code

A number of laws from the Romans that contained four parts: The code- 5000 Roman Laws The digest- Quoted and summaraized opinions of Rome's greatest thinkers The institutes- told law students how to use law The novellae- new laws

Renaissance

A period of European history, lasting from about 1300-1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world

Daoism

A philosophy based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Laozi, who taught that people should be guided by the universal force called the Dao

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government; means successor or deputy

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Enlightenment

An 18th-century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society

Sunna

An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad

Mosque

An Islamic place of worship

Favorable Balance of Trade

An economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

Location of Constantinople

Black Sea; East; Farther from Germanic tribes; Walls slow invasions from Germanic tribes coming from the west

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than religious matters

Thirty Years' War

Hapsburg Triumphs: -Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed troops hired by Protestant princes and put down the Czech uprising -Ferdinand II's large army destroyed German Villages -First twelve years of the war Hapsburg Defeats: -Swedish Protestant Gustavus Adolphus drove Hapsburg armies out of Germany -French cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin dominated the rest of the war

Kaaba

Holiest building in Mecca; originally built by Adam, then rebuilt by Abraham

Lord

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Vassal

In feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services

Hagia Sophia

Most visible sign of a connection between church and state; built by Justinian; art is geometric; has minarettes (where prayers are spoken from in Islamic culture)

People of the Book

Muslims, CHRISTIANS, JEWS because they followed a bible or a holy book

Philosophes

One of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment

Nation

People with whom a person shares culture and history

Jihad

Refers to the inner struggle against evil or an armed struggle against unbelievers

Mutual Obligation

Requirement between multiple individuals; investiture

Renaissance Art

Secular; portraits; human form; background; perspective; proportion; individuality; architecture; music; instruments

Justinian's accomplishments

Sent his best general, Belisarius, to recover North Africa from invading German tribes (they succeeded); Justinian's armies won most of Italy and parts of Spain; created Justinian's code; seized Rome; improved the wall to protect the city; built the Hagia Sophia

Eastern Orthodox Church

Services conducted in Greek or local languages; PATRIARCH AND OTHER BISHOPS HEAD THE CHURCH AS A GROUP AND THE EMPEROR CLAIMS AUTHORITY OVER THE PATRIARCH AND OTHER BISHOPS OF THE EMPIRE; priests may be married; divorce is allowed; seek to convert people; base faith on the gospel of Jesus and the Bible

Conquistadors

The Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century

Calligraphy

The beautiful art of handwriting; replaced religious images to say that Allah was the only one who could create life; pictures formed using letters

Shi'a

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad; believe that all Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad

Sunni

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; Followed Muhammad's example

Vernacular

The everyday language of people in a region or country

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages during the European colonization of the Americas

Koran (Qur'an)

The holy book of Islam; considered to be the true word of God only in its original Arabic version

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote "The Courtier": Taught how to become such a person -A young man should be charming, witty, well educated in the classics, sing, dance, play music, write poetry, be a skilled rider, wrestle, and be a good swordsman