World History: Chapters 1-29

Lorenzo de Medici

A leader of Florence, he used his power and wealth to become a great patron of the arts (helping to grow the Renaissance).

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Age of Reason

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

The Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. Lasted 200 years.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Prehistory

A period of time that refers to events or objects that date before the written record existed.

American Revolution (1775-1783)

A period when 13 colonies gained independence from England. Based on disapproval by colonists of several taxes and other unpopular laws. Protests lead to fighting in 1775, and after two main British armies were captured in 1777 and 1781 and an alliance of the colonists with the French, the Treaty of Paris was signed.

Epigrapher

A person who decodes ancient languages, many of which are no longer spoken or written.

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Greek

A person who lives in Greece and speaks the native language.

nomad

A person who moves from place to place in search of food

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

monastery

A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Olympus de Gouges

A playwright who published a declaration of the rights of women as a protest that women were not extended rights in "The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen". IN 1793, she was declared an enemy of the Revolution and executed

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Jiyza

A poll (head) tax levied on Dhimmis (non-Muslims) living in a Muslim country (Dhimmis). Material proof of non-Muslims' acceptance of subjection to the state and its laws

Peasents

A poor farmer of low social class, poor uneducated farmer

Kabuki Theater

A popular form of Japanese drama that brings together dialogue, dance, and music to tell stories. The actors wear colorful costumes and dramatic makeup.

Nagasaki

A port city in Japan and site of the second atomic bomb dropped in a war, on August 9, 1945

Sparta

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

Ogboni

A powerful religious cult and society. Had veto rights over all decisions made by the king that involved war, treaty making, alliances, and tribute payments. From this cult, came an advisory council of seven senior chiefs.

Satrapy

A province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire.

Athenian Democracy

A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.

Ziggurat

A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Methodism

A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Sofala

A seaport village in eastern Mozambique in the 1300s an important trading center for the gold miners of Great Zimbabwe

Grigory Rasputin

A self-proclaimed Russian holy man and prominent figure at the court of Czar Nicholas II. He was viewed as corrupt, and support for czarist Russia deteriorated because of him.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

civilization

A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes

Homo sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

Revolution of 1911 (China)

A spreading rebellion led by SunYat-sen that deposed the last emperor (Qing dynasty) of China over the resentment of western spheres of influence.

Heaven

A state of eternal life and union with God, in which one experiences full happiness and the satisfaction of the deepest human longings.

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Plebescite

A vote "yes or no" on a particular issue by the general population. Napoleon used this tactic to curtail some rights and manipulate popular impulses, maintaining a façade of representative institutions when he was "voted" as emperor.

Louis IX (St. Louis)

13th Century King of France; grandson of Phillip II; very pious - wrote laws punishing gambling, prostitution, and interest on loans; went on Crusade twice; canonized as a saint

Bartolomeu Dias

1487 Portugal, Sailed to tip of Africa called the Cape of Good Hope, Inspired further expeditions to search for route to Asia

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

George I

1700's was a German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers

Unification of Italy

1860, ally of Mazzini, recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily. Next, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel. Last, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

1881 - 1938, father of modern turkey, known as (Ataturk) let Turkey through an intensive period of reform that sought to eliminate vestiges of the Ottoman past and orient Turkey even more towards the West.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Ruhr Crisis

1922-1923. Germany announced they couldn't pay their reperations, France invades the Ruhr Valley to collect reperations "in Kind." (leads to Germany printing money causing hyperinflation)

Terror Famine

1932; result of the conflict between the kulaks and government thus leading to starvation for the impoverished people starve; killed 5-8 million in Ukraine area

Suez War

1956; Response to Egypitan leader Gamal Abdel-Nasser's move to nationalize the Suez Canal (had been owned by France and Britain); Israel, Britain, and France responded by sending troops; the UN stepped in to end the fighting, got the three nations to withdraw and returned control of the canal to Egypt

Crimean War

19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it ultimately proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

First Battle of the Marne

20 miles outside Paris the French halted the German advance and the beginning of the Western Front and trench warfare

Middle Kingdom

2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between Nile and Red Sea so Egyptian ships could trade along coasts of the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Abrahamic Religions

3 religions that regard Abraham as their ancestor in faith: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Desiderus Erasmus

A Dutch humanist who had personal experience in a monastery and disliked the church. He criticized the Church in 1519 with a book called Colloquia, which prepared people for Luther's ideas. But when the Lutheran reformation came, he was hated by both factions: the Catholics accused him of bringing on this troublesome change, and the Lutherans called him a coward for disliking the Church but not acting as boldly as they did.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Soviets

A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Shaka

A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Clergy

A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.

Aegean Sea

A body of water by Mediterranean Sea that touches the borders of Greece & Asia Minor. It also has many islands in it, including Crete.

The Prince

A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies.

Presbyterian Church

A branch of Protestantism which was influenced greatly by Calvinism

algebra

A branch of mathematics that involves expressions with variables

adobe

A brick or building material made of sun-dried earth and straw.

factory

A building or set of buildings with facilities for manufacturing or producing goods.

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Great Wall of China

A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Camillio di Cavour

A key figure in the unification of Italy. Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, and eventually Prime minister or the Kingdom of Italy (after).

Teotihuacan

A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.

Chichen Itza

A large small city Mayan kingdom. They accustomed captives into their own society. Organized an empire that brought political stability to northern Yucatan, who it lost its empire to.

Caves

A large underground chamber - in a hillside or cliff. Formed by groundwater or wave erosion.

Archdiocese

A larger diocese, under the care of an archbishop, which has an elevated status over the dioceses in its region.

Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

bicameral legislature

A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

Mills of Manchester

A wealthy industrial city in Northern England. It pioneered new factory machinery, drew many workers from the countryside, and had access to waterpower.

ivory

A white material made from elephant tusks.

Austrian Empire

After the defeat of the Turks in 1687 Austria took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, thus establishing the Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe. It remained a collection of territories held together by the Habsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.

Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

Arthur Balfour

British foreign secretary who worked with Zionist leaders to draw up the Balfour Declaration

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

Duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley)

British soldier and statesman; he led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

T.E. Lawrence

British solider; "Lawrence of Arabia" ; responsible for making people break away

Labour Party

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Count of Artois

Brother of the king and leader of aristocracy who wanted to concede nothing. Emigrated with many others and prepared to agitate abroad and consult with foreign governments on how to overthrow the revolution.

Achilles

Greatest Greek warrior, husband of Briseis whom Agamemnon steals, only vulnerable place is his heel, prophecy that he would die in the Trojan war, which he does at the hand of Paris

Ayllu

In Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples.

Golden Pavilion

In Japan Original structure built in the 14th century Has gold leaf Three stories - a residence, a Buddhist prayer hall, and a zen temple

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Remus

Founder of Rome, killed by his brother Romulus

Shah Ismail

Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash.

Chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Mahmud of Ghazni

Islamic leader who ruled parts of Iran and India between the years 997-1030. Islamic presence in India was quite new at the time. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Gavrilo Princip

Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary

Benito Juarez

Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico

New Monarchies

Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions

Chagatai Khanate

Mongol empire in Central Asia between the Il-khanate in Persia & the Yuan Dynasty in China

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Timur Lenk

Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)

Almsgiving (Zakat)

Muslims are obligated to give 2.5% of their excess saving or property to support the sick and the poor of the community.

British Resistance

Napoleon was never able to conquer Great Britain because of its sea power, which made it invulnerable The British defeated the combined French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805, ended Napoleon's plans for invasion Tried and failed at economic and military systems,

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, North German Confederation made under rulership of Prussia. Major step towards German unification.

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

WWI Death Toll

2 Million Germans, 116,000 from U.S.

Hammurabi

An ancient ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Liaodong Peninsula

Area of interest for Japan (originally was Japan's until Russia took control immediately after it was given Japanese) where they stationed their elites to safeguard Japan's investments from China (who may begin to show interest here)

Gauchos

Argentine cowboys, highly romanticized figures

Relics

Bones or other objects connected with saint; considered worthy of worship by the faithful.

Aztec Codices

Books written by pre-Columbian and early colonial-era Aztec priests.

Cardinals

Catholic officials ranking next below the pope.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Charles VII

French king during the Hundred Years' War who revived the French monarch and revived France itself, created the first permanent royal army

Joseph Goebbels

German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)

Lombards

Germanic people who had settled in northern Italy and were pushing south, threatening Rome; crushed by Charlemagne, earning him the papacy's gratitude

Ilkhanate

Mongol state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid empire in the thirteenth century

Ying

Represented feminine forces, which were considered negative and passive.

Merode Altarpiece

Robert Campin, 1425-1428

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Helots

Spartan slaves

millenium

a period of one thousand years; a period of great joy, prosperity, or peace

Pagan

a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions

Incarnation

a person who embodies in the flesh a deity, spirit, or abstract quality.

Pilgrims

a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.

Entrepreneur

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Dictator

a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained power by force.

Anti-Federalist Papers

a series of essays written to counter and defeat the proposed U.S. Constitution

Hammurabi's Code

a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

anarchy

a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority.

Madras

a strong, fine-textured cotton fabric, typically patterned with colorful stripes or checks.

Subsidies

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

yoga

a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind

Autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

Bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

tolitarian state

a nation in which a single party controls the government and every aspect of people's lives

Turk

a native or inhabitant of Turkey, or a person of Turkish descent.

Rosa Luxemburg

Polish-Jewish socialist who worked with V.I. Lenin and was murdered in 1919 by right-wing nationalists after a communist uprising in berlin

exclusive trading rights

- Western nations and Japan set up spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights

Austrolapithecus

an extinct genus of small-brained, large-toothed bipedal hominids that lived in Africa between one and four million years ago: the genus Homo, to which modern humans belong, is believed to have evolved from this genus or to have shared a common ancestor.

Codex

an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)

Black Hole of Calcutta

an underground prison for holding prisoners, many of whom died in captivity; the Bengal ruler attacked Fort William and imprisoned the local British population here

Hans

approximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa

St. Helena

area where Napoleon was exiled (the second time), where Napoleon eventually died

magnetic compass

compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north

Concordant of Worms (1122)

compromise in Worms, Germany Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

steam-driven locomotive

created in 1804 by a British engineer and changed industry forever

July 28, 1794

date on which Maximilien Robespierre went to the guillotine; ended the Reign of Terror

unclean

dirty, not clean

Jaques Necker

financial advisor to Louis XVI, he promoted the calling together of the Estates General and the taxing of the 1st and 2nd Estate

Thomas Cranmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer

Maxim Gun

first fully automatic machine gun; item of technology that helped Europeans conquer Africa

Eastern Woodlands

first natives to encounter Europeans, impacted by geography of the region

Spartan Military

focused on creating the best soldiers through their society (age 7-60)

Mercenaries

foreign soldiers who fought for money; recruited by the Romans to defend against increasing threats to the empire

Aztec Triple Alliance

formed by 3 cities, Tenochtitlan, Tiacopan, and Tetzcoco

deficit spending

government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation.

Satraps

governors of provinces in the Persian Empire

Octavian/Augustus Caesar

grandnephew of Julius Caesar, adopted as his son; Augustus means "exalted" or "majestic"; became the 1st Roman Emperor who helped with Roman society

Clans

groups of families who claim a common ancestor

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

In Spain, Napoleon faced

guerrilla warfare

Han Golden Age

had achievements in all aspects of life, invented acupuncture, improved on earlier technichies of making silk,and bronze making, wrote a book about equality beetween genders

Clovis

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Civil Code of 1898 (Japan)

played down individual rights and placed women within the context of their family role

Chimor

political grouping of the chimu culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, from 850-1470

Sanchez Navarro family

possessed 17 estates in Mexico with 16 million acres. Too large to farm efficiently.

Marie-Anne Lavoisier

scientific collaborator with her husband. learned english to translate work of british chemists and illustrated his experiments she is a reminder that women played a role in the scientific revolution

Monsoons

seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons

Great Schism of 1054

sometimes called the Eastern Schism, this is the division that took place within the Catholic Church in 1054 between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

The New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

Dynastic Cycle

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

Theravada Buddhism

the oldest of the two major branches of Buddhism. Practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, and Cambodia, its beliefs are relatively conservative, holding close to the original teachings of the Buddha

Restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Dardanelles

vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Turkey

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.

Queen Mary

Was catholic and thought England should be too, "Bloody Mary", called Bloody Mary because she killed poeple who weren't Catholic, Bonfires lit in celebration of her death, her half sister is Queen Elizabeth who is Anglican

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Fall of the Roman Empire

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman subjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Sugar Act of 1764

The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties.

The Great Fear

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Humayun

The son and successor of Babur. He was intelligent but lazy. He lacked the will to gain the loyalty of his subjects and consolidate his father's conquests. He was exiled to Persia for 16 years but returned and reconquered Delhi. He died from a fall after smoking to much opium.

cacao trees

The source of chocolate whose beans were used for currency in markets

Carthage

This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.

Revisionists

a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism

Shōtoku Taishi

a Yamato prince who tried to unify the various clans in the early seventh century so that the Japanese could resist invasion by the Chinese; he sent representation to the Tang capital to learn how the Chinese organized their government and then he created a new centralized system of government under a supreme ruler to model the Chinese and limit the power of the aristocrats; he was portrayed as a divine figure and also as the symbol of the Japanese nation

Amendment

a change to a constitution (e.g., U.S. Constitution, Florida Constitution)

Guangzhou

a coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton

Mombasa

a coastal city of East Africa that was an important trade center

Rig Veda

a collection of 1,017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text.

Nation

a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

castle

a large building usually with high, thick walls and towers that was built in the past to protect against attack

Radicalism

a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned

War of Attrition

a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions.

cash crop

a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

Savannas

a region of grassland with scattered trees lying between the equatorial forest and the hot deserts in either hemisphere.

Supreme Ultimate

according to Neo-Confucianists, a transcendent world distinct from the material world in which humans live but to which humans may aspire; a set of abstract principles, roughly equivalent to the Dao

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Sargon of Akkad

an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

planned economies

an economic system directed by government agencies

Arab Nationalism

belief that all Arabs should ban together and form one large arab country. nasser (leader of egypt at the time) was major component and leader of this new arab country. power struggles soon began between countries.

