World History Ch. 19

Haiku

5-7-5 syllable, three line verse poetry. This poetry presents images rather than ideas. Matsuo Basho-greatest haiku poet

Zheng He

A Chinese Muslim admiral who led all of the seven voyages. Everything about his expeditions were large. The voyages ranged from South East Asia to Eastern Africa. The ships sailed from port to port along the Indian Ocean. He distributed gifts so more than 16 countries sent tribute to the Ming court.

Trade routes after the crusades

After the crusades there was a greater demand for spices. Because of the high demand, merchants could charge more. European merchants did not like paying so much money, so they sought to bypass Italian merchants.

Closed country policy

By 1639 they had sealed Japan's borders and instituted a closed country policy. They persecuted Christians in an attempt to control foreign ideas. Strong leaders did not like that introduction of European ideas, but they valued European trade. Tokugawa shoguns realized they could exclude both the missionaries and merchants. One port was left open, only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to enter the port.

Kowtow

Chinese diplomats paid tribute to the emperor through gifts and performing the required kowtow ritual. This involved kneeling in front of the emperor and touching one's head to the ground nine times. By doing this the Chinese excepted the Dutch as trading partners. Lord George McCartney refuse to Kowtow.

Vassal States

During the 1200's, the strive to explore the sea meant improving on vassals. Many alterations and inventions were made to make the journey better.

Bartolomeu Diaz

Early Portuguese explorer who sailed to the tip of Africa called Cape of Good Hope. Inspired further expeditions to search for route to Asia.

Qing Dynasty

Formed after the Manchus seized Beijing. They ruled for more than 260 years. Manchus slowly earn peoples respect. Upheld China's traditional Confucian beliefs and social structure made the frontier safe and restored to prosperity. Kangxi-reduced government expenses and lowered taxes.

Takugawa Ieyasu's cleansing of Japan

He completed the unification of Japan. He earned daimyo loyalty throughout Japan. Moved to Japan's capital to his powerbase at Edo (Tokyo). He required that daimyo had to spend every other year at the capital.

Lord McCartney's letter

He delivered a letter from King George III to Qian-long. It asked for a better trade agreement including a Chinese acceptance of British manufactured goods. He refused to Kowtow and Qiana-long denied Britain's request.

The overthrow of the Mongols

In 1368, Hongwu gathered his rebel army to utterly drive the Mongol Empire out of China.

Sailing innovations and innovators

In 1400s shipbuilders designed a new vessel, the Caravel. These sails were sturdier and could effectively sail against the wind. Sailors used Astrolab-perfected by Muslims. This had rings that could site the stars, which allowed to calculate latitude. Also used magnetic compass-Chinese invention

Japan's first visitors

Japanese first encountered Europeans when shipwrecked Portuguese sailors washed up on the shores of southern Japan and merchants soon followed. They hoped to involve themselves in Japan's trade with the southern Asia and China. They brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, and other things. Japanese were happy to have new goods

Competition of the Indian Ocean trade

Portugal built trade route throughout the Indian Ocean. They then took control of the spice trade. Then they defeated a Muslim fleet. Made Goa the capital of their trading empire. Attacked Malacca and seize control of the straight of Malacca. After seeing Portugal's success, Spain claimed islands and began settling on them. The rest of Europe then began to descend upon Asia and wanted to establish their own trade empires.

Exploration of the African coast

Portuguese were the first to set up trade posts along the African coast

The Dutch's ability to trade with China

The Dutch were masters of Indian Ocean trade by the time of Qian-long and they excepted China's restrictions. They sent tribute through gifts and preformed the kowtow ritual. The Dutch returned home with additional porcelain and silks, along with tea.

Japan's first visiters

The Japanese first encountered Europeans when shipwrecked Portuguese sailors walked up on the shores of southern Japan and merchants soon followed. They hoped to involve themselves in Japanese trade with Southern Europe and China. They brought clocks, tobacco, firearms, and other things. Japanese were happy to have new goods.

China's policy on the trade in the 1500's

Their trade policies reflected their isolation. To keep the influence of outsiders to a minimum only government was allowed to conduct foreign trade, and only through Canton, Macao, and Ningbo.

Tokugawa Shoganate rule

Under their rule, Japan had two and a half centuries of stability, prosperity, and isolation. Takugawa society was very structured with the shogun as the actual ruler. He was the supreme military commander. Below him where daimyo, samurai warriors, then peasants and artisans. Merchants were at the very bottom.

Caravels

Vessel ships used them to sail against the wind. Designed by shipbuilders in the 1400's.

Daimyo

Warrior-chieftains who became lords of a new kind of Japanese feudalism. Means "great name". Under this system, security came from this group of powerful warlords.