World History Final Exam

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) Massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ come to earth to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." The imperial system was greatly weakened as a result of the uprising

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) German author and philosopher who founded the Marxist branch of socialism; wrote The Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) and Das Kapital (1867)

Indian Removal Act

(1830) Legislation lead- ing to the dispossession of Amerindian peoples in the southeastern United States. Thousands of Cherokee died when forcibly marched to oklahoma along the "Trail of Tears."

Porfirio Diaz

(1830-1915) President of Mexico from 1876- 1880 and 1884-1911. While he ignored Mexi- can civil liberties, Diáz courted foreign invest- ment to develop infra- structure and provided much-needed stability

Fukuzawa Yukichi

(1835-1901) Japanese writer, teacher, political theorist, and founder of Keio Academy (now Keio university). His ideas about learning, govern- ment, and society greatly influenced the Meiji Restoration. Considered one of the founders of modern Japan

Empress Xi Ci

(1835-1908) The "Dowager Empress" who dominated Qing politics in the late nineteenth century, ruling as regent for the emperor Guangxu. she blocked the Hundred Days' Reforms and other "self- strengthening" measures.

Tanzimat Reforms

(1839-1876) Restruc- turing of the Ottoman empire; control over civil law was taken away from religious authorities, while the military and government bureaucra- cies were reorganized to gain efficiency.

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) one-sided treaty that concluded the first opium War. Britain was allowed to trade in addi- tional Chinese ports and took control of Hong Kong. The provision for extraterritoriality meant that Britons were subject to British rather than Chinese law

Yucatan Rebellion

(1847) Maya uprising on Mexico's Yucatán peninsula, challenging the authority of the Mexican government and local landowners. Some Maya communities defended their sover- eignty into the 1890s.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) War fought in the Crimean peninsula between the Russian and Ottoman empires. France and Britain sent troops to aid the Ottomans and pre- vent Russian expansion.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

(1856-1920) Indian nationalist who demanded immediate independence from Brit- ain, mobilizing Hindu religious symbolism to develop a mass following and arguing that vio- lence was an acceptable tactic for anticolonial partisans

Pauline Johnson-Tekahionwake

(1861-1913) Canadian poet of mixed English and Mohawk ancestry.

Kishida Toshiko

(1863-1901) An early Japanese feminist who urged that as part of the Meiji reforms, women should have equal access to modern educa- tion and be allowed to take part in public affairs

Reconstruction

(1865-1877) Period immediately after the American Civil War dur- ing which the federal government took control of the former Confeder- ate states and oversaw enforcement of constitu- tional provisions guaran- teeing civil rights for freed slaves.

Sun Yat-Sen

(1866-1925) The founding father of the Republic of China after the revolution of 1911; established the Guomin- dang, or Nationalist Party.

Metis Rebellions

(1867 and 1885) Rebel- lions by the métis of the Red River Valley settle- ment in Manitoba, a group with mixed French- Amerindian ancestry that resisted incorporation into the Canadian Confedera- tion. In 1885 their leader, Louis Riel, again led them in rebellion against Canadian authority.

Confederation of Canada

(1867) Confederation of former British colonies united under a single federal constitution, a dominion within the British empire

Meiji Restoration

(1868) A dramatic revo- lution in Japan that over- threw the Tokugawa, restored national author- ity to the emperor, and put the country on a path of political and economic reform. Meiji industrial- ization turned Japan into a major world power.

Mohandas Gandhi

(1869-1948) Indian political leader who orga- nized mass support for the Indian National Con- gress against British rule. His political phi- losophy of nonviolent resistance had worldwide influence.

Winston Churchill

(1874-1965) British prime minister during the Second World War who rallied his people to stand firm during the war's dark early days. A staunch anticommunist, he coined the term iron curtain after the war to describe Stalin's domi- nation of eastern Europe.

War of the Pacific

(1879) War among Bolivia, Peru, and Chile over the natural resources of the Pacific coast. Chile emerged victorious, gaining inter- national prestige, while Bolivia's loss made it a poor, landlocked country.

Emiliano Zapata

(1879-1919) Leader of a popular uprising during the Mexican Revolution; mobilized the poor in southern and central Mexico to demand "jus- tice, land, and liberty."

Canadian Pacific Railway

(1881-1885) The rail- way's completion led to the transcontinental integration of Canada and opened Canada's Great Plains to European settlement

Mustafa Kemal

(1881-1938) Also known as Atatürk, an ottoman officer who led the nationalist army that established the Republic of Turkey in 1923. A reformer who established the secular traditions of the modern Turkish state, he served as its leader until his death.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Prime minister of Italy and the world's first fascist leader. Also known as Il Duce, he founded the Italian Fascist Party and formed an alliance with Hitler's Germany

Halide Edib

(1884-1964) Turkish nationalist best known for her many popular works of fiction featuring female protagonists. She was part of the army that formed the Turkish nation and later served as a member of the Turkish parliament and as a professor of English literature.

Indian National Congress

(1885) Formed by wealthy, Western-edu- cated Indians to advance the cause of Indian involvement in their own governance. In the twen- tieth century, it would become the vehicle for India's independence under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi.

Adolf Hilter

(1889-1945) Leader of the National Socialist Party who became chan- cellor of Germany and dismantled the Weimar constitution. His ultrana- tionalist policies led to persecution of commu- nists and Jews, and his aggressive foreign policies started World War II.

Jawaharlal Nehru

(1889-1964) Statesman who helped negotiate the end of British colonial rule in India and served as independent India's first prime minister from 1947 to 1964. Nehru was an influential advo- cate of the Non-Aligned Movement, refusing to choose sides in the Cold War.