Geocentric Theory

in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe

Colloseum

huge arena located in Rome where Romans witnessed games, races, battles, and gladiator contests

Lassiez Faire

idea that government should stay out of business and economic affairs as much as possible

Galieo Galilei

improved the design and magnification of the telescope . -theorized that light travels from one place to the next at a measurable uniform sped. -All objects regardless of shape, size, or density, fall at the same rate of acceleration

Atman (Hinduism)

in Hindu belief, a person's essential self

War Communism

in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

Tyrants

in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power

Triumvirate

in ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government.

Sinan Pasha

genius architect, built for Suleyman. built most celebrated of all monuments in Istanbul. built Suleymaniye, vast religious complex. blended Byzantine and Islamic architectural monuments

Consulate

government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government

Louis XV

grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)

Intolerable(Coercive) Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

The Carmelites

nuns who dedicated their lives to prayer and founded by St. Teresa of Avila

Saint Domingue

island now known as Haiti; good for sugar producing; residents (slaves) heard about equality and the other enlightenment ideas and asked France for the same rights as those people living in France but did not receive them--civil war breaks out and many Frenchmen die--gains independence from France--becomes Nation of Haiti

Heian Court

it lasted from AD 794 to 1192. It was an imperial court that ruled Japan during a period of peace and security. It was from the Fujiwara Family. Eventually it lost credibility through its extravagance and waste and was replaced by feudalism.

Japanese Expansion

japanese need of raw materials, show power to larger countries, so the attack other countries

Non-Aryans

jews,communists,socialists,liberals,gypsies,freemasons,jeovahs witness,disabled,terminally ill, gays, roman catholic were inferior to Aryans

Sei Shonagon

lady in waiting at the heian court. she painted a vivid picture of life at the heian court in her dairy The Pillow Book

US slavery

land and slaves were primary form of wealth, economic position based on birth and/or labor, free persons could work to earn money, slave masters had complete control of slaves to: make them work and take what they produce, buy and sell them, and kill them

Korea Peninsula

landform found west of Japan, across the Sea of Japan and Korea Strait

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Yamato Plain

largest & most fertile territory (people who controlled it had wealth and power)

Treason

the crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government.

Heresey

the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

lineage groups

the descendants of a common ancestor; relatives, often as opposed to immediate family

Rise of Nationalism

the desire of peoples to establish unified political states and their belief in the superiority of their own nations

Specialization

the development of skills in a specific kind of work

Hellenism

the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great

Nile Valley

the fertile land on the banks of the Nile River conducive to agriculture and irrigation

Bill or Rights

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

Paterfamilias

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

Mount Olympus

the highest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and goddesses lived

Americas

the land masses of North America, Central America, and South America

Latin

the language of the Romans; the official language of the Roman Catholic Church into the 20th century

Vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

The Great Enclosure

the largest of the three main sections of the Shona settlement of Great Zimbabwe - likely a royal residence

Amazon Rainforest

the largest rain forest in the world, located in South America

Montezuma II

the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)

Socratic Method

the method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Mesolithic Era

the middle part of the Stone Age; marked by the creation of smaller and more complex tools

Artifacts

object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced

Intendants

official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

Spheres of Influence in China

one country would have special authority or presence and another country would have a different area of authority. China became divided by European powers. The different European countries supported each other through the spheres of influence because of economic advantage

Divine Faith

one of Akbar's attempts to reconcile Muslim and Hindu people; a combination of Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian and Sikh

mass production

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

Kraft durch Freude

program that offered leisure time activities to fill the free time of the working class

feudal contract

under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal

Kivas

underground chambers in a Pueblo village, used by the men for religious ceremonies or councils

Civil Liberties

the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community, especially with regard to freedom of action and speech.

Ka'ba

the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth

Archaeology

the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.

Theology

the study of religion and God

philosophy

the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

Enlightened Absolutism

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Cunieform

a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.

Minaret

a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Dioscese

a territorial division of the Church taken from Rome

Shah

a title of the former monarch of Iran.

muskets

a type of long gun that was used by soldiers before the invention of the rifle

chanson de geste

a type of vernacular literature, this heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and described battles and political contests

World War

a war involving many large nations in all different parts of the world

Trojan War

a war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia

circa

about

How long did the Byzantine Empire last?

about 1000 years

overseas

abroad, or to, from or in other countries

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Hangul

alphabet that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken Korean

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

microscope

an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

slums

an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition

Medieval Period

another name for the Middle Ages(beginning of polyphony style, sacred music)

Jainism

another religion in India based on the teachings of a man named Mahavira. They live by four principles: injure no life, tell the truth, do not steal, and own no property.

Cao Xueqin

author of The Dream of the Red Chamber

Orthodoxy

authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice

Reincarnation (Hinduism)

belief that the individual soul is reborn after death

The Pillow Book

book written by Sei Shonagon; talked about court life

Paleolithic Era

called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.

Bejing

capital of Peoples Republic of China--where the royal court was moved to during the Ming dynasty

Hanseong

capital of the Yi dynasty

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

litters

covered couches used for carrying passengers

Sunni Ali

created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire

Edict of Worms

declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor

1588 CE

defeat of Spanish Armada by British; begins the demise of Spain and the rise of the British Empire

mutiny

deliberate refusal to obey orders given by those in command, especially by sailors

Confucian view of the Dao

duty- focus on the needs of the greater good everyone should follow the 5 constant relationships

Varnas

each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.

Margaret Cavendish

educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists

Agra

excessive pain, seizure, attack of severe pain

erupted

exploded or burst forth; blew up

Esma'il

founder of Safavid Empire in the 1500s; first shah of Persia; made Shiism official Safavid religion

St. Robert of Molesme

founder of the Cistercian Order (the White Monks)

Safi al-Din

founder of the Safavid Empire- which were originally members of an Islamic religious brotherhood which was named after their founder

intervention

getting involved in a situation to change what is happening

King

highest-ranking leader of a group of people

Christine de Pizan

highly educated Renaissance-era woman who was among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques (in French); her The Book of The City of Ladies and other works spoke out against men's objections to educating women, and championed formal education for women

diamonds

highly valued precious stones

Olympus

home of the gods and goddesses

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Caravansaries

inns with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa

Water loom

invented by Edmund Cartwright. Made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of thread.

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny in 1764

Modern Iran

is an Islamic republic on the Persian Gulf with historical sites dating to the Persian Empire. Extensive marble ruins mark Persepolis, the empire's capital founded by Darius I in the 6th century B.C. The modern capital, Tehran, is home to opulent Golestan Palace, seat of the Qajar Dynasty (1794-1925), plus modern landmarks such as the 435m-high Milad Tower.

woodwork

is called a handmade cabinetry or casing out of wood

Ryukyu Islands

islands stretching from Japan to Taiwan (including Okinawa)

Oda Nobunaga

japanese lord who seized the imperial capital kyoto in 1568 and sought to rule the empire by force

Asia

largest continent on Earth.

Andrew Carnige

leader of the steel industry

Harry Thuku

led small group of Africans in struggle to make Britain correct their obligation to them and to make better school and return stolen lands but Thuku eventually arrested

Vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

philosopher

lover of, or searcher for, wisdom or knowledge; person who regulates his or her life by the light of reason

Grand Canal Renovation

made it possible to ship grain and other goods from southern to northern China

child marriage

marriages in which females as young as 8 to 12 are required by their parents to marry an older man

Principle of Legitimacy

meant that lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe

Balwantrao Tilak

member of INC who openly criticized the British, his activities split the INC between moderates and radicals; supported the use of terrorism and violence to achieve independence

Capital

money for investment

Tian Shan

mountain range that makes up most of Kyrgyzstan

imperial

of or relating to an empire or emperor or empress

Rubber Plantation

over-exploited rubber trees and brutally forced Congolese villagers to meet production quotas.

Censorate

part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs

Townshend Acts (1767)

passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Salt March

passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

peace settlement between Russia and the Qing empire that checked Russia's eastward expansion

Pennisulares

people in Spanish America who had been born in spain of Spanish parents; highest social class

Merchants

people who buy and sell goods

Priests

people who performed religious ceremonies, had great status in Sumer

Philip II

powerful Capetian, rules 1180-1223 expands land controlled by French king establishes bailiffs to collect taxes and run courts

Yi Song-gye

powerful general who gained control of Korea and established the Choson kingdom.

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

Monsoon

rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains

Legacies of WWI

redrew map of Europe territories not always given independence Japan and Italy didn't gain as much land as they were promised bitterness spread throughout world over issues stemming from WWI total war changed economics, decreased civil rights, increased govt. power, increased insecurity and revolutions mistakes made in WWI directly lead to WWII

Two Sicilies

regions of sicily and naples controlled by the Bourbon forces, the kingdom is taken by Garibaldi by September 1860

Patrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the father

Founding Fathers

representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England

1819 Factory Act

restricts working age and hours for factories

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

Wet Rice

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the Sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

military draft

rule requiring men of a certain age to apply to a draft board and possibly fight in war.

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Kushan Empire

ruled central Asia to northern India, important in spreading Buddhism to Chinese, took control of the trade route that connected India

independence

self-reliance and freedom from outside control

Serfdom in Russia

serfdom lasted into the mid-1800s; Russian landowners wanted serfs to stay on the land and produce large harvests; the landowners treated the serfs like property; when a landowner sold a piece of land, he sold the serfs with it; landowners could give away serfs as presents or to pay debts; it was also against the law for serfs to run away from their owners

Constitution of 1791 (France)

set up a limited monarchy - there was a king but legislative assembly would make laws - old order had been destroyed but new govnt didn't have universal support

stock

share of ownership in a corporation that entitles the buyer to a certain part of the future profits and assets of the corporation

Sultanate

similar to a monarchy, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.

artisans

skilled workers who make goods by hand

travois

sled made of poles tied together; used by Native Americans to transport goods across the plains

Guerillas

small bands of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks

Edward VI (1547-1553)

son of Jane Seymor; established Protestantism; had economic problems and rebellions; tried to have Jane Grey (his sister) as heir to the throne

Percy Jackson

son of Poseidon. he has a celestial bronze sword named Riptide. he has been missing for three days and is apparently "The Lost Hero". Percy was sent to the Roman Camp by Hera, just as Jason had been sent to the Greek camp (the exchange of leaders).

Beliefs

specific ideas that people hold to be true

Unification of Germany

started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France

Chinese tributary system

started by Zhu Di (Ming Dynasty) pursued strong policy of trade and direct contact rather than conflict to ensure foreign relations- bribery, gift giving, persuasion, protection, and security system of over Lordship

Saxony

state in Germany, led by Prince Frederick.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

strongman leader in buenos aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

Paleobiology

study of ancient organisms

Philip IV

taxed clergy to pay for a war; after much conflict with the Pope, he called the Estates General to request support

Mandates

terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

Tokaido

the 300-mile-long road that connected Edo and Kyoto during the 1700's

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Jewel in the Crown

the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

Government of India Act of 1935

the British retained control of the central administration and turned over provincial governments to Indians chosen by an expanded electorate.

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Qin Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

kaiser

the German emperor, the emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire.

Second French Empire

the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Huayna Capac

the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525)

Neolithic Era

the New Stone Age; the time period after the Paleolithic Era, marked by the use of tools

Grand Vizier

the Ottoman sultan's chief minister who carried the main burdens of the state and who led the council meetings

Armenian Genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Excommunication

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

exploitation

the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.

Westernization of Russia

the adoption of the culture and ideas of Western society, namely Europe and America

censorship

the banning of printed materials or films due to alarming or offensive ideas

Queue (hairstyle)

the braided pigtail that was worn by Chinese males

Kyoto

the capital city of ancient/medieval Japan

Petrograd

the capital city that was formerly St. Petersburg where women protested on March 8th shouting 'peace and bread' and 'down with the autocracy'

Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago

the centers of Portuguese and Dutch influence

Archbishops

the chief bishop responsible for an archdiocese

Islam golden age

the empire grew; it became wealthy from the lands it ruled and from trade; a Muslim helped develop algebra; medical knowledge

Napoleon Empire

the empire ruled by Napoleon; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependant states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon)

despotism

the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way.

Catholicism

the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Shanghai

the largest city in China (20 million). It is on the mouth of the Yangtze, halfway between Beijing and Hong Kong. The city has many lakes, canals, rivers and streams. It is considered the centerpiece of modern China.

Andes Mountains

the largest mountain range in the world; home of the Chavin and Inca civilizations.

Mahabharata

the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC

House of Representatives

the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Tikal

the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings.

Ramadan

the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

palace

the official home of a king, queen, president, etc.

Maghrib

the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

Concordat

the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Lutheranism

the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

monarch

the ruler of a kingdom or empire, such as a king or queen

Quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Perseus

the son of Zeus who slew Medusa (with the help of Athena and Hermes) and rescued Andromeda from a sea monster

Bodh Gaya

the town in northern India where Siddhartha was enlightened and became Buddha

Age of Gunpowder Empires

the use of guns to subjugate enemies and build control. Happened after 1450.

Empricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantine Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constantinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

Assyrian Empire

this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE

Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

this was the first important railroad, linking the factory city of Manchester to the port city of Liverpool

precipitated

to cause something to happen; to bring about quickly or suddenly; threw down

Trobadours

traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe

infidels

unbelievers - referring to the Muslims

Stone Henge

unknown; pre-historic; astrological calendar; Salsbury, England; 2200 B.C.

Majapahit kingdom

vast archipelagic empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500; one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, one that is sometimes seen as the precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries

Karl Liebknecht

was a German socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany.

Sam Adams

was a member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Askia Daud

was emperor and there was an era of peace after his death there was a civil war

Nur Jahan

wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign.

Orville Wright

with his brother developed a lightweight airplane with a gas powered engine and made the 1st piloted flight

Horacio Nelson

won the Battle of Trafalgar that gave the British control of the sea

Indian Ocean Maritime System

world's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa

Oyo

yoruban city-state; had a king who used nobles in provinces. secret society of Ogboni checked the king's power

Ancient Japan

~Shinto is part of Japan's religion ~Set of islands off of China's coast ~Mountains made farming difficult-terrace farming ~Borrowed ideas from China and Korean cultures ~developed a feudal system

Russian Empire

(1500-1800) The empire stretched from E. Europe and the Baltic Sea to Siberia and the Pacific. Ivan III overthrew the Mongols take over additional land. Meanwhile, Ivan solidified a centralized rule and claimed divine ordination. He proclaimed Moscow to be the new capital of the new empire. (Where Russia is Today)

Montaigne

(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.

Frederick the Great

(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.

