World History Chapter 10 & 12

What did the monastic leader Bernard do?

He inspired leaders such as King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany to enter into a failed Second Crusade

What did King Henry do in response to Thomas a Becket's claim?

He sent four knights to murder the archbishop

What did King Alfred the Great do?

He united various kingdoms in England and established rule by Anglo-Saxon kings

How did King Henry II increase the power of the English monarchy?

Henry II increased the number of criminal cases tried in the King's court and also took property cases from local courts and moving them to royal courts By expanding the power of royal courts, Henry expanded the king's overall power

What is vernacular?

The language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, or German.

Where did trade develop gradually in medieval Europe? (cities and regions)

Venice and other Italian cities trading in the Mediterranean and towns in Flanders became hubs of commerce in northern Europe

How did the Early Crusades start?

When the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I Commenus, enlisted the help of European powers to reclaim the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks

On October 14, 1066, at the Battle of Hastings, what happened?

William of Normandy sailed across the English Channel and defeated King Harold of England, ending the rule of Anglo-Saxon kings

What is the Church's Inquisition and what did it do?

the Inquisition was a court created by the Church to try people accused of heresy They sometimes used torture to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it

Medieval popes controlled _____________________ in Italy.

the Papal States

Who was Thomas a Becket?

the archbishop of Cantebury, claiming that only the Roman Catholic Church courts could try the clergy

In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three sections. One of the sections that formed was..?

the kingdom of France

What was the system of obligations between a lord and a serf in the feudal system?

the lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland, and protection In return, serfs tended the lord's land, cared for his animals, and maintained the estate

What is the bourgeoisie?

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and artisans

What was the Domesday book?

the original record or summary (census) of William I's Survey of England completed in 1086

What did the pope offer for anyone who went on the First Crusade?

the pope promised the forgiveness of sins

In the Middle Ages, the Church played a major role in daily life; what guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage?

the sacraments

What allowed the Vikings to attack the Carolingian Empire quickly?

their ships could sail in shallow waters of European rivers

What did Federick I and II attempt to do?

they attempted to rule both German and Italian lands He considered Italy the center of a "Holy Empire" so it was named the Holy Roman Empire

Merchants and artisans began to settle in...? What did they establish?

they began to settle in old Roman cities and founded new towns and cities near castles, for protection, and along trade routes

To ensure the freedom townspeople needed to engage in trade, what did they have to purchase?

they had to purchase rights from the lord who controlled their territories

What are estates?

three large social groups or orders First Estate-Clergy Second Estate-nobles Third Estate-Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) and Peasantry

The path of the Black Death followed ________________ ___________________.

trade routes

What is mercantile fleet?

trading ships

Bishops were often _______________ to nobles.

vassals

The Hundred Years' War proved to be a turning point in the nature of ____________________.

warfare

Flanders became a trading center for..?

woolen cloth

What are relics? Speaking in terms of the Catholic Church.

objects connected with saints such as bones, supposed possessions, and other stuff

To get married, peasants had to...?

pay a tax

Christians also made _____ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed, was the Holy City of _____.

pilgrimages; Jerusalem

What is Parliament?

representative government in England

Medieval Christians dedicated churches to...?

saints and venerated relics

The manor was a ____________________________ community.

self-sufficient

The Crusades benefited...?

some Italian port cities, increasing trade with the Eastern world

What was the first literary piece written in the vernacular language?

"The Cantebury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer

What legal rights did a lord have over the serfs of his estate? (2 rights) What was the lord's duty to the serfs?

- A serf would have to ask for the lord's permission in order to leave the manor. Lords had political authority over their land, so they had the right to try peasants in their own courts. - A lord's duty was to protect his serfs, giving them safety to farm the land

Describe characteristics of Romanesque architecture.

- Massive Pillars - Thick walls - Rounded Arches - Intersecting Barrel vaults - Large towers - Little space for windows

What were the consequences of the Black Death?

- One-third of the population of Europe was killed off (originally 75 million) - Trade declined - Shortage of Workers (rise in price of Labors) - Decline in people lowered demand for food (Lower food prices) - end to serfdom

Describe the characteristics of Gothic architecture.

- Pointed spires - Intricate Sculptures - Ribbed Vaults - Pointed Arches - Flying Buttresses - Thin walls - Stained Glass Windows

Why did the population of Europe double between 1000 and 300? Give four reasons.

- Relative peacefulness meant an increase in stability - an improvement in climate made crop harvests more successful - Technological innovations such as the heavy-wheeled plow--carruca--made population growth possible - a change from two-field to three-field crop rotation allowed people to grow more crops as fewer fields were left fallow during each growing season

Which three groups of people invaded the Carolingian Empire and where did each group attack?