Ho Chi Minh

(1890-1969) Vietnamese revolutionary and Marxist who led military cam- paigns against Japanese invaders, French colonial- ists, and American and South Vietnamese forces.

Charles de Gaulle

(1890-1970) French general and statesman who led the Free French Army in resistance to German occupation. Later elected president of France

Jomo Kenyatta

(1891-1978) The British-educated leader of Kenya's nationalist movement after World War II, Kenyatta spent years in prison before becoming the first demo- cratically elected leader of an independent Kenya in 1963.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) A war caused by a rivalry over the Korean peninsula; ended with a one-sided treaty that favored Japan, which obtained treaty rights in China as well as control of Korea and Taiwan

Hungarian Uprising

(1956) Popular revolt against the Soviet- controlled government of Hungary, leading to a Soviet invasion and reimposition of commu- nist authority.

Great leap forward

(1958) Mao Zedong's attempt to harness the revolutionary zeal of the Chinese masses for rapid industrialization. The result was a massive economic collapse and millions of deaths from famine.

Prague Spring

(1968) An attempt by political reformers in Czechoslovakia to reform the communist govern- ment and create "social- ism with a human face." The Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia, ending this attempt at reform and reimposing communist orthodoxy.

Tlatelolco Massacre

(1968) Massacre that occurred when ten thou- sand university students, faculty, and other sup- porters gathered in Tla- telolco Plaza in Mexico City to protest the clos- ing of the Mexican National University; gov- ernment forces opened fire and killed three hun- dred people.

fidel castro

(b. 1926) Cuban prime minister from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Led the successful Cuban Revolution in 1959, after which his nationalization policies led to deteriorating rela- tions with the United States and increasing dependence on Soviet support.

Malala Yousafzai

(b. 1997) Pakistani Nobel Prize winner and advocate for children's rights, especially for girls' access to education.

Bartolome de Las Casas

(ca. 1484-1566) A Spanish Dominican friar who argued for the humanity of Amerindians and criticized Spanish mistreatment of them.

Sitting Bull

(ca. 1831-1890) Lakota chieftain who led Amerindian resistance to white settlement of the Black Hills. After defeat- ing U.S. cavalry and Lieutenant Colonel George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, he was killed in 1890 during conflict surrounding the Ghost Dance Movement.

Virginia

(est. 1607) English colony in North America with an export economy based on tobacco production. The use of European indentured servants gave way to dependence on slave labor

Quebec

(est. 1608) Founded by Samuel de Champlain as the capital of New France (in modern Canada); became a hub for the French fur trade and the center from which French settlement in the Americas first began to expand.

Andrew Jackson

(in office 1829-1837) The seventh president of the United States; a symbol of the expansion of voting rights and an aggressive advocate of westward expansion.

Abraham Lincoln

(in office 1861-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States and the country's first Republican president. His election on an anti- slavery platform led eleven states to secede from the Union, plunging the country into the American Civil Wa

Woodrow Wilson

(in office 1913-1921) President of the United States during and after World War I. Wilson's idealistic view, enshrined in his Fourteen Points, was that Allied success in the war would lead to the spread of peace and democracy.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

(in office 1933-1945) President of the united States during the Great Depression and World War II. Created the New Deal, intended to stimu- late the economy through government spending, financial sec- tor reform, and a safety net for those most in need

Kaiser Wilhelm II

(r. 1888-1918) German emperor whose foreign policy and military buildup changed the European balance of power and laid the foundation for the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente

Emancipation Edict

1861 edict by Tsar Alex- ander II that freed the Russian serfs. However, serfs had to pay their former owners for their freedom, and the land they were allocated was often insufficient to pro- duce the money needed to meet that cost for freedom.

mercury amalgamation process

A process used to increase the efficiency with which silver could be extracted from ore. The use of mercury was highly toxic and led to the death of many Amer- indian mine workers.

Mining Coal

Apart from employing adult male labor, Britain's mine owners also relied on adolescent boys and "pit ponies" to extract coal from ever-deeper shafts and to transport it to the surface. Mining was dangerous work, and even those who survived the frequent accidents were likely to die early from lung disease. The "pit ponies" were often stabled underground, seeing the light of day perhaps only once a year, during an annual shutdown holiday.

Facism

Authoritarian political doctrine based on extreme nationalism, elevation of the state at the expense of the indi- vidual, and replacement of independent social organizations in civil society with state organizations

context and connections 16

Chinese historians long used a cyclical theory to explain the rise and fall of imperial dynasties. At the beginning, strong leaders with Confucian virtue are active in administration, assuring ethical behavior by scholar-officials. Imperial decline and the consequent loss of the Mandate of Heaven would begin when emperors became distracted from day-to-day administration: courts became corrupt; canals silted up; peasants revolted; warlords defied imperial authority; and famine and calamity stalked the land. The theory of dynastic cycles seems appli- cable to the late Ming dynasty period (key term in Chapter 16) and to the Manchu as well. of course, apart from issues of political leadership, modern historians also take account of demographic, environmental, and economic factors in charting the rise and fall of dynasties.

