World History Chapter 17
Where did the British war effort finally collapse?
Yorktown, Virginia
Why was the American victory in the 1777 Battle of Saratoga significant?
France was persuaded to join the Americans.
Which foreign nations came to the aid of the Americans during the American Revolution?
France, Spain, and the Netherlands
What were salons?
Informal gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
What advantages did the colonists have in battling Britain for their independence?
familiarity with terrain, strong leadership, and determination to achieve their ideals
During the Enlightenment, the ideas from the Middle Ages were done away with because
they seemed unscientific and irrational.
Why did Parliament pass the Navigation Acts in the 1600s?
to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing
Which book is Mary Wollstonecraft known for?
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
What are the first ten amendments of the Constitution referred to as?
Bill of Rights
Who is the author of Leviathan?
Thomas Hobbes
Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
Who described the era of the 1700s as "enlightened"?
Immanuel Kant
How did the arts and literature change as Enlightenment ideas spread?
Art became more elegant and charming; music also became more elegant, with performances more affordable for the middle class; there was an outpouring of novels
The nation's first constitution was known as the
Articles of Confederation
__________ was a philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, and diplomat.
Benjamin Franklin
Why did the American colonists resent British rule?
Britain imposed high taxes and controlled trade.
How did taxation create tensions between the American colonies and the British government?
Britain sought to tax the colonies to pay for their defense, while colonists thought Britain had no right to tax them without representation.
Who toyed with implementing Enlightenment ideas while ruling Russia?
Catherine the Great
In what ways were the colonies already developing independence from Britain?
Colonial prosperity, colonial assemblies having some control over local affairs, and the lack of enforcement of its laws by Britain
Who was the author of the first set of encyclopedias?
Diderot
What led to Britain's rise to global prominence in the mid-1700's?
Each victory in war brought Britain more lands. In addition, Britain was in a position to control trade.
Rulers who did accept some of the new ideas of the Enlightenment, but who continued to hold tremendous power, were called
Enlightened despots.
List three out of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights.
Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition Right to bear arms Prohibits quartering of troops in private homes Protects from unreasonable searches and seizures No punishment without due process of law Right to a speedy and public trial in the state where the offense was committed Right to jury trial for civil cases if over $20 Prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments Civil rights are not restricted to those specified by these amendments Powers not granted to the national government belong to the states and to the people.
Who were the physiocrats?
French thinkers who focused on economics
Why did Adam Smith support laissez faire?
He believed the market would be more productive without government regulation.
How did Hobbes and Locke differ in their views on the role of government?
Hobbes believed that the government needed to impose order and compel obedience. Locke thought governments should have limited power and be sanctioned by all citizens.
Who ruled Austria during the Age of Enlightenment, ending censorship and abolishing serfdom during his reign?
Joseph II
How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs differ from many Enlightenment thinkers?
Rousseau believed the good of the community as a whole was most important.
How did the French government react to the publication of the first Encyclopedia?
The French government argued that it was an attack on public morals.
"My trade is to say what I think." Who said this?
Voltaire
What difficulty did some women have with the philosophes' ideas?
The philosophes' slogan, "free and equal," did not apply to women
What did those opposed to Enlightenment ideas do to stop the spread of information?
They engaged in censorship, burning books and imprisoning writers, to restrict access to information.
Why were the philosophes interested in sharing their beliefs with European rulers?
They wanted reform, they tried to persuade European rulers to accept their ideas, these rulers had the power to effect change
After signing which of the following documents did Great Britain recognize the independence of the United States?
Treaty of Paris
Who were enlightened despots?
absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
Describe the principle of popular sovereignty.
all government power comes from the people
What was a social contract?
an agreement by which people gave up their freedom for an organized society
Governments used __________ to protect themselves from the attacks of Enlightenment thinkers.
censorship
What was the Stamp Act?
imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets
What ideas are reflected in the Declaration of Independence?
individual freedom, government by the people, the right to "life, liberty, and property"
Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of what policy?
laissez-faire
How was the rococo style described?
lighter, elegant, and charming, and was believed to encourage the imagination
Which term describes the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge?
philosophy
What is a federal republic?
power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states
According to laissez-faire economist Adam Smith, a government should do what?
protect society, administer justice, and provide public works
What is natural law?
rules discoverable by reason
What convinced educated Europeans to accept the power of reason?
scientific successes
Explain the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.
separation of powers, checks and balances, individual freedom, and government by the people
Which group of people did Montesquieu's ideas affect most?
the Framers of the U.S. Constitution
What event revolutionized thinking and led to the Enlightenment?
the Scientific Revolution