- The Vikings attacked the north, formed a region of France that came to be known as Normandy - The Magyars attacked from the east, from what is now Hungary The Muslims struck from the south, attacking settlements on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. They attacked as far inland as Switzerland.

How did warfare change during the Hundred Years' War?

- peasant food soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles of war - Joan of Arc, a 17 year old French peasant girl, led the French to victory at the Siege of Orleans, turning point in the war - French were successful because of the use of the longbow and the cannon

The Crusades were fought by knights. What motivated the knights to go on the First Crusade?

- the promise of religious fervor - adventure - the possibility of wealth and a title

What were two results of the "Children's Crusade?"

- two ships sank in a storm - the children on the other five ships were sold into slavery in North Africa

Describe the characteristics of cities during the medieval times.

- were enclosed in walls - had crowded, unsanitary living conditions - men outnumbered women

By 800 , approximately what percentage of the European population were serfs?

60 percent

What is heresy?

A belief or practice contrary to the accepted doctrine of the Church

What is an interdict?

A church penalty that did not allow a community to receive sacraments, or Christian rites.

What was the investiture controversy?

A conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry the whatever concerning the election of church officials Henry thought the state had power over the election of church officials, while Pope Gregory didn't agree Pope Gregory initiated a decree which caused the Controversy and ended in a compromise called the Concordat of Worms

In the First Crusade, which city did the European Christians capture?

Antioch

Where was the first European university located?

Bologna, Italy

The struggle between popes and emperors had major consequences for the Holy Roman Empire. What were they?

Both Germany and Italy never created a national monarchy in the Middle Ages

In the 13th century, English still retained one small possession in France called?

Duchy of Gascony

Who pledged loyalty to France, during the Late Middle Ages?

English King Edward II, Duke of Gascony

In 1302, Philip IV held a meeting called...?

Estates-General, the first French Parliament

Who were the Muslims?

Followers of Islam They were expert seafarers

Who were the Vikings?

Germanic peoples from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) They were also called Northmen or Norsemen

In the tenth century, the eastern Frankish kingdom came to be known as..?

Germany

Who became the first king of France, and established the ______________ dynasty?

Hugh Capet, establishing the Capetian dynasty

In the late 1100s, a wave of religious enthusiasm led to a rise in what?

It led to a rise in monasteries and formations of new monastic orders

Why was the Common Law created?

It was a body of unified laws created because more royal courts were located throughout England

What did the Magna Carta, or "Great Charter" do?

It was a document that limited the monarch's power

Who brought the plague from Kaffa, on the Black Sea, to the island of Siciliy in 1347?

Italian merchants

In June 1099, the First Crusade reached...?

Jerusalem and killed many of its inhabitants

During the reign of which king did a representative government emerge in England?

King Edward I

In 1215, at Runnymede, who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?

King John

During the thirteen century, who was known for bringing justice to his people by hearing their complaints in person?

King Louis IX

Who did King Philip II Augustus fight against helping to expand the French monarchy? What territories did he add to the kingdom of France?

King Philip II Augustus fought wars against the English, taking control of the territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitine

What caused the hundred year war?

King Philip VI seized the territory of Duchy of Gascony, so King Edward III declared war on him The war lasted until 1453

What was the universal language of medieval civilization?

Latin

Civil wars and new invasions brought an end to the first Russian state in 1169. In the thirteenth century, who conquered Russia, occupying the Russian lands and forcing Russian princes to pay tribute?

Mongols

Who were considered citizens in cities? Who were the only group of people that were elected to public office?

Only males born in the city or who had lived there for some time were citizens Only patricians, the wealthy landowners, were elected

In 962, Who was crowned emperor of the Romans?

Otto I

In 1193, Who initiated the fourth Crusade?

Pope Innocent III

In the 1200s, which Pope brought the Church to the height of its political power?

Pope Innocent III

Who framed the Crusades as a quest to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land from infidels, or unbelievers?

Pope Urban II

Who led the third crusade? What did the truce say that he created?

Richard the Lionhearted led the Third Crusade and negotiated a settlement that gave Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

In Europe, pilgrims often traveled to which two places, that supposedly housed the relics of several apostles (Paul and James)?

Rome and Santiago de Compostela

Who was Saladin and in 1187, what did he do?

Saladin was the leader of the Muslims He took back Jerusalem from the European Christians

What were the two houses called in Parliament?