Christianity in late imperial china

Christianity in late imperial China A. Missionary in Chinese history Cultural diversity and religious tolerance in Chinese history; Early Christian missionary in China (the Tang and the Yuan dynasties); The limited success of Matteo Ricci (1551-1610). B. Christianity and Chinese traditional culture The exclusivity of Christianity; Chinese tradition: the combination of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism; the worship of ancestors. C. The failure of Christianity in China before 1800s The competition between the Jesuits and the Franciscans and the Dominicans; The ban of Christianity in China in the early eighteenth century.

colonial governments and decolonization

Colonial governments and decolonization A. Political change after world wars After WWI: the losing countries or empires lost colonies or fell apart; After WWII: the winning countries also lost colonies. B. Political change in colonized societies The growth of nationalism (particularly in Africa); Administration of colonial government shifted from the Europeans to the local population; The emergence of mass-supported party in colonial governments; Seeking for independence. C. The road to independence Some via negotiation; Some through war (guerrilla warfare); More warfare than peaceful transformation.

New ENgland

Colony that began with the arrival of English Calvinists in 1620s, and characterized by homo- geneous, self-sufficient farming communities.

Indian Revolt of 1857

Revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased ammuni- tion cartridges they sus- pected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to Christianity. The revolt spread across north India

wwi and the october revolution

Russian empire and WWI; • Widespread rioting in the major cities in the Russian empire; • The abdication of Nicholas II and the Bolshevik revolt.

context and connections 30

Scholars have compared the Ghost Dance Movement and the Xhosa Cattle Killing (Chapter 26) as examples of "millenarian" spiritual movements combining indigenous and Christian beliefs and promising to bring about a new age of peace and justice. Resurrection of the dead, an idea common to both the Xhosa proph- etess Nongqawuse in the 1850s and Wovoka on the Great Plains in the 1880s, was borrowed from Christian preachers and adapted to the needs of indigenous societies faced with invasion and cultural marginalization

science and technology in the war

Science and technology in the war All of the following are new weapons based on the development of new science and technologies, some of them (such as the nuclear bomb) can kill more people than any weapons ever used in human history: Tank Fighter plane Aircraft carrier Radar Submarine Chemical weapon Nuclear bomb

Viceroyalties

Seats of power of the Spanish officials repre- senting the king in the new world.

the unexpecteed consequences

Short supply of food and consumer goods, high inflation rate, threat of employment security, natural disaster, ... in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. • The struggle for democracy in the 1980s; the fall of the Berlin Wall; the "miracle year" of 1989. • Gorbachev's unwillingness to authorize large-scale violence; the surge of separatist sentiment within Russia; a peaceful death of the Soviet Union.

Swami Vivekananda

Since the nineteenth century, Hindu spirituality, including the practice of yoga, has had a global appeal. Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) played an impor- tant role, developing a large following in Europe, and in the United States after he addressed an international religious gathering in Chicago at the time of the Columbian Exposi- tion (see Chapter 25). Like members of the earlier Bengal Renaissance, Vivekananda advocated a reformed Hinduism purged of superstition and caste prejudice.

social choas in china and the appeal of communism

Social chaos and the appeal of Marxist-Leninist thought; • Gave accurate diagnosis of why China was weak (feudalism and imperialism); • Provided a quick solution to China's problem.

marxist movement and the failure of marxism in Europe

Socialists established political parties in most European states in the second half of the 19th century; • The improvement of living standards, the expansion of democracy, and mass nationalism; • Socialist revolution did not occur, and socialists did not achieve power anywhere in Europe in the 19th century.

The end of the cold war

Some important events to understand the end of the Cold War: A. Russian Reform The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev and his political and economic reform (i.e. political openness, economic restructure). B. The collapse of the Eastern bloc and the fall of the Berlin Wall The change in Eastern Europe; The fall of the Berlin Wall (Nov., 1989); The unification of Germany (Oct. 3, 1990). C. The breakup of the Soviet Union Sep. 1991: the Baltic states were granted independence; Dec. 1, 1991: Ukraine pulled out of the Soviet Union; Dec. 26, 1991: the Soviet Union was officially disbanded. D. The end of the Cold War 1991: an historical watershed—the Cold War ended, communism collapsed, fear of global nuclear war disappeared.

nation building for newly independent countries

Some information to understand struggles in postcolonial era A. The increase of independent countries More than one hundred countries joined the UN after WWII were new countries independent from former colonial empire. B. The establishment of a stable government This is the first challenge for newly independent countries (nothing can be done without a stable government). But guerilla warfare was popular in many former colonies. C. Economic challenge How to deal with foreign ownership? Need to build effective infrastructure; Have to reduce dependence on capricious world markets and reducing imports of manufactured goods (win economic independence). D. The importance of education Shortage of educated and skilled personnel in former colonies; Which language to teach in school? Need to provide job for new graduates.

The end of China's overseas exploration

Some reasons for the end of China's overseas exploration: The exception of the second Ming Emperor (r. 1403-1424); China was traditionally a land-oriented country; The financial burden of overseas voyages; Threat from the northern frontier (the Mongols).

Context and Connections 1

Spain's colonial structure was quite centralized compared to other imperial systems in world history. In the ottoman empire, for example, the sultan's officials were more likely to work through intermediaries representing subject peoples such as Greeks or Armenians (see Chapter 17). In Spanish America, con- quered Amerindians had very limited opportunity to secure official representation.

Collectivization

Stalin's replacement of peasant villages with large, state-run collec- tive farms, following the idea of "Socialism in one Country." Millions died in famines and as a result of state terror campaigns.

Pearl Harbor

The attack on the u.S. naval base in Hawai'i by Japanese fighter planes on December 7, 1941, bringing the united States into the Second World War.