Frederick William I

(1713-1740) Calvinist; his reforms were intended to subordinate both aristocracy and peasantry to the needs of the state + subordinate needs of the states to the demands of the military; integrated economic +military structures of state; appointed only German officers to command troops, eliminating mercenaries who sold their services to the highest bidder; placed noblemen at head of locally recruited regiments; every adult male required to register for service in regiment of local landlord; by end of reign, almost 70% of state expenditures went to army, pacific foreign policy

Franz Joseph Haydn

(1732-1809) Classical composer who spent most of his life as musical director for wealthy Esterhazy brothers; visits to England introduced him to world of public concerts rather than princely patrons; wrote The Creation and The Seasons

François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture

(1743-1803) Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. Part of the Seven Years war.

Shang Dynasty

(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metallurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Consulate Era/Period

(1799-1804) (Enlightened Reform) Took power in December 25, 1799 with the constitution giving supreme power to Napoleon, as First Consul Napoleon behaved more as an absolute ruler, Napoleon may be thought of as the last and most eminent of the enlightened despots, this began what era?

Jiang Jieshi

(1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Han Dynasty

(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Liu Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity; made lots of great inventions

Old Kingdom

(2575 BCE - 2134 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza.

Gupta Empire

(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.

Mauryan Empire

(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.

Council of Nicaea

(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Heian Japan

(794-1185 C.E.) local rulers on the island of Honshu recognized the emperor as Japan's supreme political authority, but, unlike China, Japanese emperors rarely ruled; they only acted as figure heads. Fujiwara family had the power. Two sections of rule: imperial house and ruling parties and factions. Culture of Heian was influenced by Chinese traditions.

Asoka

(?-232 BCE) King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Hong Wu

(Zhu Yuanshang) cruel leader (1368-1398) Nanjing, leader of the peasant uprising that drove Mongols out of power, founder of the Ming Dynasty.

arbitrary

(adj.) unreasonable; based on one's wishes or whims without regard for reason or fairness

Joan of Arc

(c. 1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

John Wycliffe

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.

Homo habilis

(man of skill) first to make stone tools

ultimatum

(n.) a final proposal or statement of conditions synonyms: final terms

Regime

(n.) a government in power; a form or system of rule or management; a period of rule

Archipelago

(n.) a large group of islands; (n.) a body of water containing a large number of islands

plague

(n.) an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths; a widespread evil

Miguel Hidalgo

- Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain.

Decline of Feudalism

- Occurred at the end of the Middle Ages as kings increased their power

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

- seven famous structures of ancient times: 1 - Colossus of Rhodes 2 - Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3 - Pharos of Alexandria 4 - Pyramids of Egypt 5 - Statue of Zeus by Phidias 6 - Temple of Diana at Ephesus 7 - Tomb of Mausolus

Aztec gods

1000 gods; Huitzilopchtli is most important. believed Quetzalcoatl would return from the east as a pale male

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China

1279-1368 Time in Imperial China

How much money did Germany have to pay?

132 billon marks (33 billion US dollars)

Millard Fillmore

13th President of US

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "I think therefore I am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.

Wilbur Wright

1867-1912 inventor who, with his brother Orville, developed the first successful airplane in 1903

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

How big was the Roman Empire?

3 million square miles

Guru Arjan

5th guru; compiled the Adi Granth(sacred scripture) and constructed the Great Temple of God

Sui Yangdi

604-618 CE; second emperor of the Sui Dynasty; completed work on the Grand Canal; during his rule, his projects demanded high taxes and force labor, which caused hostility toward his rule; rebellions broke out; assassinated in 618

Taoism

A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.

lay investiture

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

Sistine Chapel

A chapel adjoining Saint Peter's Basilica, noted for the frescoes of biblical subjects painted by Michelangelo on its walls and ceilings. The Creation is one of the notable subjects of the ceiling paintings, and the judgment day is depicted on the rear wall of the chapel.

The City of Ladies

A chronicle of the accomplishments of the great women of history. Written by Christine de Pizan.

Samarqand

A city located along the "Silk Road" that became wealthy from trade.

Medusa

A cnidarian body plan characterized by a bowl shape and adapted for a free-swimming life.

mummy

A dead body preserved in lifelike condition

Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Muslim

A follower of Islam, means "one who has submitted"

protest

A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Prussia

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

International Council For Women

A group formed by women to fight for women rights

Legislature

A group of people who have the power to make laws

Parliament - Cabinet

A group of people who would meet in England to make laws.

Aesop's Fables

A group of stories thought to have been written by Aesop, a Greek storyteller. The main characters in these stories are animals, and each story demonstrates a moral lesson.

Papal States

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

George II

A king of Britain who knew little of the workings of the British government and relied on Walpole and Pitt the Elder

Pharaoh

A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Absolute Monarch

A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

Troy

A kingdom that was destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan War. It is located on the western coast of Asia Minor

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Manor

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

May Fourth Movement

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference.

Ice Age

A period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Giuseppe Mazzini

A political nationalist in Italy in the mid 1800's. He started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. By the mid nineteenth century, Young Italy had inspired the development of nationalist movements in other countries besides Italy, such as Ireland, Switzerland and Hungary.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Gutenberg Bible

A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century.

Mummification

A process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying

scribe

A professional writer

Papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Dynasty

A series of rulers from the same family

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500.

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Glyphs

A symbolic picture-especially one used as part of a writing system for carving messages in stone.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

Provisional Government

A temporary government created by the Duma after the abdication of the czar; it made the decision to remain in World War One, costing it the support of the soviets and the people.

Obsidian

A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava

Indus River Valley

A valley and early civilization along the Indus River, one of the longest rivers in the world.

World War I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

chariot

A wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle

Reza Khan

An ambitious army officer -> overthrew the shah, sets up own PAHLAVI DYNASTY. rused to modernize (builds factories roads and railroads and strengthens the army, adopts western alphabet, clothes, schools)

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

Zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Hipolito Irigoyen

Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916-1922 and 1928-1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer, but later became conservative.

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god

Laity

Baptized Catholics who share in Jesus' mission and continue his work on earth but are not ordained

The Divine Comedy

Book by Dante Alighieri, describes soul's progression into heaven

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Great World Soul

Brahman

Lord Thomas Macaulay

British administrator and historian who set up a new school system using the English language and taught Indian children to serve in the government and army

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Three Jewels of Buddhism

Buddha- the teacher Dharma- the teachings Sangha- the community

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract Europeans and to get warm water ports.

Caudillos

By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.

Tenochtitlán

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Giza

City in northern Egypt and site of the Great Pyramid

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Bessmer Process

Created by Henry Bessmer and first used in Andrew Carnige's steel production, this allowed the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron

Quichua (or Quechua)

Dating back to the Inca civilization, A language spoken by five-and-one-half to eight million first peoples (native Americans) in the Andes region of South America.

Andromeda

Daughter of Cepheus (dad) and Cassiopeia, (mom) King and Queen of Libya. Mom committed hubris by saying she was prettier than the sea nymphs and Poseidon got mad and send a flood and sea monster to their town. Consulted the oracle of Zeus Ammon and it said to chain Andromeda to a rock and sacrifice her to the monster to end turmoil. Is saved by Perseus, who saves her and kills the monster.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

1776

Declaration of Independence is signed

Causes of the Russian Revolution

Defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1905, landless peasants, military defeats/casualties in WWI.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

St. George Statue

Donatello

Trade unions

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

Guilds

Economic groups that functioned as jati by controlling prices, output, workers, and competition for a specific product.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Maria Winkelmann

Educated by her father and uncle and received training in astronomy. She married Kirch of Germany and assisted him in Berlin Academy of Science. She was denied the post as assistant astronomer in the Berlin academy though.

Shi Huang Di/Qin Shihuangdi

Emperor of China, Founder of the brief Qin dynasty, that ruthlessly unified the warring states and introduced legalism. Aided China by standardizing measurements, language, etc. throughout China. He started building the Great Wall of China.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English king, leader of the Third Crusade, agreed to a truce with Saladin

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Pitt the Elder

English statesman, secretary of state in charge of seven years war, brought Seven Years' War to an end

Stephenson's Rocket

First steam engine railway train that could move beyond 16 mph. Revolutionized the railway industry.

Indian Independence

Formerly ruled by Britain Indian National Congress, Mohandes Gandhi (Civil disobedience) Political divisions along Hindu-Muslim lines (Pakistan/India)

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

The Kikuyu Association

Founded in 1920 by farmers, was intent on blocking further land confiscation in Kenya.

Almoravid Empire

Founded in the 11th century by Muslim reformers. Its members came from a Berber group living in the western Sahara in what is today Mauritania. The movement began after devout Berber Muslims made a hajj.

Osman Bey

Founded the Ottoman Empire in 1289. He also led the ghazi.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Aristide Briand

French foreign minister who deemphasized aggressive military intervention and championed the League of Nations

Louis XIII of France

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.

Jean-Paul Marat

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

Mali Empire

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

General Alfred von Schlieffen

German leader who drew up the Schlieffen Plan - a two front war with France and Russia, since France and Russia were both part of the Triple Entente.

Johann Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Gestapo

German secret police during the Nazi regime

Friederich Engels

German socialist who wrote The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844; described how disgusting and dirty the city of Manchester was

Gold-Salt Trade

Gold and salt made up trade and wealth in the African kingdoms because the Europeans wanted gold, and the Africans needed salt

Viceroy

Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.

The Great Prymaids of Egypt

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx Giza, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2550-2490 B.C.E. Cut limestone. The Great Sphinx is believed to be the most immense stone sculpture ever made by man. (stone, tombs, statues, animal symbolism)

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.

Nadir Shah Afshar

He was a military adventurer who ruled after the Safavid dynasty (1723). After the Ottomans had seized much of their territory, he launched an extended series of campaigns that restored the country's border and occupied Delhi.

Yuan Shigai

Head of the Chinese army who served as president of the Chinese republic

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.

Tanks

Heavy armored vehicle which could travel over barbed wire and across enemy trenches

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Tahmasp

Isma'il's son; adopted and expanded the use of artillery with his military forces to expand the Safavid Empire to the Caucus Mountains and brought Christians under Safavid rule. He layed the groundwork for the golden age of the Safavids.

Ancient China

Isolated by mountains and the Gobi desert to the north, Believed in dynastic cycle and mandate of Heaven. Local lords controlled their religion but owed military service. Experienced a Golden age = advancements in science, math, and technology.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

King John

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Cepheus

King of Ethiopia, husband of Cassiopeia, father of Andromeda

Louis Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

Umberto I

King of Italy assassinated by anarchist

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.

King Menelaus

King of Sparta, husband of Helen

Menes/Narmer

King of Upper Egypt who united Upper and Lower Egypt

Alexandra

Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Moguls

Muslim dynasty that ruled India in 16th-17th century. Built Taj Mahal.

Matope

Mutota's son who claimed control of the area along the Zambezi river to the Indian Ocean coast

Atlantis

Mythical ancient island civilization, supposedly destroyed by a volcano

Greek Mythology

Myths and legends of the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. Part of Greek religion.

Palenque

Name of Mayan city ruins that had an aqueduct

RMS Titanic

Name this ship whose attempt to make good time to New York caused it to hit an iceberg and sink in the north Atlantic in April 1912.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

collective bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

Railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Heroic Age of Physics

New studies were being done about new types of physics. Especially discoveries made by Albert Einstein ended the Newton age of physics. The ideas of Isaac Newton had been broken down, and the world would then move onto the rules discovered by Einstein. New studies had been made that explained more about subatomic particles.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

pottery

Objects (usually vessels) made of clay and hardened by firing

Gobi Desert

One of the worlds largest deserts, covers part of China and present-day Mongolia.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

White Lotus Rebellion

Peasant rebellion; Members of a Buddhist cult called the White Lotus Society revolted because of increased taxes and growing government inefficiency

Cossacks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Roman Golden Age

Period of much prosperity, trade flourished, grain was shipped in from Egypt, luxury items from china such as silk satisfied the wealthy classes, tremendous gap between the rich and the poor, thousand of unemployed depended upon the emero's handouts of grain; during Pax Romana

Darius the Great

Persian emperor who organized and expanded the empire

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Laissex-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Portuguese, who sailed for Spain - First European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and reach the Pacific Ocean.

Tlaxcalan

Powerful Native American group which befriended Cortes, worrying Aztecs

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Dutch Art

Predominantly protestant, themes of modesty and piety. Huge business center in the north, big merchant fleets.

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

French New Deal

Program for workers which established the right of collective bargaining, a forty-hour work week, two-week paid vacations, and minimum wages.

French Republic

Prompted by Louis Philippe giving up his throne, this was a new era of liberalism in France. Measures enacted included freeing slaves, granting all males the right to vote, abolishing capital punishment, the establishment of national workshops, and the enactment of a 10-hour workday in Paris.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

The School of Athens

Raphael, 1510-1511

insurrection

Rebellion or revolt against a government or similarly established authority

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people

Topilzin

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century. Attempted to move Toltec religion towards Qutzlcoatl because of the human sacrifice

CE

Represents dates after the year zero. Stands for Common Era.

Diviners

Ritual practitioners who specialize in the art of divination; very important among the Yoruba

Nero

Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68) He persecuted Christians and was very cruel.

Insulae

Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden-beam floors

Pompeii

Roman city near Naples, Italy, which was buried during an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.

Pompey

Roman general and statesman who quarreled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)

Askia Dynasty

Ruled in the Songhai Kingdom by Askia Muhammad. Songhai became the largest kingdom.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

The War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).

Bourbon Kings

The family that ruled the French ancien regime in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Brahmins

The priest varna of the caste system.

metalwork

The process of refining and working with metals

Collectivization

The process seen in the Soviet Union and Communist China to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing--from private hands to large, collective, government operations.

emperor

The supreme ruler of an empire.

Dharma (Buddhism)

The teachings of the Buddha, and one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism

Mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent.

Constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Devshirme

The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

1453

The year that Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Turks and meant that Byzantium had collapsed.

Battle of Waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Seperatists

Those who separate from the Anglican Church of England and the Crown because of a belief that the Church is beyond salvation. Many become migrants to continental Europe or the New World, and sometimes both.

