World History Chapter 13: European Middle Ages: Sections 1, 2, 3, and 4

The "Feudal" society or "Feudal" world that emerged in Europe at this time had its "roots' in three things: what were they as cited on page 353 of your book?

(1) disruption of trade (2) downfall of cities (3) populations shifts to rural areas

What convinced the Frankish ruler Clovis to adopt Christianity as the official religion and what long-term impact did this have on Gaul and the Church?

Clovis needed help in battle and prayed to God--when he won he asked a bishop to christen him and 3,000 soldiers. The long term effect was a partnership between his kingdom and the Church.

The W.R.E used Latin as one language-in many ways it was a unifier-when it collapsed what took its place?

Latin died out as many new words and phrases took its place; local dialects began in the 800's like French and Spanish

What method of attack was preferred by Viking invaders and how did their longboats help them achieve success?

Viking invaders carried out raids with speed and were long gone before the locals could mount a proper defense

Lord's Demense

fields owned by the lord and worked by the peasants

Trebuchet

giant slingshots that propelled objects almost 1,000 feet

The Age of Chivalry

glorified combat and romantic love and shaped the modern ideas of romance in Western culture

What two purposes did castles serve in the Middle Ages? NOT tourism

homes and places for defense

Sacraments

important religious ceremonies that paved the way for salvation

True or false: a system of feudalism had emerged in China and Japan before it arrived in Europe.

it is true that feudalism existed under the Zhou dynasty long before it emerged in Europe, but it did not exist in Japan until around the year 1200

What was the arrangement between Knights and Lords?

knights pledged to defend their Lords lands in exchange for "Fiefs"

Fief

land granted to a vassal

What two Asian innovations greatly helped European mounted soldiers to be effective?

leather saddles and stirrups

Tithe

means "one tenth"; a separate tax collected by Church from the peasants that was supposed to represent 10 percent of their income

Benedict

monk who wrote a book on the rules of religious life

The Middle Ages

or medieval period--came after the fall of the Roman Empire where a new society emerged called feudalism

In what ways did an alliance between a political leader and the Pope benefit both sides?

political leaders spread Christianity when they ordered the conversion to Christianity and political leaders gained the support of the Church

What were some of the items that might be sent over a castle wall by a Trebuchet during a siege?

pots of lime, severed heads and body parts, captured soldiers, boulders

Pepin the Short

son of Charles the Hammer who was anointed "king by the grace of God" for defending Rome

"Loyalty to public government and written law had unified the W.R.E--to what were the German tribes most loyal and how did that impact the development of Europe at the time?

the German tribes were loyal to their personal connections--lords and chiefs who were local and could protect them, not kings or emperors in far away places

What do we mean by the term "Holy Roman Empire"?

the German-Roman Empire lead by Frederick Barbarossa

In a typical "Manor" setup, what arrangement existed between Lords and Serfs--what was the give and take for each?

the Lord provided serfs with housing, farming and protection and the serfs tended to the Lord's land, cared for animals and helped maintain the estate

What was the main goal of the Magyars when they invaded Europe?

the Magyars' main goal was to capture people to sell as slaves

From whom did Charles Martel steal the idea of mounting soldiers on horseback?

the Muslim Calvary

Peasant Women: performed endless labor around the home and often in the fields, bore children and took care of the family...

the economic contribution of the peasant woman was essential to the survival of the peasant household

Otto I (Otto the Great) followed in the footsteps of his hero Charlemagne, what were 3 examples of how he behaved similarly to Charlemagne?

the king of medieval Germany followed Charlemagne by (1) forming a close alliance with the Church (2) limited the nobles strength with help from the clergy (3) invaded Italy on the Pope's behalf which the pope rewarded by crowning him emperor

Eleanor of Aquitaine

the most celebrated woman of the age who was mother of two kings, Richard the Lion Heart and John

In the Feudal System, what were nobles granted?

the use of land that legally belonged to the king in exchange for the their loyalty and military services

Knights were granted fiefs in exchange for military service

the wealth that was generated from the land covered their needs so they could practice their battle skills

Noblewomen: why were most not owners of property?

their husbands owned the property

There were times when a Noblewoman could see her role grow significantly . . .what were 4 examples of how she could break away from her "normal life"?

(1) inherit estate from husband (2) send knights off to war with lord's permission (3) act as military commander if husband was away (4) actually defend castle

"In exchange for living on their Lord's land, peasants paid a high price"--what are 3 examples of this?

(1) they couldn't marry without the lord's permission (2) they worked the land 2 or 3 days a week for the lord not themselves (3) they couldn't leave the land they were born on

When we refer to the term "Middle Ages" or "Medieval Period", what time span in terms of years are we considering?

500 to 1500

Scholastica

Benedict's twin sister who was the abbess of a convent near the monastery and guided her brother

What were four elements of Charlemagne's strategy when it came to ruling his kingdom?