Beginning and ending of the New Imperialism

The beginning and the ending of the New Imperialism The beginning: 1869 [The opening of the Suez Canal] The ending: 1914 [The opening of the Panama Canal]

Great purges

The execution by Stalin in the late 1930s of many "old Bolsheviks" he regarded as competi- tors for power. Public tri- als and forced confessions marked the Great Purges

the expectation of the war

The expectation of the war: Everyone thought his side will win (by the use of new technologies); Everyone thought the war will be short.

The Spanish Colonial Empire

The first European colonial empire in the Americas was established by the Spanish. A. The Conquistador (Spanish conqueror) Ambitious veterans turned to conquistadors (less than 1000); Conquered the Aztec Empire (central Mexico) in 1519-21; Conquered the Inca (Peru) by 1540. B. The Spanish empire in the Americas Within 100 years after Columbus reached the Americas, the Spanish set up a large colonial empire in the New World.

Context and connections 4

The fixation of the Spanish elite with limpieza de sangre— "purity of blood"—went back to the period of the Reconquista, when the Spanish reconquered Iberia from Muslim rulers (see Chapter 15). At that time, reserving public office for men of pure Spanish descent was instituted to keep converted Jews and Muslims out of positions of power. This policy was transferred to the Americas: those of non-Spanish and non-Catholic origin were expected to defer to their social superiors.

Background info wwii

The following are some basic background information about WWII: A. Post-Great War peace and the Great Depression Angry with the Treaty of Versailles; The Great Depression and worldwide economic distress; Campaign of territorial expansion. B. Invasions and resistance The Axis (invaders): Germany, Italy, Japan The Allies (resisters): Britain, China, France, USA, USSR...

the age of reform

Economic situation of China during the Cultural Revolution; • The economic success of some neighbor countries/areas; • Secure the legitimacy of new leaders. • De-collectivization in the countryside; • The "household responsibility system"; • Peasant motives; • Rapid rural industrialization.

context and connections 31

Demand for cane sugar was still rising in the 1830s when newly freed slaves abandoned Caribbean plantations, driving down production. Entrepreneurs responded by starting new plantations wherever conditions of heat and humidity were appropriate. Instead of slavery, the new plantations relied on indentured laborers brought across the seas from impoverished lands, for example, Filipinos to Hawaii and Indians to Fiji and South Africa. ●

Palmares

The largest and most powerful maroon community (1630-1694) established by escaped slaves in the colonial Americas. using military and diplomatic means, their leaders retained autonomy from Portuguese Brazil for over half a century

the quest for economica freedom in latin america

The quest for economic freedom in Latin America In Latin America, political independence had been achieved long before, but European and American economic domination had only increased. The case of Cuba: from a foreign dominated country to a socialist regime.

Direct reason for WWi

Direct reason: the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne, on June 28, 1914, in Bosnia.

western front

During World War I, the line separating the elab- orate trenches of German and Allied positions, which soon became almost immobile. Trench warfare was characteris- tic of the western front.

New Economic Policy

During the New Economic Policy (1921- 1924), Vladimir Lenin's government restored some private enterprise by allowing the operation of small shops and vil- lage markets, a policy later reversed by Joseph Stalin.

Great depression

Economic depression beginning in 1929 with the crash of stock prices in New York followed by a series of bank failures in Europe; marked by sustained deflation, unemployment in indus- trial nations, and depressed crop prices.

economic motives

Economic motives The demand for raw materials (mines [e.g., copper, tin, coal...] and crops [e.g., cotton, rubber]) and stimulants (e.g., sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco); Control strategic sites on world trade route; Market for manufactured goods.

communism in teh caribbean and africa

Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution (1959); • Castro's movement toward the communism and his alliance with the Soviet Union; • The export of revolution to Latin America and Africa; • Communist regimes in Africa (1969-1992).

The Agricultural Revolution (1760-1830)

Four-course rotation of crops: wheat, turnips, oats or barley, clover [Norfolk system]; Enriched soil fertility, provided more animal fodder, increased agricultural output; Provided more surplus food to urban citizens and more surplus rural labor to urban industry.

context and connections 14

From a global perspective, Marx explained the link between industrial capitalism and European imperialism: "The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe.... In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have inter- course in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations."* Later socialists and anti-imperialists would expand on Marx's insight, including the Russian leader Vladimir Lenin (Chapter 27). Lenin argued that profits from the "super-exploitation" of African and Asian colonies might delay the collapse of capitalism, but could not prevent it. Anticolonial uprisings, Lenin predicted, would further sharpen capitalism's contradictions and help to usher in the socialist future.

context and connections 38

Goldman noted the historical continuity of Russian authori- tarianism: "Lenin takes the seat of the Romanovs, the Imperial Cabinet is rechris- tened the Soviet of People's Commissars."* More recently, commentators have recognized similar tendencies in Vladimir Putin (Chapter 32) as he consolidated per- sonal power over Russia in the twenty-first century.

The orgins of the cold war I

Here are some important information to understand the origins of the Cold War: A. The uneasy wartime alliance Peace treaty between USSR and Germany; The Allies delayed to open a second front in Europe. B. Postwar territorial divisions Europe; Germany and Berlin; Asia (Japan and Korea).

change of socialism in other former socialist countries

The quick disappearance of communism in the former Soviet Union; • Changes of socialist governments in Africa and the Caribbean; • North Korea and Indochina; • The end of the communist era.

Defense of the Roman Republic

In 1848, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his followers declared a Roman Republic. Here we see their successful defense of the republic against invaders from the kingdom of Naples in 1849. Later, however, French forces laid siege to Rome and restored the pope to power. Finally, in 1871 Rome became the cap- ital of a unified Italy

One child policy

In China, most parents are restricted by this pol- icy to a single child to curb population growth. The policy has led to a significant gender imbalance.