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

Mansa Musa's Hajj

Very famous because he threw Gold out of his carriage. Many people got involved at the end of the Hajj; he has decreased the value of gold. His Hajj was a success 1324 CE

Ali Bakri

Visited the Ghana king's court and noted their lavish lifestyle

philosophe

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Mayan Hieroglyphics

Writing system of the Maya's

The Book of the Courtier

Written by Baldassare Castiglione, this was a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino. It embodies the highest ideals of Italian humanism: knowledge of languages and history, athleticism, military skills, musical skills, and chivalry.

Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.

China's Dynasties

Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Yuan, Ming, Qing

Mutsuhito

Young emperor of Japan who took control of the nation's government from the shogun in 1867. He led a reform and modernization movement in Japan that resulted in it being a world power.

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.

Greek gods and goddesses

Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Poseidon, Athena, Aphrodite

Sat-Cho Alliance

a 1863 alliance that forced the hapless shogun to promise to end relations with the West

Surrealism

a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

Swahili

a Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Franks

a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s

Balthasar Neumann

a Rococo artist whose two masterpieces were the pilgrimage church of the Vierzehnheiligen (The Fourteen Saints) and the Bishop's Palace

Circus Maximus

a Roman outdoor arena in which public games, such as chariot races, were held

Northern Expedition

a campaign to unite China and defeat the warlords. in 6 months, the KMT and CCP defeated 34 warlords. Received food from peasants. KMT and CCP co-operated, together defeating northern warlords and imperialists. The solders on the Northern Expedition asked peasants not to pay rent / debts

Roman Inquisition

a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics

goddess

a female god

Hindu

a follower of Hinduism

treaty

a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries

Inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Punjab

a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan

Hippodrome

a huge building in Constantinople and the site of the chariot races

Rajah

a king or prince in India; a minor chief or dignitary

Benin

a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

The Odyssey

a long, adventurous voyage; a quest. One of Homer's famous poems.

pitchfork

a long-handled hand tool with sharp widely spaced prongs for lifting and pitching hay

power loom

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side with the spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

Great Pryamids

a major accomplishment of the Old Kingdom in Egypt

Albercht Durer

a man that traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters. When he returned home, he employed those methods in paintings and especially in engravings. Many of his engravings portrayed the religious upheaval of his age. This his art as well as through essays, Durer helped to spread Italian Renaissance ideas in his homeland.

Muezzin

a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

Lutherans

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther

Slav

a member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages.

Native Americans

a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Nazi

a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

clergyman

a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

Missonaries

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

investor

a person who gives money to a company with the hope of making money later

slaves

a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.

El Dorado

a place of reputed wealth; from the legendary city in South America, sought by early Spanish explorers

Quota

a restriction placed on the amount of a product allowed to enter or leave a country

sovereign

a supreme ruler, especially a monarch; possessing supreme or ultimate power

Lycees

French government run public schools for male students.

Great Trek

A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Leopold Senghor

French guy who wrote poetry about African culture. He organized an independent movement in Senegal

Mount Vesuvius

Volcano that erupted in 79 AD that killed many people and buried the city of Pompeii

Songhai Empire

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591

abdication

a formal resignation and renunciation of powers

Slavic

an ethnic group in Europe including the Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Poles, and Ukrainians

substience farming

farming that provides the basic needs of a family with little surplus

Sire

father

Praetors

in charge of civil law—laws that applied to Roman citizens.

Cyrus the Great

king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)

King Phillip of Macedon

king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)

Mayan Calendar

solar calendar of 365.242 days (17 seconds off of today), ritual calendar of 260 days

Duke

the highest type of European noble, ranking just below a prince

Hopewell people

were skilled farmers & flourished in the Ohio & Mississippi Valleys (200BC to 400AD).

Mahayana Buddhism

"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Hippocrates

"Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Itzamna

"Lizard House". Supreme god who brought knowledge of maize, cacao, medicine, and writing to the Mayan people

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Mesoamerica

"Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America

Neolithic Age

"New Stone Age"; About 10,000 years ago marked by advances in the production of stone tools. Shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture

Bhagavard Gita

"Song of the Lord," an Indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy Mahabharata and expressed basic Hindu concepts such as karma and dharma

Louis XIV of France

"Sun King," he believed in divine right and was a devout catholic. He feared the nobility and was successful in collaborating with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power. He made the court of Versailles a fixed institution to use it to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Homo erectus

"Upright man" these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire.

Saladin

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Wergild

"money for a man"; the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed

Realpolitik

"realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Huang He River

"river of sorrows" floods; located in the north east, very long. Also called the "yellow river".

Delhi Sultanate

(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Kublai Khan

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China. Completed the conquest of China.

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Theravada

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Pope Gregory VII

(1020-1085) powerful medieval pope; fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials

Zhou Dynasty

(1050BC-400BC) Longest dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with king at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants.

Nanuk

(1469-1539) stressed meditation and drew upon Islam and Hinduism; first guru

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Walpole

(1676-1745) George I and George III relied on him to help manage their relations with Parliament. Technically the first Prime Minister of the UK. He led the House of Commons and dispensed government jobs to win support for the Crown's policies. Helped develop a cabinet which the US and UK cabinets are based on today.

Mary II

(1689-1694) This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.

Louis XVI of France

(1774-1792), reinstated old parliaments, minister of finance attempted to impose a general tax on all landed property, attempted to dismiss the notables and establish new taxes by decree, calls a meeting of the Estates-General, forces the National Assembly to meet as a single body, forced to accept a constitutional monarchy, sentenced to death by the National Convention

Lin Zexu

(1785-1850) Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) An unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war. The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

Paul von Hindenburg

(1847-1934) President of Weimar Germany, who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933; formerly a general in World War I.

Napoleon III

(1852-1870) Former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'état, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire.

Alfred the Great

(849-899) King of Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo- Saxon England under his control. He compiled a code of laws and promoted learning.

Emancipation Edict of Russia

(1861) issued by Czar Alexander II, abolished serfdom; not helpful to most serfs because they were granted miniscule plots of land for which they had to pay huge sums to the government to keep. Some peasants went to work in urban industries but suffered terrible working conditions.

Sun Yixian

(1866-1925) Chinese nationalist leader who fought to end foreign domination. He formed the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, which overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established a republican form of government in its place. Also known as Sun Yat-sen.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Armistar Massacre

(1919) an event in which British troops fired on a large crowd of peaceful, unarmed Indian protestors, killing some 400 people; it led to a campaign of protest led by Gandhi

Great Purge

(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.

Diocletian

(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

The Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Samsara

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

National Socialist German Workers Party

(Nazi Party) was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945.

Joseph II

(r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom

Hernando Cortes (1485-1547)

-Spanish Adventurer -Came to the Aztec Empire with 600 men -Conquered all of the Empire of the Aztecs (very rich) -Founded New Spain (Mexico), with Mexico City as the capital

The West African Pilot

-a newspaper launched in Nigeria by Nnamdi Azikiwe in 1937, dedicated to fighting for independence from British colonial rule.

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is non-virtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome non-virtue. 4) The way to overcome non-virtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

Marathon (Greece)

26 mile run from this seaside plain to Athens

Janissaries

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Edict of Milan

313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

How many people died in the Reign of Terror?

40,000 people

Attila the Hun

405-453, was the Emperor of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea

Lao Tzu

6th century BC Chinese philosopher; reputed founder of Taoism

Machu Picchu

8,000 ft above sea level between mountain peaks has a sun temple, public buildings, and a central places, possible religious center or an estate of wealthy nobility. In the Andes mountains.

How much of Africa was controlled by Europeans?

90%

Third Estate

98% of the population made up of Bourgeoisie, San Cullotes, and the Peasent Farmers

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

Shona

A Bantu-speaking culture that was thriving in what is now the countries of Botswana, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe by A.D. 1000

Mahabodhi Temple

A Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Erich Ludendorff

A German general who assisted Paul von Hindenburg in achieving victories at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes. Throughout the rest of the war, Ludendorff continued to serve Hindenburg, first as chief of staff and later as quartermaster general.

Werner Heisenberg

A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.

Notre Dame Cathedral

A Gothic cathedral in Paris, France, it was begun in 1200 and completed around 1345. It was destroyed by riots and wars, and rebuilt in the 1700's, then being renovated several times afterwards.

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Aesop

A Greek famous for his fables

Homer

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Popul Vuh

A Maya creation myth, taught that the gods had created humans out of maize and water, the ingredients that became human flesh and blood.

Li Zicheng

A Ming peasant who started a rebellion, because of the disease and royal corruption, which spread from central China to the rest of the empire; the army took Beijing in 1644, and the emperor and many of the bureaucracy killed themselves; when the Manchus took over, Li's troops lost to them

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Yoruba

A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Peninsular War

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.

Scandinavia

A country in northern Europe, home of the Viking people.

Frederick William IV

A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Upanishads

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Persian Empire

A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.

Ba Jin

A modern Chinese author born in 1904 who wrote multiple short stories/ novels, including the trilogy Family, Spring, and Autumn, which portrayed a family who's younger members try to break away from the elder's Confucian ideas; he sometimes isolated himself in his study for a year

Johann Tetzel

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Indus River

A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea.

East Indies

A term used to describe an area in South and South East Asia, which consisted of India, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and most of Indonesia; Europeans traded for cotton, indigo and spices.

colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.

Golden Age

A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace.

Guang Xu

A young emperor who launched the hundred days of reform; modernized industries, schools, military; imprisoned by conservatives who opposed reforms

Peter

A.D. 5-67 One of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Roman Catholics consider him to be the first pope, bishop of Rome

Taiwan

About 100 miles off China's southeastern coast,used to be a providence of China for several hundereds years, and the people of China fled to this country for nationalism

Pueblos

Above ground houses made of a heavy clay called adobe.

Gabriel

According to Muslims, was an angel who told Muhammed he was a messenger of Allah.

Mobilization

Act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

conform

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Fuhrer

Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany.

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

stateless societies

African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states

Huascar

After Huayna Capac died; there was a civil war between his two sons. He was the older brother and was heir to the throne., fought brother in civil war for leader of Inca, killed shortly before Pizarro's arrival

Shia-Sunni split

After death of Muhammad, Shiites believed Islamic leaders should be selected from the prophets bloodline, Sunnis believed leaders should be the wisest members of strongest tribes

Grand Alliance

An alliance between the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians against the expansionist wars of Louis XIV.

Second Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Industrial Revolution US

After the War of Independence primary source of income was international trade (agricultural goods), not manufacturing Two events changed this: The Embargo act of 1807 (Thomas Jefferson's) which stopped foreign trade and The War of 1812 when the British navy blockaded the U.S. coast line

Khmer Empire

Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia

Pope Pius VII

Agreed that the government would recognize influence of the Church but the Church would stay out of government affairs

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

IndoEuropean

All languages that descended from Proto-Indo-European. Has several subgroups that together contain about one hundred forty-four languages.

Popular Front Government

Alliance of the left wing movements wanting social reform. Leon Blum lead it but this only lasted for a year. They managed to increase wages, support unions, have 2-week vacation, and have 40-hour work weeks implemented as normal.

Effects of Persian War

Allowed for growth of Athens power and influence and golden age of Athens

Bubonic Plague

Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.

Genghis(Chinggis) Khan

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Austro-Prussian War

Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.

ARAMCO

Arabian American Oil Company, which developed the petroleum industry in Saudi Arabia

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Treaty of Kanagawa

An 1854 agreement between the United States and Japan, which opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships and allowed the United States to set up an embassy in Japan.

Board of Trade

An English legislative body, based in London, that was instituted for the governing and economic controlling of the American colonies. It lacked many powers, but kept the colonies functioning under the mercantile system while its influence lasted. The height of the Boards' power was in the late 1690's.

Mycenaeans

An Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.

Sunna

An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

Ghazna

An Islamic state founded in Afghanistan which eventually ruled much of India

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

An artificial mountain covered with trees and plants, built by Nebuchadnezzar ll for his wife. The gardens are one of the Seven Wonders of the world.

Dadaism

An artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct.

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Estates General

An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Olmec civilization

An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

Fief

An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

Serbs

An ethnic group that dominates in Bosnia, Kosovo, and other regions of the former Yugoslavia.

Steel Industry

An example of big business that was made possible by Captain of Industry Andrew Carnegie. It helped fuel industrialism in America and the manufacturing center was Pittsburgh.

Aztec Calendar Stone/Sun Stone

An example of the Aztec's advances in astronomy. It contained pictographs which showed days, months, and astronomical constellations. It also depicted the creation narrative of the four ages that were created and destroyed by the Aztec gods, before the fifth sun under which the Aztecs lived.

Mahavira

An extreme aesthetic who founded the religion Jainism and thought of several Hindu concepts, such as karma, in a very concrete way

Nanjing

An important Chinese city, it was the capital of Ming China until 1421, when the capital was relocated to the Forbidden City.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

John of Leiden

Anabaptist who led a group to seize Munster and establish a theocracy called New Zion, where polygamy and communal ownership of property were observed. Did not last long, as the town was recaptured and John was executed.

Vedas

Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.

Ancient India

Ancient civilization that developed south of the Himalayan Mountain Range along the Indus and Ganges rivers; circa 2500 BCE

Mita

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Paganism

Any of the polytheistic religions of the Greco-Roman world, an umbrella term for ancient Mediterranean religions other than Judaism and Christianity.

Barbarians/Germanic Tribes

Anyone who lived along the frontiers of the Roman Empire. They were not citizens and fought against Rome's expansion into their lands.

When was the founding of Rome?

April 21, 753 BC

Ibn Saud

Arab leader who was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (1932-1953).

Continental Army

Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

Black Dragon Society

As industrialization increased, the need for raw materials increased. This leads to foreign policy expansion. Extreme nationalists group begin to form; most importantly the black dragon society. They seek rejection of the west, return to tradition, and wars of conquest.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Gustav Stresemann

Assumed leadership of Germany in August 1923. He called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and in October agreed in principle to pay preparations but ask for a re-examination of Germany's ability to pay.

Athenian Empire

Athenian Control of the Delian League led to this, in which the Athenians dominated the other city states

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna

Silesia

Austrian province in eastern Germany that is later seized by Frederick II of Prussia in December of 1740, provoking the War of the Austrian Succession.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president of US.

1571 CE

Battle of Lepanto (Ottoman naval defeat)

Battle of Kosovo

Battle won by the Turks, felt like heroes because fighting for Christianity but felt abandoned by the Christians in the west (1389)

Wu Zhao

Became Empress in 690. She assumed the title herself- the only woman in China to do so.