The house of Lords (nobles and church lords The house of Commons (knights and townspeople)

Who was Abbess Hildegard of Bingen and what did she do?

She was a nun in Germany and was one of the first important women composers She was an important contributor to a type of music known as the Gregorian Chant She succeeded in a time where music was exclusively the domain of men

From about 800 to 1000, invasions destroyed what empire?

The Carolingian Empire

The Crusades caused an end to what system and the emergence of what?

The Crusades caused an end to the feudal system and the emergence of nation-states

Why did the Pope and the cities of northern Italy oppose Frederick I's attempt to conquer Italy?

The Pope opposed because he feared that Frederick I wanted to control Rome and the Papal States as part of his empire The cities of northern Italy opposed because they were unwilling to become Frederick's subjects, having become used to their freedom

Where was the first university in northern Europe?

The University of Paris

What was the result of the Battle of Hastings?

The combining of Normans with the Anglo-Saxons merged Anglo-Saxon and French into a new English languange

The Crusades began a widespread attack on which group of people? What did they suffer?

The crusades began a widespread attack on the Jews, who suffered periodic libels, or defamatory statements, attacks, and expulsions

Why did the nobles create the Magna Carta?

The nobles created the Magna Carta because they resented the growing power of the King

What prompted the Third Crusade?

The victory of Saladin, which prompted the European Christians to retake the Holy Land

In 1204, the Western Crusaders sacked which important city that was the center of commerce, leading to the fall of which empire?

The western crusaders sacked Constantinople, which destroyed the power of the Byzantine Empire. It struggled to survive for another 190 years until it was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks

How did the last two Crusades end? Who organized the two crusades, but later died because of a plague?

They ended in France's defeat by Baybars. King Louis IX later died of the plague

Where did serfs live in and what tasks did they perform?

They lived in crowded thatched cottages in a manor and performed a variety of tasks, determined by the seasons of the year, as they raised food for themselves and their lords

Be able to explain the medieval Church's involvement in political as well as spiritual struggles.

Yeah there is absolutely no way I'm typing whatever I wrote on my paper (Hannah knows; she was the one who copied my homework)

What is a tithe?

a church tax peasant families owed to the village priest

What is chivalry?

a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold

What was the Hanseatic League?

a group of more than 100 cities in the area of the Baltic Sea and North Sea that banded together for mutual trade protection and economic opportunity

What is a vassal?

a man who served a lord in a military capacity

What is a knight?

a member of the heavily armored cavalry

Who were the Magyars?

a nomadic people that were excellent horsemen They took captives to sell as slaves

What is a serf?

a peasant tied to the land they farmed or worked

What is commercial capitalism?

an economic system based on investment in trade and goods for profit

Instead of being based on the barter system, what system did the economy of the medieval ages begin to emerge?

an economy based on gold and silver coins; a money system (commercial capitalism)

What was a manor?

an estate owned by a lord and farmed by peasants, most of whom were serfs. The serfs owed rent and labor and lived under the lord's feudal authority

What was the Dominican order?

an order of monks that also lived in poverty and battled heresy

What was the Cistercian order?

an order of monks that was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery

What was the Franciscan order?

an order of monks the preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor

A peasant or serf had to pay a tax to use the lord's...?

mill to ground grain.

What are guilds? What affects did the guilds have in economic life and cities in Europe during the Middle Ages?

associations that trained artisans and also played a key role in the economic life of medieval cities They controlled the quality of manufactured goods, set prices, and determined the number of people who could enter into a specific trade

What was the staple diet of a peasant (serf)?

bread

What was the most common form of the Black Death?

bubonic plague

How did Pope Innocent III assert the power of the Church?

by using tools such as the interdict

During the Middle Ages, cities began to become...?

centers of manufacturing

In the Middle Ages, what was the ideal civilized behavior that developed among nobility?

chivalry

King Henry II also tried to impose royal control over the Church by..?

claiming the right to punish clergymen in royal courts

What system of governing and landholding soon emerged in Europe roughly around 850-950 AD?

feudalism

Eventually, cities developed their own _______________________.

governments

Where was Flanders?

in the area of present-day Belgium and northern France

The University was a product of the High Middle Ages. What did it consist of?

it consisted of faculty, students, and degrees

How did the Bubonic Plague spread?

it spread by rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium

What is fuedalism based on?

it was a system based on rights and obligations. In exchange for military protection and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted land, or fief, to a vassal

What people were considered nobles during the early Medieval Ages?

kings, dukes, counts, barons, and even bishops who had large landed estates were considered nobles

In the 12th century, what was literature being written in?

literature was being written in the vernacular