Metis

In colonial New France, the offspring of a Euro- pean and Amerindian union.

context and connections 28

In the 1960s, radical sociologists identified the "develop- ment of underdevelopment" as a key feature of the modern world economy, focusing on economic dependency as an exploitative framework of international capitalism, funneling resources from "third-world" societies in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, to enrich the already dominant "first world" (see Chapter 30).

Opium War

In the first opium War (1839-1842), Britain invaded the Qing empire to force China to open to trade. In the second opium War (1856- 1860), an Anglo-French force once again invaded to enforce the unequal treaties that resulted from the first war and extract further concessions.

context and connections 20

Like Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Chapter 23), Meiji Japan achieved unification through conservative national- ism rather than through liberalism based on individual rights. The slogan "For the sake of the country" urged individuals to sacrifice for the larger good. And as in Germany, militarism combined with nationalism to make Japan more aggressively imperialistic

Socialism in One country

Joseph Stalin's slogan declaring that Soviet socialism could be achieved without passing through a capitalist phase or revolutions in industrial societies. This policy led to an economy based on central plan- ning for industrial growth and collectivization of agriculture

Context and Connections 6

Just like the Russians, who were expanding fur gathering into Siberia, French fur traders went far beyond the frontiers of formal colonial control, driven by lucrative European, ottoman, and Safavid markets (Chapter 17). North American and Siberian peoples benefited little from the fur trade, however, and were also vulnerable to newly imported diseases. From a merchant's standpoint, Northern furs were akin to Southeast Asian spices (see Chapter 16): with great value relative to weight, both were cheap to transport and fetched exceptionally high prices.

Zaibatsu

Large corporations that developed the Japanese industrial economy in close cooperation with the imperial government.

Haciendas

Large estates character- istic of colonial agricul- ture in Latin America.

the establishment of the socialist soviet union

Lenin's theory of imperialism; • The success of communist revolution in Russia; • The formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922); • USSR's international commitment.

Marx's stage theory of history

Marx's stage theory of history: Primitive society Slavery Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Communism Class struggle was the driving force of history.

May fourth movement

May 4, 1919, was an important day in the development of Chinese nationalism. Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, angered by the Versailles treaty, which had given Chinese territory to Japan. Demonstrations across the country lasted for months, with students playing a large role. In this photograph, residents of Shanghai wave signs that say "Down with the traitors who buy Japanese goods!" (1919) A student-led protest in Beijing's Tiananmen Square against the failure of the Versailles treaty to end Japanese occupation of Chinese territory. Such anti-Japanese protests spread across China, and focused on a boycott of Japanese goods.

the boom of communism in Asia

Mongolia (?-1991) and North Korea (1948-); • The creation of socialist governments in Indochina (1975-); • Socialism in Yemen; • A brief communist regime in Afghanistan.

Senegaleses Sharpshooters

Mostly Muslim soldiers from French West Africa who were conscripted by the French empire in World War I and devel- oped a reputation as fearsome fighters.

Context and connections 17

Movements such as the Taiping are referred to as millenarian. some Christians believe that after the second coming of Christ a millennium (one thousand years) of earthly peace and prosperity will follow. Another such millenarian movement occurred at the very same time in south Africa. During the tragic Xhosa Cattle Killing (Chapter 26), a young prophetess predicted that departed ancestors would rise from the dead to purge evil from the land, borrowing the concept of the resurrection of the dead from Christian missionaries. In both China and south Africa in the mid-1850s, religious syncretism (Chapter 18) followed from contact with European missionaries, influencing mass millenarian movements.

China after Mao: the rise of Deng Xiaoping

Moving away from Maoism; • Evaluating Mao; • Shift from class struggle to economic construction.

context and connections 13

Religious differences compounded ethnic divisions in Central Europe (see Chapter 17). The Austrians themselves were Catholic, as were the emperor's Croatian and Italian subjects; Hungary was divided between Catholics and Protestants; serbs were Orthodox Christians, while Bosnians were Muslims, a legacy of Ottoman influence in the Balkans. Tensions between them helped spark world war in the next century (see Chapter 27).

Population growth

The rapid increase of population in England and Wales from 1688 to 1851; The reasons of this growth: more widespread resistance to disease, more reliable food supplies (New World crops), better job opportunities, married earlier, etc.

the tools of imperialists

The tools of the imperialists Transportation and communication: steamboats, gunboats, trains; electric telegraph; New weapons: breechloader (1860s-70s), smokeless powder (1880s), repeating rifles (1860s), machine guns (1890s).

Central Intelligence Agency

U.S. federal agency created in 1947 whose responsibilities include coordinating intelligence activities abroad as well as conducting covert operations—for example, against the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, Lenin led the Bolsheviks to power during the Rus- sian Revolution of 1917. Leader of the Commu- nist Party until his death in 1924

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

one of the great literary figures of colonial New Spain. Wrote poetry, prose, and philosophy despite having been denied a university education. Best known for her defense of the intellectual equality of men and women.

building socialism alone: the soviet union

• The only socialist country in the world before 1945; • The development of socialist economy under Stalin (rapid industrialization, agricultural collectivization, highly centralized economy, ...); • The achievements of the Soviet Union.

Context and connections 39

November 9 is a date of great resonance in German history, bringing to mind both great evil and great joy. on that date in 1938, Kristallnacht was a prelude to the Holocaust (Chapter 29), which included the murder of six million Jews. By coincidence, November 9 was also the date in 1989 when communist East Germany finally opened the Berlin Wall, presaging the end of the Cold War (see Chapter 31).