BC

Before Christ

BCE

Before Common Era

Voyages of Zheng He

Before the Europeans began exploring the world the Chinese launched a series of sea voyages. Zheng He traveled west and made it all the way to the eastern coast of Africa. Many Chinese officials complained these trips were a waste of time and money so Zheng was forced to stop the voyages in 1433

Polytheism

Belief in many gods(Greece,Rome,India,China,Egypt)

Monotheism

Belief in one god (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Based on the teachings of the Buddha.

Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.

Procession of the Magi

Benozzo Gozzoli 1459

Lord Cornwallis

Best remembered as one of the leading British Generals in The American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered to de-facto end of war, as a bulk of British troops surrendered to him.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Communist Russia

Britain and France asked this country to join them in stopping Hitler's aggression. The country also bargained with Hitler. The two dictators reached an agreement. Once bitter enemies, Fascist Germany and this country now publicly pledged never to attack one another. On August 23, 1939, their leaders signed a nonaggression pact.

Decline of the Qing Dynasty

Britain forces china into trade, Hong Kong given to Britain, Macau given to Portugal, Manchuria taken by Russia, Korea taken by japan, Indochina taken by France, foreigners no longer have to follow Chinese law when in china (extraterritoriality)

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Salt Acts

British laws that said that Indians could only buy salt from the government and they had to pay taxes on the salt.

Currency Act of 1764

British legislation which banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.

Sudras

Caste that made up most of the Indian population; most were peasants and manual laborers; they had limited rights in society

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Angkor Thom

Capital of Angkor; remains give sense of magnificence; destroyed by Thai in 1432 who had migrated into region from SW China

Paris

Capital of France; most visited city in the world (over 60 millions tourists every year)

New Delhi

Capital of India

Rome

Capital of Italy, largest city in the country, and seat of the Roman Catholic Church (see Vatican City State; see also Vatican), located on the Tiber River in west-central Italy. Rome is one of the world's great centers of history, art, architecture, and religion.

Chang'an

Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.

Bangkok

Capital of Thailand. Chief port of Thailand, which is the only S.E Asia member of Pacific Rim.

The Royal Council

Center of royal authority which governed at the national level. National governing council of England under Henry VII, demonstrated the monarchy's distrust of nobility by excluding it.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Louis the Pious

Charlemagne's only surviving son (814-840) his sons divided empire into 3 bringing end to Carolingian empire

732 AD

Charles Martel turns back the Muslims at the Battle of Tours

Mazarin

Chief minister and regent to Louis XIV; tried to continue Richelieu's centralizing policies, but his attempts to increase royal revenue led to the civil wars known as the Fronde; He could not control nobility as Richelieu had.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Kilwa

City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Classical composer; child prodigy who wrote his first opera at 12. A prolific composer, wrote some of the world's greatest operas. Moved to Vienna, and died as a pauper at 35.

Mao Dun

China's best modern novelist wrote "Midnight"

Hangzhou

China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people.

The Golden Lotus

China's first realistic novel written by Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng

Shang and Zhou Dynasties

China, 1766-1122 B.C.E. (Shang); 1122-256 B.C.E. (Zhou) - Early Chinese dynasties - Established lasting features of Chinese civilization -> Strong centralized rule- Mandate of Heaven -> Early form of Chinese writing -> Use of religion to support authority of ruler

Laozi

Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925

Kangxi

Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1661-1722) who promoted Confucian ideas and policies and expanded the Qing empire (Captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia- Tibet)

Qianlong

Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1736-1795), grandson of Kangxi who continued his grandfather's conquests by consolidating hold on Xinjiang province (westernmost). He made Vietnam, Burma and Nepal vassal states of China, and delegated responsibilities to his favorite Eunuchs, marking the decline of the Qing Dynasty

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Foot Binding

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.

Daoism

Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.

Hong Xiuquan

Chinese religious leader who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth

Slavery

Classical empires saw a rise in _____. This form of labor was a major part of the production of food and other goods (Corvée for example). Although some civilizations relied greatly on this (like Rome) while in others such as China it was an extremely small percentage of the population.

Clerical Celibacy

Clergy are not allowed to get married; addressed abuses where Church positions & property became hereditary, passed on to heirs.

Book of the Dead

Collection of religious spells which were thought to be helpful to the deceased in the afterlife.

House of Wisdom

Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.

Grand Army

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

AD

Common Era aka CE

DeBeers Company

Company that until recently owned 80% of diamond mines

Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

Composed of largely working-class women that were a family of sisters that were ready to defend France. However, many men believed they should not be in politics and instead at the home.

Bach

Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Tepees

Cone shaped tents made of buffalo hides that could be carried easily on a travois.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Napoleon was born in

Corsica, 1769

Charles X

Count of Artois, succeeded Louis XVIII. Pursued religious policy that encouraged Catholics to reestablish control over the educational system. (brought instability to France)

Codification of the Laws

Created 7 law codes, most famous is the civil codes

Israelites

Descendants of Abraham who left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan

Second German Empire

Created when the southern German states agreed to enter the Northern German Confederation; on January 18, 1871, King William I, with Bismarck at his side, was proclaimed kaiser (emperor) at the palace at Versailles.

Effects of WWI

Creation of new countries (like Iraq), American used policies of isolation, there were unfair treaties which lead to Germany getting angry. Germany had to limit the size of their armies, but other countries did not.

Henry II (1154-1189)

Credited for transforming the jury system and the royal court structure. He also operated the writ system, where if you wanted to be heard in court, you needed to obtain a Writ from the King's Chancery.

Bohemia

Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War, Ferdinand II redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers form all over Europe, serf conditions declined

Sea based empires

Develop a navy, invest in exploration, and establish colonies in newly discovered or conquered lands.

Land Based Empires

Develop armies, expand territory, invest in domestic expansion without developing strong navies and colonies, and in come cases, practice isolationist policies.

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

William Herschel

Discovered Uranus is a planet and 2 of it's moons; created a new type of telescope; heat due to infrared

Carl Scheele

Discovered oxygen also but priestly published findings first

Baptists

Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people

Inflation in Germany

Due to the Treaty of Versailles Germany had to pay 33 billion dollars to repair Belgium the economy was strained, so prices of items got increasingly more expensive which people could not afford

Group of United Officers

During WWII the military created this group and overthrew the Oligarchy, Juan Perez seized control.

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Cape Town

Dutch settlement on the southern tip of Africa that sold supplies to ships in the East Indies trade

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.

European Alliances

European countries had joined alliances to better protect themselves. If one member was attacked, the others were obligated to help that country.

Nasser

Eventually became the leader of Egypt and a world power, involved in the Suez War

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

mines

Excavated or dug out areas from which ore and valuable minerals may be obtained

trade

Exchange of goods and services

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Belgian Congo

Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Join or Die

Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War

Fascism in Italy

Fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, national order, violence to keep this order, and blind loyalty to the state. Fascists believed democracy lead to corruption and weakness and put individual or class interests above national goals. (against democracy)

St. Augustine of Hippo

Father and Doctor of the Church; one of the most influential men in the history of the Church; converted after a life of sinful habits; wrote Confessions

Antoine Lavoisier

Father of chemistry. Law of Conservation of Matter.

Clesithenes

Father of democracy

Ataturk

Father of the Turks

Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Favored limited government, but in particular an empowered and separate judiciary, also proposed climate theory politics. Differences between hot, cold, and temperate climates affecting politics.

Fall of Constantinople

Finally overcome by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 after constant attack by Germanic/European tribes, Persians and Muslims

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Abu Bakr

First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

Mexican Repatriation Act

Forced migration of approximately one million Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Mexico; many actually children born in US; emerged out of the Great Depression and a widespread assumption that Mexicans were stealing American jobs; many accumulated in border towns

Extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Imperial Germany

Former German empire led by Kaiser Wilhelm II during World War I; dissolved with his abdication in 1918 and subsequently divided into Germany and new states of Poland and Czechoslovakia

Treaty of Locarno

France and Germany agreed not to make war and to respect borders of France and Belgium; Germany admitted to League of Nations

War with Austria

France declared war on Austria for threatening to give total power back to Louis XVI

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Antoine Watteau

French artist during the rococo style; Embarkation for Cythera is one of his rococo masterpieces

Czar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

Peter III of Russia

Gained throne in 1762. Peace with Prussia. 220 laws. made Russia bankrupt. acted like an eleven year old. married to Catherine the Great

Maya ball game

Game in which Maya peoples used a hard rubber ball to propel through a ring without using their hands. Often used for ritual and ceremonial purposes.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.

Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Frankfurt Assembly

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany

Ludwig van Beethoven

German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)

William I

German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 and refused to renew the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, prompting republican France to court absolutist Russia with loans, arms, and friendship and in 1894 become military allies, creating two rival blocs in Europe

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Ruhr Valley

Germany's chief industrial and mining center; French soldiers occupied the area when Germany stopped paying reparations after World War I

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

Allah

God of Islam

Hercules

God of strength,Son of Zeus

Apollo

God of the sun

Hades

God of the underworld

Ares

God of war

Dionysus

God of wine, revelry, and dance (golden cup or goblet)

Demeter

Goddess of agriculture

Aphrodite

Goddess of love and beauty

Athena

Goddess of wisdom

Selim the Grim

Grandson of Mehmed took over Persia, Syria, Palestine, North Africa, Mecca, Medina and Egypt, After Isma'il destroyed the Sunni population in Baghdad, _Selim the grim__ responded by killing 40,000 Shi'a throughout the Ottoman Empire.

British Mandate of Palestine

Granted by the League of Nations following World War I, it gave Britain control over the governance of Palestine.

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

Britain and China

Had an unfavorable, negative trade balance with China Britain imported more goods from China than it exported to China Had imported tea, silk, and porcelain from the Chinese To pay for this, Britain had sent Indian cotton to China, but this didn't cover the entire debt

Portuguese Empire

Had most of Africa, Indian ocean, and Brazil. Lost colonies in 19th and 20th centuries

Wilhelm I

He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.

Askia Muhammad

He drove Sunni Ali's son from power and ruled for 37 years. He set up an efficient tax system and chose able officials.

Chandragupta Maurya

He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.

Sir Robert Clive

He is an aggressive British Empire Builder, and chief representative of East India company

Pepin the Short

He was Charles Martel's son. He was king and the Pope asked him for help against the Lombards who were invading. Pepin helps him and defeats them and in turn, the Pope names him king of the Franks. Then Pepin gives the Pope land called the Papal States.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Blaise Pascal

He was a mathematician who developed the "Pascaline." This was the first mechanical adding machine. The Pascaline was a wooden box that could add and subtract by using a series of gears and wheels.

William III

He was hesitant to come into England from the Netherlands and immediately take over the thrown but most of the British army took his side so it was easy to make James II flee. During his rule, he passed the Act of Toleration in 1689 which garanteed religious tolerance to Protestants. stopped catholic rule. He also placed more power towards the Parliament and stopped many of the illegal activities that James II was doing.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

He was in line to become the next leader of the Austria-Hungarian throne. His assassination led to the first World War.

Frederick I

He was the successor and uncle of Christian II. He encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread their evangelical doctrines and to introduce a Lutheran liturgy into the Danish church service.

President Hindenburg

He was the aging president of Germany who gave Hitler his first legal power in 1933 by making Hitler Chancellor.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

He was the head of the Muslim League in India, and worked to found Pakistan. He then became the first-governor-general of Pakistan.

Hugh Capet

He was the king of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) . He succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their power

Richard III

He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses

Patriarch

Highest church official in the Eastern Roman empire

Ganesha

Hindu god of the removal of obstacles; represented as an elephant

Rowlatt Acts

Laws passed in 1919 that allowed the British government in India to jail anti-British protesters without trial for as long as two years

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

The Iliad

Homer's epic poem of the story of the Trojan War

Neanderthals

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago.

Aztec Social Structure

Huey Tlatoani, Tlatoani, warriors, peasants, slaves

plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Motilal Nehru

INC Moderate who sought reforms in Britain's government control of India. Previously decadent, Western lifestyle. Changes under influence of Gandhi. wanted full independence

Chaco Canyon

Important ancient Anasazi Indian center in New Mexico that included a pueblo of six hundred interconnected rooms

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

Spinning Mule

In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Yang

In Chinese philosophy, the bright, assertive, "male" energy in the universe

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Schutzstaffel

In German, Schutzstaffel ("protection detachment"), the elite German paramilitary unit. Originally formed as a unit to serve as Hitler's personal bodyguards, the S.S. grew and took on the duties of an elite military formation. During World War II, the Nazi regime used the S.S. to handle the extermination of Jews and other racial minorities, among other duties. The S.S. had its own army, independent of the regular German army (the Wehrmacht), to carry out its operations behind enemy lines.

Anatolian Peninsula

In Southwest Asia between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea.

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Patrician

In ancient Rome, a member of the privileged upper class.

Lord

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

Deacons

In the early church, those appointed to serve the poor and needy. Today, an ordained man who assists priests and bishops in carrying out the work of the Church.

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

Inti

Incan Sun god the most important God they worshipped.

Ancient African Kingdoms

Included Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Africa was dubbed The Dark Continent as no Europeans had entered the interior of Africa. The Niger River was the lifeline of these kingdoms' irrigation and transportation systems. The kingdoms' economies prospered and developed from caravan taxes that were extracted when people went to trade salt and gold.

Responses to Depression

Increased government involvement in the economy; Communism became more popular among intellectuals & workers; People began following leaders who offered solutions in exchange for dictorial power

Paekche

Independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.

Silla Kingdom

Independent Korean kingdom in the southeast part of the peninsula defeated Koguryo with the help of their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; united Korea by 668.

Dai Viet

Independent kingdom established by the Vietnamese after they drove the Chinese from the Indochinese Peninsula in the 900s

Rabindranath Tagore

Indian author who worked for human dignity, world peace, and the mutual understanding and union of East and West

Guru Nanak

Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism

Koryo Dynasty (Korea)

Influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism Invented movable metal type for printing texts. Defeated by the Mongols in 1259.

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Propoganda

Information from the government to sway the public's opinion. America used this method to try to encourage people to go to war and step up and help. Posters, signs, banners, and TV commercials were made to help this.

William the Conqueror

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Invented microscope and observed microorganisms

Gunpowder

Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.

Edmund Cartwright

Inventor of the modern power loom.

Robert Boyle

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691) (Father of modern chemistry.)

Gugliemo Marconi (Irish)

Is known as the father of sound. Italy wasn't interested in his work so he turned to Great Britain for financial support.

