World History - Chapter 13.1 & 13.2

Who began the Carolingian Dynasty?

Pepin III " the short" began the dynasty who then handed it down to his two sons, but one of his sons, Carloman, died. Leaving the kingdom to his other son, Charles/Charlemagne (Charles the Great).

Charlemagne

Pepin's son who ruled the kingdom. His armies reunite western Europe and spread Christianity. Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire joined together under his rule. He was the greatest of the Frankish kings.

What is feudalism?

Political system based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, political assistance and other services.

Feudal Pyramid

- king & Queen - nobles and church officials - knights - peasants

Social Class/Status

- those who fight: nobles and knights - those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church - those who work: peasants

Manuscripts

A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed. Many monks created these making them Europe's best-educated communities. They opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books. These writings preserved at least part of Rome's intellectual heritage.

missi dominici

Appointed officials who helped Charlemagne run his empire known as the "lord's messengers". This gave them a great deal of authority to make decisions in his name. Charlemagne also used oaths of fidelity to ensure that the counts and officials helped him run his empire

European Middle Ages

Charlemagne unites the Germanic kingdoms, the feudal system emerges, and the Church strongly influences the lives of people in Europe.

Who rules after Charlemagne dies? After his son, Louis the Pious dies, what happens?

Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious. He was educated and religious but a weak and short-sighted ruler. After Louis the Pious, dies his three sons divide his empire among themselves in 843 which becomes the Treaty of Verdun. Charlemagne's grandsons and successors fought among themselves. Powerful lords defied the weakening roles of central monarchs. Empire was further weakened by invasions from beyond the empire's frontier. Muslims from Africa invaded the Mediterranean coast. Slavs from Europe raided central Europe. Magyars , who settled in what now is Hungary terrorized Europe for 50 years.

Merovingians

Clovis and his successors who were generally weak rulers and left governing to the job of palace officials.

Pepin II

First mayor of the palace, ruled from 687 to 714. He and his successors united the Frankish Kingdom After Pepin the II died, Charles Martel also known as Charles the Hammer became mayor of the palace

Franks

Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by France) and established a great empire during the Middle Ages.

Why did Charlemagne travel to Rome for in 800?

He traveled to Rome to protect Pope Leo III from mobs. By doing so, the Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; Pope gives him the title, "Roman Emperor".

Charlemagne ruled for 46 years and did the empire survive after his death in 814?

His descendants did not have the energy, ability or long-range point of view that he had, so the empire's strength declined rapidly. By mid-800s, the Carolingian state began to divide and collapse.

Magyars

Hungarian nomads who invade western Europe in the late 800s. They came from the east. They terrorized this area for 50 years.

Gregory I

In 590, he becomes the pope. Under him, the Church becomes secular - a political power. Pope's palace becomes the center of Roman government. He uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, and negotiate treaties. He also establishes a Christendom - churchly kingdom fanning out from Rome.

Chivalry

In the late 1100s a code of conduct known as chivalry brought a major change to feudal society. This was a system of rules that dictated knight's behavior towards other.

What did Vikings eventually become and what religion did they adopt?

Many eventually became farmers and adopted Christianity.

Vikings

Most feared invaders from Western Europe in 800s and 900s. They raided Europe from Scandinavia - Denmark, Norway, Sweden. They came from the north. This group of people had long ships that sailed in shallow water, allowing raids inland.

What was peasant life like?

Most peasants called serfs could not leave the land without the lord's permission. They ate black bread, lentils, vegetables and ale. They were not allowed to hunt so they generally could not afford to eat meat. Average life spans of middle ages were very short. Disease, starvation and warfare killed some of them. Peasants lived, worked and died in the village in which they were born.

Did the upper classes live in luxury as compared to today? What was a castle like?

No, as a castle was a fortified base from which the lord enforced his authority and protected the surrounding countryside. In the beginning they were made from earth and wood and then later made from stone. Castles usually built on hills were surrounded by a moat (a ditch surrounding the castle-filled with water)./ A drawbridge extended across the moat to allow access. When they did not want someone to access the drawbridge was drawn upward to prevent enemies from coming in. The main part of the castle was called the keep-a strong tower that contained storerooms, workshops and barracks and the lord's living quarters. Great Hall received visitors Marriage was viewed as a way to advance one's fortune. Lord would provide dowries for his daughters.

Pepin III also called " the short"

Overthrew Childeric, the last Merovingian and claimed the Frankish throne for his own. He was anointed King of the Franks and this became the beginning of the Carolingian Era.

Manor lifestyle

Peasants must pay taxes to use mill and bakery; they would pay a tithe to the priest. Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors and straw for beds. Their daily grind was to raise crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family. Poor diets, illness, and malnutrition make life expectancy only 35 years. Serfs generally would accept their lives as part of God's plan. Lord and several peasant families shared land of the manor. Lord kept 1/3 of manor's land called the domain. Manor's peasants farmed remaining 2/3 for themselves. In return peasants gave some of their crops and helped him farm the land. Peasants also provided other services and paid many kinds of taxes. The manor could have been located along a stream or river, which provided water power for the village mill. For safety a small group of houses was located near manor house or castle. Cultivated land was divided into 3 parts for growing grain and two were planted at one time. Third field would lie fallow or unplanted to regain its fertility These three fields were divided into three strips for the peasants. If Lord's domain was divided he had strips of land in each field.

serfs

People lawful bound to place of birth; most peasants were these. They aren't slaves, but what they produce what belongs to their lord.