Mestizo

Offspring of an Amerin- dian and Spanish union. Cultural and biologic blending became charac- teristic of Mexican society

Context and Connection 11

One interested foreign observer of the parliamentary debate over the Reform Bill in 1832 was Rammohun Roy (Chapter 20), who had traveled to London in support of legislation abolishing widow burning in India. Meeting with leaders of the utilitarian movement, Roy stressed their commonality of purpose with the social reforms of the Bengal Renaissance

cracks in the foundations

Political factors: De-Stalinization and the erosion of fear; the growing sense of nationalism (among diverse ethnic groups). • Economic factors: Economic stagnation (state-controlled, centralized planned economy); black market (or "second economy"); the privileged stratum (communist leaders or the elite group, or the nomenklatura class,...). • Social factors: The growth of an educated urban class and the erosion of social control; cultural protest among the Soviet youth; engaging the West.

political motives

Political motives Competition among European political powers (France, UK, Germany); Competition among colonizers; Divert people's attention from unsatisfied domestic affairs to oversea achievements.

Msulim league

Political party founded in British India to repre- sent the interests of the Muslim minority. The party eventually advo- cated a separate nation for Indian Muslims: Pakistan.

neo-colonialism and new form of colonization

"Neo-Colonialism" and new form of colonization A. Neo-Colonialism Even though European flags have left, the European countries remained their influence in former colonies as strong as before. B. New form of colonization. Many people from the former colonies have migrated to the countries once ruled them; Social tensions and racial violence in those former colonizers (esp. Western Europe).

Apartheid

"Separateness" in the Afrikaner language, starting in 1948 this was the official policy of the white government of South Africa, enforcing strict racial segregation in all spheres of life, including work, educa- tion, and place of resi- dence. Strongly opposed by the African National Congress, apartheid ended when democratic, non-racial elections were held in 1994.

ideological debate

"Socialism with Chinese characteristics" ("cat theory") • "Initial stage of socialism" • "Socialist style market economy" • Market economy

Catalina de Erauso

(1585-1650) Female Basque/Spanish explorer who, dressed as a man, lived the life of a soldier and adventurer in the Spanish colonial Americas.

Commodore Matthew Perry

(1794-1858) American naval officer and diplo- mat whose 1853 visit to Japan opened that coun- try's trade to the united states and other Western countries.

John Stuart Mill

(1806-1873) English philosopher and econo- mist who argued for the paramount importance of individual liberty and supported greater rights for women.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-1882) Italian nationalist revolutionary who unified Italy in 1860 by conquering sicily and Naples. Though he advocated an Italian Republic, the new country became a consti- tutional monarchy instead.

Louis Napoleon

(1808-1873) Conserva- tive nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who was elected president of the Second Republic before winning a plebiscite making him Emperor Napoleon III in 1852. Was forced to abdicate in 1870 after losing the Franco-Prussian War.

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) English natural historian, geolo- gist, and proponent of the theory of evolution

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) unified Germany in 1871 and became its first chancel- lor. Previously, as chan- cellor of Prussia, he led his state to victories against Austria and France.

Boxer Rebellion

(1898) Chinese uprising triggered by a secret society called the soci- ety of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, a fiercely anti-Western group. Intended to drive out Westerners, it resulted instead in for- eign occupation of Beijing

Ahmed Sukarno

(1901-1970) Leader in the struggle for Indonesian independence from the Netherlands, achieved in 1949. Indonesian military leaders, backed by the United States, thought Sukarno inca- pable of battling commu- nism and removed him from power.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War caused by territorial dis- putes in Manchuria and Korea. Japan's defeat of Russia was the first vic- tory by an Asian military power over a European one in the industrial age. (1772-1833)

Nnamdi Azikiwe

(1904-1996) Pioneering Nigerian nationalist who, after gaining higher edu- cation in the united States, edited a newspa- per and formed cultural and political organiza- tions to unite West Afri- cans against British colonialism.

Partition of Bengal

(1905) A British parti- tion of the wealthy north- eastern Indian province of Bengal for administra- tive expediency; became a touchpoint of anticolo- nial agitation.

Salvador Allende

(1908-1973) Socialist leader, elected president of Chile in 1970. His government was over- thrown in a U.S.-backed military coup in 1973, during which Allende took his own life

Kwame Nkrumah

(1909-1972) One of the most prominent postwar African nationalists, he emphasized Pan-African unity while leading Ghana to independence in 1957

Nancy Wake

(1912-2011) Highly decorated Australian vet- eran of the Second World War. After serving as a courier for the French underground resistance early in the war, she traveled to Eng- land for training and parachuted into central France in 1944 during the Allied reoccupation

Jacobo Arbenz

(1913-1971) President of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954. A moderate socialist, Arbenz enacted comprehensive land reforms that angered Guatemalan elites and U.S. corporations. He was deposed by rebel forces backed by the United States.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

(1918-1970) Prime minister of Egypt from 1954 to 1956 and presi- dent from 1956 to 1970. The nationaliza- tion of the Suez Canal in 1956 made Nasser a Pan-Arab hero, though the loss of the Six-Day War to Israel in 1967 badly damaged that reputation.

Amritsar Massacre

(1919) A turning point in Anglo-Indian rela- tions, when a British officer ordered his troops to fire directly into a peaceful crowd in the city of Amritsar. Follow- ing this event, in 1920 the Indian National Con- gress, led by Mohandas K. Gandhi, began its first mass campaign for Indian self-rule.