Decline of Ottoman Empire

It fell behind the industrial and political developments in Western Europe and America. They were invaded by powerful countries, and too much European influence was put in the Ottoman Empire. Also, they loss land after many countries received independence. WWI took a toll on the empire.

Reza Shah Pahlavi

Leader of Persia who sought to modernize the country by making public schools, building roads and railroads, extending women's rights, and promoting industrial growth. He held all of the power of the country that he later called Iran in 1935.

Jose de San Martin

Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well.

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Italy in the 14th century

Facing Mount Kenya

Its chapter "The New Religion" discusses the Watchtower movement and other semi-christian cults, it outlines 3 types of ancestor worship

Annexation of Korea

Japan annexed Korea and where harsh rulers, they took away Korean culture and replaced it with Japanese culture and citizens

Rise of militarism in Japan

Japan tried to industrialize and expand Japan and as a result harsh military laws were enacted and military and other supporters of Japanese expansion took over the government

Eta

Japan's outcast class, whose way of life was strictly regulated by the Tokugawa

Japan Language

Japanese

Lady Murasaki Shikibu

Japanese noble and writer, she wrote The Tale of Genji, the world's first known novel

Soong Meiling

Jiang Jieshi's wife, also gained American support with her fluent English and western style of dressing

Five K's

Kesh-uncut hair, Kara- steel bracelet, Kanga- wooden comb, Kachera-white shirt, Kirpan- short sword

human sacrifice

Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Maya

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

(King) William III and (Queen) Mary II

King and Queen of England who were enthroned after the Glorious Revolution

Nebuchadnezzar II

King of Babylon who conquered Judah and carried off many of the inhabitants into exile in Babylon.

Francesco Petrarch

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-1374 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.

Yi Dynasty

Korean Dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; resotred aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence

Untouchables

LOWEST LEVEL OF INDIAN SOCIETY; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult

Babur Akbar

Laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire. He equipped his army with top notch weaponry and was able to easily conquer lands. Akbar allowed for religious toleration, even married a Hindu princess (he was Muslim). He decreased taxes and banned the jizya- a tax on non Muslims.

Lake Texcoco

Lake where the capital city of the ancient Aztecs Tenochtitlan was built

factors of production

Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

Indian Ocean

Large amounts of trade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. Particularly in the postclassical period 9600-1450) South of India.

Tai Ping Rebellion

Led by Hong Xiuquan in 1850, a peasant revolt in which millions of people were killed. Hong was convinced God wanted him to destroy Qing dynasty, so he created a new dynasty, the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

Indian Independence Movement

Led by Mohandas Ghandi, enacted by Civil disobedience and passive resistance

Romulus

Legendary hero who founded Rome and first king of Rome

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Mi'kmaq

Lived in Newfoundland; were helpful to the Europeans; seasonal lifestyle of hunting and fishing; still a settlement at Conne River

Bishops

Local church leaders within the Roman Catholic Church

Mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism

Diamond Mines

Located in South Africa

Agra, India

Location of the Taj Mahal

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

inner peace

Major goal of Buddhism

Sunni Muslims

Majority of the Muslims; believe successor of Muhammad can be an elected caliph.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Gottfried Kirch

Married to Maria Winkleman, official astronomer of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, worked on completing observations necessary to create an accurate calendar, but died before it was completed.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Frederick the Wise

Martin Luther's prince who gave him a place to hide after he was declared an outlaw

Katharina von Bora

Martin Luther's wife and former nun

natural resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Constutional Convention

Meeting that was held to cosider changes to the Articles of Confederation. As a reult, the Constitution was drafted.

Murad II

Mehmed I son who restored the Ottoman Empire, invaded Hungary, and conquered the Venetians and Italian Crusader. He was the first of 4 powerful sultans who led the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through 1566.

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Yong Le

Ming Emperor who moved the capital north to Beijing. He created the Imperial City and the Forbidden City. Interested in naval explorations.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Olmec

Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads.

Hermes

Messenger of the gods

PEMEX

Mexican Petroleum; a government agency that runs the oil industry in Mexico

Diego Rivera

Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

La Pieta

Michelangelo's statue of Mary holding the crucified Jesus

Abolitionism

Militant effort to do away with slavery; began in the N in the 1700's; becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's; Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

Sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Shia Muslims

Minority of people, believed that caliph should be a direct blood line of Muhammad

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

630 AD

Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 men to capture the city

Hijrah

Muhammad's migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

Muslim armies conquered Constantinople in 1453 and invaded Eastern Europe and brought the end to Christian dominance in the East. (1453)

Muhammad Ahmad

Muslim cleric, Mahdi, led a revolt in 1881 that gave him control over much of Sudan, British sent an army to overthrow but they were overthrown

Who created algebra?

Muslims

Kuomintang

Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949.

Eastern Front of WWI

No trenches, large land gains. Germany, A-H, and Turks vs. Russia and Serbs

Qizilbash

Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state.

Toltecs

Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.

Alexandria, Egypt

One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies

Shi'ism

One of the two main branches of Islam. Shiites recognize Ali, the fourth caliph, and his descendants as rightful rulers of the Islamic world; practiced in the Safavid empire

Robert Campin

One of the earliest masters of oil painting. Most famous piece is Merode Altarpiece

Enclosures

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

New York Herald

One of the first papers created in the penny-press movement and it developed many aspects of modern American journalism, including non-partisan political reporting and business coverage.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Mutota

Original ruler of Mutapa Empire. Conquered nearby peoples and taxed them. Held the title "mwene mutapa" meaning "master pillager." In his life, conquered most of Great Zimbabwe's land.

Henry IV of France

Originally Henry of Navarre. He was a Politique . He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic. He gave the Huguenots religious liberty. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France.

US involvement in WWI

Originally vowed isolationism, and tried to bring peace. Germany made deal with Mexico to ally their countries if U.S. entered war. Germany sank 7 U.S. merchant ships in a violation of international law. U.S. declares war and sends munitions and soldiers.

Mehmed II "The Conqueror"

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

Julius Caesar

Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.

Enslaved Africans

People from Africa who were forced to give up their freedom and spend their lives obeying and working for their "owners," or masters; enslaved Africans were treated as property that could be bought and sold.

Mongols

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Nika Revolt

People revolted against Justinian. His wife tells him not to run away and he sends army and 30,000 people are killed.

Marxist

People who believe that those who control the economic system also control the political system

hunter-gatherers

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

Theologians

People who study the nature of God and religious truth

Radicals

People who take extreme political positions

Sultanate of Women

Period (1640s and 1650s) of the Ottoman Empire when leading members of the imperial harem effectively controlled the state, directed foreign policy, and oversaw the fiscal system.

Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul.

Western Roman Catholic Church

Pope is leader, secular priests, no icons, celibate priests

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

St. Francis Xavier

Portuguese Jesuit who, by 1550, baptized thousands of souls in India, Indonesia and Japan - in areas of Portuguese influence. Followed da Gama & Albuquerque.

Pedro Álvares Cabral

Portuguese explorer who claims Brazil for Portugal

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Afonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry

raja

Prince who led an Aryan tribe in India and ran their own small kingdom

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Zaibastu

Private entrepreneurs in Japan who bought government-owned businesses, wealthy and powerful

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Cassiopeia

Queen of Ethiopia, mother of Andromeda, wife of Cepheus

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Queen Helen

Queen of Sparta

Hera

Queen of the gods

Persephone

Queen of the underworld

Winter 1812

RCWL; 400,000 soldiers died and 100,000 were captured. Napoleon called for retreat but Russia attacked from the rear and other countries came to attack as well, Germans fought war of Liberation, Anti-French riots in Italy, Wellington moved his army into France which led to the battle of Leipzig in October 1813 where Napoleon was defeated

chariot races

Races on a two wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse (invented by the Etruscans)

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

sacraments

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

Esfahan

Safavid capital that was a showplace for artisans

Isfahan

Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.

Indian Golden Age

Sanskrit literature: Plays, comedies, & dramas Essays on medecine, math, astronomy, & philosophy Kamasutra Revolution of architecture, sculpting and painting New law codes Academic centers for Buddhist learning

Sindhu

Sanskrit word meaning river

Vikings

Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Sikhs

Sect in northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling

Ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Black Hand Gang

Serbian terrorists who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Treaty of Tordesillas

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Mumtaz Mahal

Shah Jahan's wife who had a building named after her (Taj Mahal) , as he was only passinate about her and beautiful buildings

Edward IV

Son of the duke of York, he successfully seized power and instituted a strong-army rule that lasted more than twenty years. Briefly interrupted by Henry VI's short-lived restoration.

Declaration of the rights of Women

Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.

Berlin Act of 1885

Signed at the Berlin conference in 1885. Protected free trade, banned slavery, protected the welfare of the native people.

Adi Granth

Sikhism's most sacred text

Salvador Dali

Spanish Surrealist painter of 20th century - The Persistence of Memory

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.

Cistercians

So called "White Monks," after the color of their habits, this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. They adopted the Benedictine rule and placed a special emphasis on austerities, farming, simplicity, and strictness in daily life.

Greek Philosophers

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Jahangir

Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau.

Khusrau

Son of Jahangir and Nur Jahan that rebelled against his parents and turned to the Sikhs for protection. This made the Sikhs the target of hatred and persecution especially after the Mughal rulers had the Shikhs leader, Guru Arjun, arrested and tortured to death.

Charles I of England

Son of King James; Charles also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. The Puritans saw this as the return of Catholic practices and fled to America instead. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Son of Pepin, crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 (this strengthened church/state relationship in W. Europe). Set up empire capital in Aachen (present-day Germany). Had imperial officials 'missi dominici' keep an eye on counts in far reaches. Had monasteries open schools to educate future monks, and a school for palace kids.

Sonni Ali the Great

Sonni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire who ruled from 1464 to 1492 CE. By the end of his reign, the Songhai Empire grew larger even than the Mali Empire. Though not a Muslim, Sonni Ali allowed the practice of Islam, and practiced a kind of Islam which combined elements of the religion with local animist beliefs.

Nazca

South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations

Moche Civilization

South American civilization which rose to power following the collapse of the Chavin in the Andes

Angkor

Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat.

Bosnia

Southern Slavic nation seeking independence; annexation by Austria-Hungary creates war in the Balkans; housed parade that killed Ferdinand

Sumeria

Southern region of Mesopotamia where the earliest known cities arose. Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

What city did Peter the Great build?

St. Petersburg

First Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry.

Ancient Korea

Started as clans just like Japan. The Han empire conquered them and they learned much from China like confucianism, Buddhism, Writing and central government as well as the Civil Service Exam.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Myths

Stories that people tell to explain beliefs about their world

African Rainforest

Stretches along the equator, dense vegetation and heavy rainfall preclude travel or farming

Anthropology

Study of the origins and development of people and their societies

What does the word Islam mean?

Submission to the will of God(Allah) or peace

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Suleyman the Magnificent; great military leader, created code of law, simplified system of taxation, reduced government bureaucracy. Viewed as having improved the daily life of almost every citizen.

Zionists

Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Ferderalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Khanbalik

The "city of the khan," founded as a new capital city for the Mongols after their conquest of China; now the city of Beijing.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

The Great Rebellion

The 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Compromise of 1867

The Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph's attempt, in 1866, to deal with the demands for greater autonomy from the ethnic minorItles within the Hapsburg Empire. The compromise set up a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, where Franz Joseph served as the ruler of both Austria and Hungary, each of which had its own parliament.

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Charles Gordon

The British General sent to restore Egyptian authority over Sudan however this failed

Effects of Opium War

The Chinese were humiliated, had to give British Hong Kong, brought more foreigners into China

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

Melaka

The first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula.

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Gun Powder Empires

The Gunpowder Empires is a term used to describe the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires.

Moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

Christianity in Japan

The Jesuit priests (padres) tried to spread Christianity and Japan saw it as a threat from the outside world, especially since a lot of people were converting; so they banned Christianity in 1590's (also saw it as a threat after seeing the Philippines being taken over in the same way). Started punishing/torturing Christian worshippers, and crucified missionaries.

Victor Emanuel III

The King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. In addition, he claimed the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936-41) and King of the Albanians (1939-43), which were not recognized by all great powers; During his long reign (45 years), which began after the assassination of his father Umberto I, the Kingdom of Italy became involved in two World Wars. His reign also encompassed the birth, rise, and fall of Italian Fascism.

Siam

The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.

Shandong Peninsula

The Yellow River empties into the Bohai Sea, which is bordered by this to the south; Japan captured the peninsula from Germany during WW1, and continued to occupy the peninsula after the war (in response to this, the May Fourth Movement formed in China to protest the Treaty of Versailles)

Old Regime

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

Camels

The Romans introduced these animals to Africa, greatly increasing trade.

Ayutthaya

The Thai kingdom of Siam. Compiled a legal code based on Hindu legal texts and Thai custom. In 1360 King Ramathibodi (r. 1351-69) made Theravada Buddhism the official religion

Ancient Vietnam

The Vietnamese were one of the first peoples in Southeast Asia to develop their own state and their own culture. After the Chinese finally conquered Vietnam in 111 b.c. , they tried for centuries to make Vietnam part of China. However, Chinese officials were often frustrated by the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese clung to their own identity. In the tenth century, they finally overthrew Chinese rule. Chinese influence remained, however. Vietnamese rulers realized the advantages of taking over the Chinese model of centralized government. The new Vietnamese state, which called itself Dai Viet, adopted state Confucianism. Following the Chinese model, the rulers called themselves emperors and adopted Chinese court rituals. They also introduced the civil service examination as a means of recruiting government officials on the basis of merit instead of heredity.

deportation

The act of a government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrant's home country

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

Chavin

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

The articles included equality of all people, freedom of religion, workers were legally subordinate to their employers and unable to strike, workers were required to have small passports, and family was the most important thing besides the state and the individual. It also addressed the legal status of women: women were not equal to men.

Vaishyas

The artisan and merchant varna of the caste system.

Nicollo Machiavelli

The author of one of the most influential works of political power called "The Prince."

African Nationalism

The belief and pride in Africa, and that it is not inferior to other countries or continents such as Europe.

Animism

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Glorius Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England. William III took power with Mary.

Canon Law

The body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church

empire

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Cuzco

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru

Tula

The capital city of the Toltec; when it was destroyed, the civilization ended

Tokyo

The capital of Japan as of 1603

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

Ankara

The capital of Turkey since the birth of the Republic of Turkey. Ataturk and the Young Officers moved the capital there from Istanbul in 1923.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

seperation of powers

The division of a central government into two or more branches, each having its own responsibilities and authorities.