Clovis

Ruler/leader of the Franks. He brought Christianity to the region. Leads warriors against other Germanic armies. Unites the Franks into one kingdom with the Church's help by 511.

What was the manor system like? (manorialism)

Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord's estate and give grain. The lord provides housing, farmland, and protection from bandits.

Charles Martel also known as Charles the Hammer

The most powerful official in kingdom and is major domo - mayor of the palace. In 719, he becomes more powerful than the king. He defeats the Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732; becomes a Christian hero.

What did feudalism improve? What did manorialism improve?

The political and social structure of Middle Ages Manorialism improved the economy of much of Europe. (central authority and organized trade)

Muslims

They strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain. They came from the south

How was a feudal trial decided?

Trial by battle, compurgation ( representative swore that the person they represented was telling the truth) or oath taking.

How did you receive your social class?

Usually, it was inherited and the majority of people were peasants.

Convent

Very similar to a monastery, but is for nuns. Benedict's sister, who Scholastica, headed one of these and adapted the same rules Benedict had created for monasteries, but for women.

tithe

a church tax that is equal to one-tenth of a peasant's income

Secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Carolingian Dynasty

family that ruled from 751-987

Knight

horsemen who defended their lord's lands in exchange for fiefs

Fief

land grants

Lord

landowner

Vassal

people who receive fiefs and become powerful landholders

Was the church part of the feudal system?

yes

What three groups invaded Europe in the 800s? ***

1.) Muslims 2.) Magyars 3.) Vikings

What are the three roots in Medieval Culture

1.) classical heritage 2.) belief in the Roman Catholic Church 3.) customs/culture of Germanic tribes

What are the three ways civilization declined in Europe?

1.) invasions 2.) decline in learning 3.) loss in a common language

What are the steps in becoming a knight?

A boy had to belong to the noble class and had to pass through two stages of training. 1st stage- Began at age 7 when a boy would serve as a knight's page or attendant. He would learn manners and how to care for and use weapons. As a teenager page he would become a knight's assistant- called a squire. The squire will take care of the knight's horse, armor and weapons. Then when we was ready he would go with the knight into battle. If the squire proved to be skilled, he would be knighted in a religious ceremony. One knight from another could be identified by his coat of arms. The coat or arms was painted or stitched onto his shield or outer coat or flag. Possibly it could be on the horse's trappings. This code of arms was passed to the family. Knights were expected to be courageous and fight fairly. He was expected to be loyal to his friends and keep his word. He was supposed treat the people he conquered gallantly. Expected to be courteous to women and less powerful. Chivalry did much to improve the rough and crude manner of early feudal lords. Here was the problem: A knight was required to extend this courtesy to others only in his class, so he might have been coarse or bullying to others not in his class.

How did feudalism work?

A lord gives fiefs to vassals in exchange for service. A fief is the grant of land that is given. A lord gives a lesser noble or a vassal a grant of land, which is called a fief. The lesser noble can live on the land and benefit from its products and maintain his family on this land. However, the lesser noble cannot own the land. In return for this grant of land, the lesser noble owes loyalty to the higher noble in promised loyalty, military assistance and whatever service is needed. The person who received the land called a fief is called a vassal. This created a contract between the two of them. The vassal then could further divide the land he had been granted and grant it to others called knights.

Middle Ages (500 to 1500)

The gradual decline of the Roman Empire ushered in an era of European history which is also know as the medieval period. Fighting disrupted trading and government during this time causing people to abandon cities. Over time, a new society slowly emerged. It had roots in the classical heritage of Rome, the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, and the customs of various Germanic tribes. *****This period in Western European history is a time period between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance.

Primogeniture

The system of inheritance from father to eldest son, especially when it comes to ownership of land. Legal rights for property involving women was limited and a woman needed a fief in her dowry but when she married the husband gained control of her dowry. The only way she would get property in the dowry was if her husband died.

What were some of Charlemagne's accomplishments? ****

United most of Christian lands in Western Europe. Strengthened political power of the Franks Set in motion a cultural revolution in Europe, supporting education, created libraries, sponsored collecting and copying of ancient Roman manuscripts. He worked to build a new Rome what is now France and Germany. Helped to spread church teachings and Christian beliefs. His reign brought order and learning to barbarian Europe during the 800s. He was declared Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo on Christmas in the year 800. This indicates his importance to western Europe which did not exist for 400 years. Europe regarded him as the successor to the Roman emperors and his coronation showed the close ties between the Franks and the Christian church. He was well remembered as a great warrior and is devotion to Christianity. He developed schools at his palace for his children and other young nobles. Invited scholars from Europe to teach and produced a readable bible.

Monastery

Where monks live to study and serve God. Italian monk named Benedict began writing a set book describing strict yet practical set of rules for this place.

What did the invasions of these three groups (Vikings, Muslims, Magyars) cause?

Widespread disorder and suffering