Patrice Lumumba

(1925-1961) The first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960. He was deposed and assas- sinated by political rivals in 1961

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

(1928-1967) Argentinean socialist and revolution- ary, called "Che," who played a crucial role in the Cuban Revolution. After serving as a Cuban government minister, he left to organize guerrilla campaigns in the Congo and Bolivia. He was exe- cuted in 1967 by the Bolivian army.

Igbo Women's War

(1929) Rebellion led by women in colonial Nige- ria who used traditional cultural practices to pro- test British taxation policies.

Invasion of Manchuria

(1931) Invasion that occurred when Japanese military officers defied the civilian government and League of Nations by occupying this north- eastern Chinese prov- ince, leading to the further militarization of the Japanese government.

Spanish civil war

(1936-1939) Conflict between conservative nationalist forces, led by General Francisco Franco and backed by Germany, and Republican forces, backed by the Soviet union. The Spanish Civil War was seen by many as a prelude to renewed world war.

Atlantic Charter

(1941) Agreement between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt before the entry of the united States into the war; reaf- firmed the Wilsonian principle of national self-determination

Siege of Leningrad

(1941-1944) German siege of this Soviet city that left the city without food or fuel, resulting in over a million deaths As long as the German siege lasted, death was an everyday occur- rence for the people of Leningrad (today's St. Petersburg) as a constant artillery barrage kept residents scrambling for cover. (In defiance, the great "Leningrad Symphony" by Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich was performed in the beleaguered city in the summer of 1942. The weakened musicians received extra rations to enable them to prac- tice, and loudspeakers broadcast the performance to the citizens of Leningrad, and to the German troops beyond.)

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942-1943) One of the major turning points of World War II, when the Soviet army halted the German advance and annihilated the German Sixth Army. After victory at Stalingrad, the Soviets went on the offensive, driving the Germans out of Soviet territory

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

(1943) unsuccessful revolt of Polish Jews confined to the Warsaw ghetto, who rose up to resist being sent to the Treblinka death camp

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(1945) Two Japanese cities devastated by atomic bombs dropped by the united States in an attempt to end the Second World War. Hun- dreds of thousands were killed, many by slow radiation poisoning

A Qing Arsenal

A major focus of the Self-Strengthening Movement was military mod- ernization. Here Qing officials survey cannon at an arsenal built in 1865, after the suppres- sion of the Taiping Rebellion. The reformers hoped to achieve self-sufficiency in military infrastructure with the aid of foreign advisers; however, the corruption and inefficiency of the imperial bureaucracy prevented them from achieving that goal, a great contrast to Japanese achievements in military production in the following decades.

Huron

A matriarchal, Iroquoian- speaking Amerindian group in the St. Law- rence region that was devastated by the smallpox brought by French fur traders and missionaries in the mid- seventeenth century.

economic globalization

A. Global capitalism • With former socialist countries (former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, and China) all turned to capitalism in the 1990s, free-market capitalism seemed to be the only road to economic growth. B. International trade • Since 1991 the world experienced rapid expansion in manufacturing and trade. The burgeoning international (or global) trade of the 1990s tied the world more tightly together; • China emerged as a large importer and exporter of manufactured goods; • WTO (World Trade Organization).

global culture or cultural globalization I

A. Global language • (Accented) English became the first global language; • Everywhere individuals recognized the importance of mastering English for a successful career. B. Technologies and cultural globalization • Technology plays an important role in spreading Western culture; • New technologies: radio, TV, satellite, the Internet, ...

The Slave Trade

A. Labor shortage in mines and plantations The increase of mines and plantations; The large number of death of native Americans due to European diseases. B. The trade of slaves Supported by European government (esp. Spain and Portugal); Colonizers captured or bought slaves from west Africa and shipped them—in terribly poor conditions—to American colonies; About 90% of them were shipped to Latin America, many of them died before reached American shores; Due to the grim conditions of their lives, there was a high rate of mortality, colonizers had to constantly imported slaves. C. African slaves and Latin American societies Africans and their descendants were found throughout Latin America, they brought African music, religious beliefs, cuisine, and social customs with them.

global politics

A. Political independence • After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, autonomous national state became an almost universal norm. B. The spread of democracy and freedom • The transformation of the former soviet socialist republics and Eastern European countries; • Democracy in Asia (India, China), Africa and Latin America; • People in about two-thirds of countries have some sense of freedom (personal freedom, free election, access to free presses, etc.).

global problems

A. Population pressure • World population increased from 500 million in 1650 to 1 billion in 1802, to 2 billion in 1927, ...and to 7 billion in 2011. B. Environmental degradation • The disappearance of more animal/plant species; more natural resources are consumed; industrial pollution; global warming... C. Economic inequalities • Developed counties vs. developing countries; rich vs. Poor. D. Global diseases • For example, the wide spread of HIV/AIDs.

Colonial Economies

A. Silver mines in Spanish colonies Mexico and Peru; The importance of American silver. B. Sugar plantations in Portugal's colonies (Brazil) Sugar dominated Brazilian economy by the 17th century; A business combined agricultural and industrial enterprises. C. Fur trade and cash crop plantations in North America Fur trade in French colonies; Cash crop plantations in English colonies [tobacco, indigo, cotton, ...]

Spy war and teh Berlin wall

A. Spy war [undercover conflicts] In addition to armed conflicts, much of the tension between two blocs was conducted by or against surrogates and through spies who were working undercover; Famous agents: CIA (US), KGB (the Soviets). B. The Berlin Wall (1961-1989) The most vivid symbol of the Cold War; To East Germany: it was an "antifascist wall of protection." To the West: it was used to restrict access between West Berlin and East Germany.