U.S. Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Dark Ages

The first part of the Middle Ages from around 500-1000 A.D.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Universal Male Suffrage

The right of all males to vote in elections, the provisional government who came after Louis-Philippe drew up a new constitution and the representatives of that government were to be elected by Universal Male Suffrage

Religious freedom

The right to practise your religion and change your religion

Nile River

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age

Bible

The holy book of Christianity

Alexander Graham Bell

The inventor of the telephone, patented in 1876.

Amerigo Vespucci

The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him

West Point

The key American fort on the Hudson River that General Benedict Arnold attempted to hand over to the British

Pu Yi

The last Emperor of China. He was put on the throne at the age of 3 and was more of a head figure than actual ruler.

Queen Anne

The last Stuart to take the British throne. After her reign ended there was a large dispute as to who was take control of the country.

Jan Hus

The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.

Nnamdi Azikiwe

The leading Yoruba politician in post-independence Nigeria

Pahlavi Dynasty

The name of the dynasty that ruled Iran between 1921 and 1979. Reza Pahlavi (1921-41) the founder of the monarchy and the initiator of Iran's development during the twentieth century. Muhammad Pahlavi second ruler (1941-79).

Weimar Republic

The new German republic that in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

European diseases

The number one killer of Native Americans during the Age of Exploration

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Culture

The practices of a society including its customary beliefs, social roles, and material objects that are passed down from generation to generation.

Second Estate

The second class of French society made up of the noblility

Chuang Tzu

The second founder of Taoism

Protestant Church

The second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide (40% of all Christians); Originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.

U.S. Senate

The upper house of the United States Congress. Two senators are elected from each state, regardless of state population, guaranteeing each state equal representation.

Kshatriyas

The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system.

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

Himalayas

The world's highest mountain range, forming the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth

Queen Elizabeth

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

Chinese Exploration

This age began almost 50 years before Portuguese did the same thing, led by maritime explorer Xeng He- instead of exploring for "god, glory, and gold", as Europeans did, the objective of this was to have people recognize Chinese authority and gain loyalty from explored territories

Qajar Dynasty

This dynasty replaced the Safavid dynasty. It was a subject of Russian and British interest. The rulers of this dynasty cooperated with the foreigners, which made the people upset and caused them to start a protest movement. This protest movement led to the adoption of a constitution that was somewhat democratic. Russia and Britain feared that the new government would limit their power in Iran, so they overthrew the elected government. Russia and Britain then had control.

No taxation without representation

This is a theory of popular government that developed in England. This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonists declared that they had no one representing them in Parliament, so Parliament had no right to tax them. England continued to tax the colonists causing them to deny Parliament's authority completely. Thus, the colonists began to consider their own political independence. This eventually led to revolutionary consequences.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

This is the famous leaning bell tower of Italian cathedral. It is located in Pisa, Italy.

Russia

This kingdom expanded its territory thousands of miles Eastward during the 19th century and also sought to take advantage of a weakened Ottoman Empire.

John Mill

This liberal member of British parliament agreed with Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham's philosophy. He wrote On Liberty, in which he bashes totalitarian governments and absolute monarchs.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

Latin America

This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions.

Napoleon II

This son of Napoleon was declared King of Rome at birth by his father (who truly ran Rome). When Pope Pius VII protested, Napoleon threw him into a French jail. This man died of tuberculosis at 21

Treaty of Paris 1856

This treaty effectively ended the Crimean War. Russia was required to surrender territory near the mouth of the Black Sea, and to renounce claims of protection over Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

League of Augsburg

This was a military alliance that was created in 1689 by all of the major European nations except for France. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Imperator/Emperor

commander

Hohenzollerns

This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Khan

Title given to Mongol leaders, meaning "supreme ruler"

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Title of this work of art by Michelangelo

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Serpent Wall

Toltec architectural innovation borrowed by the aztecs - used to separate the sacred parts of the city - featured snakes eating human heads

Shah Abbas

Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

Western Front of WWI

Trench Warfare, small land gains, and ended in a bloody stalemate. Germany vs. GB and France.

Koguryo

Tribal people of northern Korea; established independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification.

Ottoman Turks

Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Textiles

Type of cloth or woven fabric worn to provide warmth, protection, or privacy

Balkans

Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.

Juan Vicente Gomez

Venezualean dictator who had a strong relationship with the US oil compaies

The Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

First Italo-Ethiopian War

War between Italy and Ethiopia, ended in 1896

1467-1568

Warring States period in Japan

Onin War (1467-1477)

Was a civil war that lasted 10 years during the Muromachi period in Japan. "Ōnin" refers to the nengō in which period the war was fought

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis's army prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.

Chinese Republic

Was declared by Sun Yat-sen in 1911 when a group of army officers upset at the ineffectiveness of the Chinese monarchy to resist European imperialism, took over the country and declared the monarchy over. Followed Three Principles [nationalism, democracy, and prosperity for all] Would lead to a civil war that lasted 30+ years between Mao Zedong's communist ideology and that of the Guomindang who wanted to establish a capitalist basis for China's future.

Slavic Europe

Western Slavs were converted to Christianity, Easter and Southern Slavs converted to Orthodox Christianity

government service

What did Confucius believe should be opened to all men of talent?

Portuguese Brazil

While Spanish conquistadores/administrators built an empire in Mexico/Peru, the Portuguese established an imperial rule in Brazil - came about by the Treaty of Tordesillas

1526

When the Ottoman empire becomes the largest in the world.

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Presbyterianism

a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops

Temples

a building devoted to the worship, or regarded as the dwelling place, of a god or gods or other objects of religious reverence.

Almohads

a group of Islamic reformers who overthrew the Almoravid Dynasty and established an empire in North Africa and southern Spain in the 12th century A.D.

Hausa

a group of people named after the language they spoke. They first emerged in what is today northern Nigeria between 1000 and 1200.

Colonies

a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.

German Communist Party

a group of radical socialists who were unhappy with the moderate policies of the Social Democrats; tried to seize power in Berlin

Ulema

a group of religious advisers to the ottoman sultan; this group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

David Livingstone

an African explorer and missionary who hoped to open the African interior to trade and Christianity to end slavery

maharaja

an Indian king or prince that was ranked higher than a rajah

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Dante Alighieri

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

Carl von Linne

began systematically classifying living things

Zemstvos

elected local rural governments allow some democracy without weakening the central government

demigod

half-god, half-human, or someone who has attained a god-like fame or status

longhouses

long wooden buildings that could hold up to 50 people

Broomstick

the handle of a broom

interdict

to forbid, to prohibit

Harem

"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

al-Sudan is an Arabic term meaning:

"the black peoples"

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Filippo Brunelleschi

(1377 - 1446) A friend of Donatello, he was a skilled sculptor and goldsmith whose 1401 competition with Lorenzo Ghiberti for the commission of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery is a frequent question topic (Ghiberti got the chief commission). As an architect, he is mainly known for the extraordinary octagonally-based dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore (also known as the Florence Cathedral), which dominates the Florentine skyline. The task required an innovative supporting framework and occupied much of his career (as described in detail in Vasari's Lives of the Artists). Other projects include the Spedale degli Innocenti (a hospital), the Old Sacristy at San Lorenzo, and the Pazzi Chapel in the Cloisters of Santa Croce, all from 1421 to 1430.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Akbar the Great

(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.

Brahe

(1546-1601) A Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.

New Kingdom

(1550 BCE - 1100 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by strong pharaohs who conquered an empire that stretched from Nubia in the south, to the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia.

Jane Grey

(1553) Disputed claimant to the throne for 9 days. Edward VI's will named this young lady as his successor in an attempt to prevent Mary from acceding to the throne and restoring Catholocisim to England. Her father's involvement in Wyatt's rebellion against Queen Mary resulted in her execution.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Henry IV

(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

David Ricardo

(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.

Czar Nicholas II

(1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution's leadership

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Alexander III

(1881) son of Alex II, increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russian unification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

Boer War

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Gregory the Great

(509-604) first Pope to assume the title "Servant of the Servants of God"; introduced the Gregorian Chant; reformed liturgy; secured the position of the papacy; advanced missionary activity in Europe

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Umayyad Caliphate

(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.

Paleolithic Age

(750,000 BCE - 10,000 B.C.E.) Old Stone Age. A period of time in human history characterized by the use of stone tools and the use of hunting and gathering as a food source.

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.

Sufi

A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Brahman

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

Hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

Black Sea

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

1799

Napoleon comes to power in France

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Terracotta Army

Soldiers and horses of the first Chinese emperor (Qin Shi Huang). The soldiers dated back to 210 B.C. discovered by a farmer. Vary in height and are usually 6 feet. They are all different and have different characteristics. Their purpose was to help rule another empire with Shi Huang Di in the after life.

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Hindi

The official language of India and the most widely spoken language of northern India.

Cromagnons

The oldest members of Homo sapiens

Boston Harbor

The place where the Boston Tea Party occurred.

Marie Louise of Austria

The second wife of Napoleon. They were married on March 12, 1810 in Vienna, creating an alliance between Austria and France.

Simony

The selling of church offices to the highest bidder

Paris Commune

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.

Mosque

a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret

porcelain

a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures made in China

Bombay

a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea

city-state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Bindi

a decorative mark worn in the middle of the forehead by Indian women. Mainly Hindus and Jains.

Stupas

a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine.

Guillotine

a machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people.

Pacal

a maya king who had many temples built he began rule at only 12

Yemelyan Pugachev

a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.

Plateaus

a raised area of land, such as a hill or mountain, with a flat top

War of the Golden Stool

also known as the Yaa Asantewaa War, the Third Ashanti Expedition, the Ashanti Uprising, or variations thereof, was a violent battle in the series of conflicts between the United Kingdom and the Ashanti Empire (later Ashanti Region), an autonomous state in West Africa that fractiously co-existed with the British and its vassal coastal tribes.

German Social Democratic Party

based on Marxist theories but also competed in elections for seats in German parliament, tried to pass legislation to improve condition of working class

Guru Gobind Singh

last human Sikh guru, declared the script of the Guru Granth as permanent Sikh guru

munitions

military weapons, ammunition, equipment, and stores.

Religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shi'as, he was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad

Chivalry

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

Pan-Africanism

the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.

unification

the process of being united or made into a whole.

Domestication

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

Christian Bible

the sacred writings of the Christian religion

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

the two rivers that surround Mesopotamia. These rivers would flood and provide silt that made the soil fertile.

Cannons

very difficult to move, extremely inaccurate, and took a long time to reload and fire. As a result they were fairly ineffective for land warfare, aside from sieges. They did prove, however, to be more effective at sea

Khalsa

"Pure ones." An order within Sikhism to which most Sikhs belong, founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Mehrgarh

(6200 B.C) site in highlands of Iran (near Indus valley), early agricultural site (grew barley & wheat)

Joseph Priestly

-Introduced the idea of Plants releasing oxygen; isolated oxygen as a gas

Unalienable Rights

-Life -Liberty -Pursuit of Happiness -Rights that can not be taken, you were born with

Hindus

-Lived and worked under Muslim rule -Most Hindus were self-sufficient farmers -The caste system dominated Hindu life

Causes of WWI

1. A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts 2. Nationalism was very prevalent in the countries of Europe 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand

Three Jewels of Jainism

1. right faith 2. right knowledge 3. right conduct

Sir Isaac Newton

1643-1727. English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published work in 1687 describing universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.

Battle of Chaldiran

16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis). 1514.

Battle of Blood River

A Battle between the Zulus and the Boers during the Great Trek. Does not have much significance in South Africa's history, but It has been mythologized by the Boers who say it was "God showing their superiority by helping them win, even though they were vastly outnumbered". It used to be celebrated.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.

Torah

A Hebrew word meaning "law," referring to the first five books of the Old Testament.

Gladiator

A Roman athlete, usually a slave, criminal, or prisoner of war, who was forced to fight for the entertainment of the public

Tithe

A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Karakorum

Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred

Latin alphabet

Early Rome (Foundation & Monarchy) It is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. It has grown to become the preferred alphabet globally.

Belgium Industrialization

English Soldiers from Napoleonic Wars set up huge factories here using the information they learned from English textile factories

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Pope Paul IV

Established the Index of Prohibited Books, which was a list of books, including Luther, Calvin and Erasmus's works, that Catholics were not to read

Georges Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

Dharma (Hinduism)

In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties

Caliphate

Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Zeus

King of the gods

St. Peter's Basilica

Largest Christian church in the world. Located in the Vatican City in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo.

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess.

Topiltzin

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

Khanates

The states ruled by a khan; the four units into which Chinggis divided the Mongol Empire.

Anastasia Romanov

The youngest of the Romanov family. It was rumored that she survived the murder of the Romanov family. Wife of Ivan the Terrible.

Abbots

These men were the religious leaders of a monastery.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans

Index of Forbidden Books

Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.

masoleum

a building, especially a large and stately one, housing a tomb or tombs.

Trojan Horse

a large hollow wooden figure of a horse (filled with Greek soldiers) left by the Greeks outside Troy during the Trojan War

ordeal

a means of determining guilt in Germanic law, based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent

Bosporus

a narrow strait in Turkey that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea

indemnity

a payment for damage or loss

God

a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity

nun

a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses

Habeas Corpus

a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

Libels

a written or an oral defamatory statement or representation that conveys an unjustly unfavorable impression

Out of Africa Theory

also called the replacement theory; this theory refers to when Homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia

Tommaso di Giovanni

also known as Masaccio; his frescoes are the first masterpieces of Early Renaissance art; his figures have depth and detail; mastered the laws of perspective; one of his famous works was "The Tribute Money," was painted in the Brancacci Chapel in Florence

Persia

an empire/country in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC

Mahmūd of Ghazna

began to attack neighboring Hindu kingdoms to the southeast. Before his death in 1030, he was able to extend Islamic rule throughout the upper Indus Valley and as far south as the Indian Ocean.