Charlemagne (1) limited power of the nobles (2) sent out royal agents to make sure the leaders, called counts, where ruling fairly (3) regularly visited his kingdom (4) kept a close watch on the management of his huge estates, which were the source of Carolingian wealth and power

What group of invaders did Charles Martel (The Hammer) defeat at Tours in 732? Why was this victory crucial?

Charles the Hammer defeated the Muslim invaders, which was crucial because it saved the area from becoming Muslim and he became a Christian hero

Canon Law

Church laws in matters such as marriage and religions practices

The Power of the Church

Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority, Church became powerful bc of weak central government in Europe

Piers Plowman

English poem from the Middle Ages

Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick I who was the leader of the Holy Roman Empire and followed in the steps of Charlemagne

The code of chivalry demanded a knight fight in defense of 3 masters, who were they?

God, Lord, Princess

When Charlemagne was named emperor by the Pope in 800, it was considered a first ???? Why?

It was the first time that the Pope claimed the political right to confer the title "Roman Emperor" on a European king. The event symbolized the joining of Germanic People, the Church and the heritage of the Roman Empire.

Why was the victory of Lombard League's soldiers over Frederick Barbarossa's army in the Battle of Legnano so historic?

Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history

the Feudal Pyramid

King---Vassal---Knight---Peasant

In what significant manner did Pope Gregory I alter the role of the Pope in European society?

Pope Gregory "broadened the papacy" by having the Pope be the "spiritual leader" of kingdoms far and wide

What was the conflict between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII which ultimately led to the "Showdown at Canossa"?

Pope Gregory banned lay investitures, Henry IV tried to get his German bishops to force Gregory to step down, Gregory excommunicated Henry and then Henry stood outside in the snow 3 days until Gregory forgave him

What were some of the long-lasting contributions of monasteries to European life, culture, and the preservation of Rome's intellectual heritage? Why were these so crucial during the Middle Ages?

The monasteries operated schools and were places of study and literacy and monks copied books into illuminated manuscripts which saved many these works. This was crucial because in the Middle Ages, the emphasis on farming made the need to read and write less important and access to an education was harder to get.

Leif Ericson

a Viking seafarer who was in North America long before Christopher Columbus

Lay Investiture

a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed Church officials

Chivalry

a code of conduct with high ideals

How did the "Concordat of Worms" create a system of checks and balances in an effort to solve the problem of Lay Investiture?

a compromise over the issue of lay investiture-only the Church could appoint a bishop but an emperor could veto it

Siege

a military blockade staged by enemy armies trying to attack a fortress

Tournaments

a mock battle that a knight participated in for combat training

What did the Church provide Christians?

a sense of community and security at a time when there was much upheaval through constant warfare and invasion

Feudalism

a system based on rights and obligations that depended on the control of land

Venerable Bede

an English monk who wrote a great book on the history of England

Gaul

area ruled by the Franks, lead by Clovis, now France and Switzerland

What was the impact for a King who had been excommunicated?

banished from the Church

For what reasons did Europeans flee their cities and retreat to more rural areas during the Middle Ages?

constant attack made their businesses collapse and they moved to the countryside to grow their own food

What impact did the constant invasions of Vikings, Magyars and Muslims have on Europeans view of having a distant "central ruler" to obey and pay tribute to?

constant invasions created disorder and suffering and kings were not able to defend them, so people turned to other leaders who had local armies

Tortoise

moved slowly on wheels

The Song of Rowland

one of the earliest and most famous of the medieval epic poems that praises a band of French soldiers who perished during Charlemagne's reign

Clergy

power was based on status--the Pope ruled over the clergy, included bishops and priests

Mangonel

propelled huge object to break down castle walls

Monasteries

religious communities

On a typical Manor, what were 3 items that were NOT produced but needed to be bought, traded for or secured in another way?

sah, iron and millstone

Despite the fact that their lives were hard, serfs came to accept things, WHY?

serfs believed it was part of the Church's teachings that they were predestined to a certain way of life

Treaty of Verdun

signed by the three sons of Charlemagne to divide the empire of the Carolingian kings--this made the empire weak and led to feudalism

Vassal

the person receiving a fief

Central Europe was invaded A LOT during the time period as feudalism emerged--why?

there was no strong central authority

In what matter were serfs similar to and different from slaves?

they were similar because they could not legally leave the place they were born and what they produced belonged to the manor, but they were different because serfs could not be bought or sold

In the feudal set up, who were the vassals?

they were the people directly below the king, the Bishops and nobles

For what reasons did the Pope and the Italian merchants decide to form the Lombard League?

to defend Italian cities agains invasion by Frederick Barbarossa

Troubadours

traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe who performed songs about the joys and sorrows of romantic love

What was the impact for a King who had an interdict assessed on him and his kingdom?

under an interdict, sacraments and religious ceremonies could not be performed on the King's lands--the subjects would be so afraid of going to Hell that the King would be pressured and forced to accept the Pope's commands

Squire

what you are before you are a knight (for 7 years)

In the 1100's the themes of Medieval Literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and brutal warfare

while Medieval Literature concentrated on the themes of chivalry, epic love, courage and faith

Secular

worldly, not spiritual