Timur the Lame

conqueror from Samarkand, who burned Baghdad crushing Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara in 1402, halting expansion of Ottoman Empire

US Stock Market Crash

consumer spending declined, factories and buisnesses closed, 13 million Americans became unemployed (1929)

Japanese feudal system

emperor, shogun, daimyos, samurai, farmers, peasants, merchants on bottom because they don't produce anything

Unionization

employees work together to make a difference in the workplace

Tokyo School of Fine Arts

established in 1889 to promote traditional Japanese art

caravan

group of traders traveling together, especially in the desert

The Thai

had first appeared in the 500s as a frontier people in China. Beginning in the eleventh or twelfth century, Thai groups began moving southward. This process was encouraged by the Mongol invasion of China in the mid-1200s. After destroying the Angkor capital, the Thai set up their capital at Ayutthaya (ah • yoo • TY • uh), where they remained as a major force in the region for the next 400 years. Although they converted to Buddhism and borrowed Indian political practices, they created a unique blend that evolved into the modern-day culture of Thailand.

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

inaction

lack of action or activity in Daoism

Burghers

merchant-class town dwellers, resented this interference in their trade and commerce.

Urals

mountain range in Russia that separates the western, European region of Russia from the eastern, Siberian region

Semien Mountains

mountains in northern Ethiopia (northeast of Lake Tana)

Laymen

n. a nonprofessional; a person who is not a member of the clergy

Parisan

n. a strong, often militant, supporter

Hermit Kingdom

name for Korea that reflected its isolationist policies

Louis XVII

new monarch of the French tried to consolidate that support by issuing the constitutional charter, which accepted many of France's revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties. he was old, ugly, crippled by gout, and lacked the glory and magic of Napoleon. Louis XVII left and Napoleon once more took command.

1842 Mines Act

no boys underground under the age of 10, no women because they worked with little clothes and distracted men

Aryans

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system

Herders

nomads who kept cattle, goats, or sheep and drove them to find water and good pastures for grazing during the dry season

Mandarin Chinese

official language of China

Shanghai Massacre

ordered by Chiang Kai-Shek. thousands of communists killed. April 1927. Nationalist-Communist alliance destroyed.

war

organized, armed conflict among the people of two or more nations, directed by their governments

Britons

original inhabitants of Britain. They were Celtic tribesmen who settled there as early as 3000 B.C. They were conquered by the Romans in 50 B.C. and lived with them fairly peacefully until ca. 400 A.D. Then all the Romans left Britain to go back to Rome to help protect it. The Britons were defenseless and were pushed out of Britain into Wales by the invading Anglo-Saxons. "Welsh" means "stranger" or "alien" in their own language, and is what the Anglo-Saxons called them. "Wales" is the country of the "Welsh."

How long did the Ottoman Empire last?

over 600 years

2nd Agricultural Revolution

period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

temporal

relating to the everyday world as opposed to that which is spiritual or eternal

Militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Pope

the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church

Battle of Borodino

the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era, fought in Borodino outside of Moscow; both sides had terrible losses, but the Russian army was not defeated; Napoleon gained nothing substantial and when Moscow was burned, the French forces were left completely cut off. Napoleon regarded this battle as a loss.

Eurasia

the combined continent of Europe and Asia

Holy Grail

the dish, plate, cup or vessel used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to possess miraculous powers. It has long been the object of fruitless quests. By extension, the object of an extended or difficult quest.

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Batu Khan

the grandson of Genghis Khan who took over the armies of the North and conquered Russia in 1240 AD

Amerindians

the group of people that were present in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans

Eightfold Path

the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

Osman Turks

the people who consolidated the power for the early Ottoman empire; eventually expanded to the Balkans

Zen

the practice of meditation; a school of Buddhism in Japan

Lebensraum

the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany.

Sahara Desert

the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

Rise of Napoleon

took power after the death of Robespierre, brought peace with Catholics, established code of law, and balanced the budget (created grand army and empire)

ancient

very old; of a long time ago

Quipu

an ancient Inca device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways.

Pashas

an appointed official of the Ottoman Empire who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan's court

Zapotec

an early Mesoamerican civilization that was centered in the Oaxaca Valley of what is now Mexico

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

industrial capitalism

an economic system in which business leaders use profits to expand their companies

light bulb

an electric device, often with a glass covering, that emits light

Mongol Empire

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

multinational empire

an empire made up of many different countries such as the Ottoman Empire which stretched vastly over different continents

Imperial City

an imperial palace that was placed in their capital (Peking), also known as the Forbidden City

Methodist Church

an independent Protestant church founded by John Wesley, which began as a reform movement within the Church of England. It differed from the Church of England in its greater emphasis on personal spirituality, Bible study, evangelistic preaching, and lively services

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Huldrych Zwingli

(1484-1531) a Swiss Catholic priest who rejected more of the Catholic teachings than Luther. Zwingli believed that the Eucharist was only a symbol to remind us of the last Supper. Zwingli's ideas are followed in the Reformed (protestant) Churches.

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Constantine

(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Gupta Dynasty

(320-550 C.E.)Ruling family in India during its golden age. Responsible for many achievements.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

perspective

(n.) a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally; the appearance to the eye of various objects at a given time, place, or distance

5 Pillars of Islam

1. belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet 2. daily prayer; pray 5 times a day facing Mecca- mosques- Jewish places for worship 3. alms (offering) for the poor 4. fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan (September-October) 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (and visit Kaaba)

Five Constant Relationships of Confucianism

1. parent and child 2. husband and wife 3. older sibling and younger sibling 4. older friend and younger friend 5. ruler and subject

Emperor Wudi

140BC became Emperor of Han Dynasty and created a strong central government by taking land from the lords and raising taxes. Confucianism became China's government philosophy.

Nicolaus Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Michael Romanov

1613 - First of Romanovs which would be ruling dynasty until 1917. Early Romanovs seeing chaos in Poland were quick to repress representative institutions in Russia and put down boyars(Russian nobility) - CLEARLY ESTABLISHED ABSOLUTISM.

Athens Golden Age

480-430 BC Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

telescope

A device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer

nobility

A high-ranking social class

The Last Supper, Da Vinci

A painting of Jesus at the last Supper

Communist China

After 1949, Mao Zedong took control of China making the two largest nations in the world under communist control

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Macedonia

Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Sir Henry Bessemer

Englishman who developed a method of turning iron ore into steel

Batavia

Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

Seven Years War

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism. Known as the Buddha.

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Plebians

Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders

Mongolia

The place where the Mongols lived.

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs. Wife of Louis XIV.

Chamber of Deputies

Within the French bicameral legislature, the lower house, or the Chamber of Deputies, was elected according to a very narrow franchise with a high property qualification.

Haiku

a Japanese poem of seventeen syllables, in three lines of five, seven, and five, traditionally evoking images of the natural world.

Alexander II of Russia

a Russian tzar who attempted reforms by creating zemstvos and freeing the serfs, ended the Crimean War; assassinated by People's Will

Conquistador

a Spanish conqueror of the Americas in the sixteenth century

Grand Council

a council for all seven districts of the Mi'kmaq Nation

Greece

a country in Europe.

Dowry

a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

Pistol

a handheld firearm which can be held with one hand.

Carruca

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare; widespread use in the High Middle Ages contributed to increased agricultural production

The Pamirs

a highland region in Central Asia, mainly in Tajikistan

Opium

a highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy

estate

a landed property with a large house; one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate)

Noh Drama

a major form of classical Japanese musical drama that has been performed since the 14th century. Many characters are masked, with men playing male and female roles

telegram

a message sent by telegraph and then delivered in written or printed form

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

Arabia

a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf

Horn of Africa

a peninsula of northeastern Africa (the easternmost part of Africa) comprising Somalia and Djibouti and Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia

Indochina

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam

Imperial China

a period from roughly 618-1279 when a group of people called the Scholar-Official class rose to a very powerful position in Chinese society. These civil servants performed the day-to-day administration of China on behalf of the emperor.

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

Mulattoes

a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

Prophet

a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God.

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Almoravids

a puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain.

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Famine

a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

a skilled warrior and leader, proclaimed himself Sapa Inca, or emperor

Assyria

a southwest Asian kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612 B.C.

Cotton Industry

a system of textile manufacturing; spinners and weavers often worked at home; used raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneurs

hostage system

a system used by the shogunate to control the daimyo in Tokugawa Japan; the family of a daimyo lord was forced to stay at their residence in the capital whenever the lord was absent from it

End of Middle Ages

ended when the Renaissance began in Europe (Italy), after Hundred Years' War, Bubonic Plague killed many people and the population was really declined

Ancient Romans

first organized med care by providing care for injured soldiers, began public health and sanitation systems (built aqueducts and sewers, used filtering systems, drained marshes)

Fatimid Caliphate

formed by Shi'a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima. Began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria.

Communist International

formed by the Soviet Union to coordinate the activities of Communist parties in other countries

Poseidon

god of sea, earthquakes, horses, and storms at sea

Artemis

goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, the Moon, and chastity. Twin of Apollo.

Suleymaniye Mosque

great mosque built in Constantinople during the reign of the 16th-century Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent.

Principle of Intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

Yekaterinburg

important industrial city. named after Catherine I

Scholar-gentry

in China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for civil service

Mandate of Heaven

in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority

Rus

northern European force, probably Vikings, who set up a state centered on Kiev in the mid-800s that grew into Russia

The Dream of the Red Chamber

novel writen by cao xuengin, considered to be china's most distinguished novel

Gothic

of the middle ages; of or relating to a mysterious, grotesque, and desolate style of fiction

House of Commons

one of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office

Olympic Games

one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Buddhist

one who follows the teachings of the Buddha

Shintoism

religion; located in japan and related to Buddhism; focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship

labor

the effort that people devote to a task for which they are paid

Queen

the female ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth

Lucy

the first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago.

vanguard

the foremost part of an army; the leading position in any field

Leyasu Tokugawa

the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868

Sundiata

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

Prime Minister

the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state.

Secularism

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Parliament

the lawmaking body of British government

Mesolithic Age

the middle period of the Stone Age, between the Paleolithic and Neolithic

ethnic boundaries

the perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others

Iron Age

the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons

Warring States Period

the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty.

Agriculture

the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Paleontology

the scientific study of fossils

redistribution of wealth

the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority

Mutapa Empire

this Empire would conquer all what is now Zimbabwe except the eastern portion. This Empire was able to mine gold deposited in nearby rivers and streams. The Portuguese tried and failed to conquer this empire.

What does the word ghana mean?

war chief

War of Spanish Succession

war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France

Ghazis

warriors for Islam; Turkish soldiers who were the first Ottomans

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

• West African kingdoms that built wealth and power through trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold

Wang Mang

A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Vishnu

A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

Shinto

A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits

Jesus Christ

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Hiawatha

A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquois Confederacy around 1570.

Mogadishu

A Muslim port city in East Africa founded between the eighth and tenth centuries; today it is the capital of Somalia.

Cambyses

A Persian king, named after his father Cyrus, expanded the Persian empire by conquering Egypt.

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Zhu Yuanzhang

A former monk that led this army in a final victory over the Mongols, became emperor of China and founded the Ming Dynasty

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

federal system

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

Yucatan Peninsula

A peninsula in Central America extending into the Gulf of Mexico between the Bay of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea.

Abdul Hamid II

(r. 1876-1909) Ottoman sultan installed by radical bureaucratic Ottomans in a coup, instituted a constitution only to repeal it, exile liberals, rule autocratically to "rescue" the Empire; oversaw formation of police force, educational reforms, economic development, railroad construction

annex

(v.) To add to, attach: to incorporate;(n.) An attachment or addition

Harrapa

A civilization along the Indus River established around 7,000 BCE. This city consisted of over 5,000 square miles.

Ancient Egypt

A civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.

Ancient Rome

A civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BCE. During its 12 centuries of existence Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation it came to dominate Southern and Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Ancient Roman society has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, and society. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.

Ancient Greece

A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Era. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe, for which Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Kalahari Desert

A desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana. Its sand dunes range from 20 to 200 feet high and can be 50 miles long.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

machine

A device that makes work easier by changing the size of the force applied to it and/or the direction of that force.

Plebiscite

A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Ottoman Dynasty

A dynasty established beginning in the 13th century by Turkic peoples from Central Asia. Though most of their empire's early territory was in Asia Minor, the Ottomans eventually captured Constantinople and made it the capital of an empire that spanned three continents and lasted over 600 years.

Medici Family

A family, made wealthy by starting a banking industry in Florence, who were major patrons to the arts during the renaissance.

Han Gaozu

A farmer-turned-general who, in 206 B.C., overthrew the Qin dynasty; he founded the Han dynasty. Also know as Liu Bang.

Obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority. The duty of a wife to husband.

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Monk

A man who devotes his life to a religious group, often giving up all he owns.

Knight

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.

Bazaars

A market selling different kinds of goods

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

fire lance

A medieval Chinese weapon in which a lance is lit on fire and is either thrown at enemies or is thrusted and used by the Mongols

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Berbers

A member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt

Hominid

A member of a biological group including human beings and related species that walk upright

National Convention

A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.

Zulus

A native African group who fought with the Boers for control of the land were herders and agriculturists moved into southern Africa.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

Pope Boniface VIII

A notoriously corrupt pope who reigned from 1294 to 1303, Boniface made a concerted attempt to increase the political might of the Catholic Church and was thus a political enemy of Dante, who advocated a separation of church and state.

Juana Inés de la Cruz

A nun from a convent in the Americas who wrote poetry and prose and urged that women be educated

Mona Lisa

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world.

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Hundred Days of Reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

The idea that all Chinese people would share China's vast wealth & no one would live in poverty. Hong Xiuquan the founder of this ideal.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Franz Joseph

The ruler of Austria-Hungary when WWI started. He was planning to attack Serbia for their ports. When Serbia murdered Franz Ferdinand, he attacked Serbia, which effectively started WWI.

Chandra Gupta the Great

The ruler who revived the Mauryan Empire under the Gupta Empire. Ruled from 375 to 415 CE.

Nirvana

The state of enlightenment for Buddhists. Perfect Peace.

Hell

The state of permanent separation from God, reserved for those who freely and consciously choose to reject God to the very end of their lives.

Five Women Who Loved Love

The stories of Ihara Saikaku; a collection of racy down-to-earth stories about the exploits and adventures of five separate women, were very popular, particularly with the merchant class

history

The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices.

Girondists

These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway

How are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike?

They all believe in one god (monotheism), they all originated in Middle East, they can trace their roots to Abraham, they all consider Jerusalem a holy city, and they all 3 have an important messenger and a book of teachings. To Muslims, Allah is same God worshiped by Christians and Jews. Qur'an, Gospels, Torah—contain God's will as revealed through othersMuslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots to Abraham All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and a day of judgement.