Stategic rivalry

A. The Space Race [non-violent competition] To prove their scientific superiority and show their military strength. B. The nuclear race The development of nuclear weapons; By 1961, there were enough bombs to destroy the world; Mutually Assured Destruction.

US entry and Russian exit

A. The entry of the USA Germany sunk ships with US passengers; US's economic interests; Provided needy materials; More soldiers; Reinforced the Western Front B. The October Revolution and the withdrawal of Russia The October Revolution (October, 1917); The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March, 1918); Russia withdrew from war. C. Nov. 11, 1918: Armistice signed, the end of WWI.

globalization as a new trend

A. The increasing importance of globalization as an issue • At the end of the 20th century, globalization emerged as an influential topic among scholars [in the humanities and social science], politicians, and businessmen, etc. B. The definition of globalization • No precise, widely-agreed definition; • Including increasing economic integration, cultural exchange, technological diffusion, etc., throughout the world. C. Globalization and the world • The Internet and globalization (global village); • De-localization in socioeconomic exchanges; • The increasing power of global corporations; • Globalization is not simply internationalization, modernization or westernization.

Colonial Societies

A. The mixed societies in Latin America Most European colonizers were men; The popularity of intermarriage; Within one century, the groups of mixed descent had become the majority in many regions. B. The social ladder in colonized Latin America (top-down) Migrants born in Europe; Europeans born in Latin America; Mixed people; Imported slaves and native people. C. Societies of North America More female migrants in North America than in Latin America; Some intermarriage within French colonies; Very few intermarriage within English colonies—English colonists looked down on native Americans and African slaves, they tried to distinct them from those peoples.

Beginning of the war

A. The outbreak July 28: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia August 1: Germany declared war on Russia August 3: Germany declared war on France August 5: Britain declared war on Germany August 6: Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia A local conflict in the Balkans turned into a great war in Europe. B. A "Great War" or the First World War Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Turkey (Ottoman empire), Bulgaria (1915); Allied Powers: Russia, France, Britain (Triple Entente), Japan (1914), Italy (1915), United States (1917); The involvement of non-European countries and peoples.

Similiarities and differences amoung four colonial empires

A. The similarities Conquered Amerindians and imported African slaves; Opened land for agriculture, introduced Old World animals and plants, used Old World technologies; Gained wealth from the colonies. B. Some differences Different economies; Cultural and religious diversity (in British North America) and uniformity (in other colonies); British colonies attracted the largest number of European immigrants (half a million, 1630-1780).

africa becomes independent

Africa becomes independent The first independent black African state: Ghana (the Gold Coast, British colony), 1957; 1960: the year of Africa (many African nations gained independence this year); A bloody civil war in Algeria (won independence in 1962).

King's African Rifles

African regiment recruited by Britain dur- ing the Second World War; saw action in Burma, fighting against the Japanese to save India for Britain

Context and connections 38

After 1933, when Nazi anti-Semitism became official pol- icy, many German-Jewish artists, scientists, and thinkers were stripped of their aca- demic and cultural positions and forced into exile. of the many exiled scientists who contributed to later u.S. technological predominance, Albert Einstein was the most important as a public figure. Though Einstein's theoretical work laid the foundation for the atomic bomb (see Chapter 29), after World War II Einstein was a consistent advocate for peace and Cold War dialogue

The Nonaligned Movement

After the Bandung Conference of 1955, leaders of the Nonaligned Movement continued annual summit meetings. In Belgrade in 1960 we see Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Ahmed Sukarno (Indonesia), and Marshall Tito (Yugoslavia). While the others were most con- cerned with maintaining distance from former colonial powers and the United States, Tito's goal was to avoid Soviet domination of his socialist regime.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Britain, the united States, and the Soviet union during the Second World War.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during the Second World War

Virgin of Guadalupe

An apparition of the Virgin Mary, with a dark complexion, said to have appeared to a Mexican farmer in 1531. The cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe exerted a powerful attraction to Mesoamerica's surviving Amerindians. She remains a symbol of Mexican identity.

An argument on Zheng He's voyages

An argument on Zheng He's voyages: The Chinese "discovered" the Americas first? (A claim made by Gavin Menzies in his book 1421: The Year China Discovered America, Harper Perennial, 2004.) Why bother? No solid evidence. A larger context.

The Korean War

Armed conflicts such as: The Korean War The division of Korea after WWII: the 38 parallel line, a temporarily dividing line for the Japanese troops to surrender to the Allies; the establishment of USSR-supported North Korea and US-supported South Korea. The breakout of the Korean War: North Korea suddenly attacked South Korea on June 25, 1950, in order to unify Korea by force. China's involvement of the Korean War: US's warships patrolled the Taiwan Strait and US's fighter-planes bombed Chinese border; the US ignored China's warning; China decided to send "volunteer" soldiers to Korea. Stalemate and negotiation: the seesaw battle between US-South Korean troops and China-North Korean troops along the 38 parallel; the cease-fire agreement (July 1953) (no peace treaty). The Korean War and the world: the deterioration of the Sino-US relationship; turned China to the Soviet Union; Japan benefited from the Korean War in an unexpected way; the first regional hot conflicts in the Cold War.

Context and connections 42

As a Pan-Africanist, Kwame Nkrumah believed that only continental unity, a "United States of Africa," could empower Africans to resist the neo- colonial control of Europe and the United States. Similarly, in a different era, the South American liberator Simón Bolívar (key term in Chapter 22) had sponsored the creation of Gran Colombia to assure true independence. Neither leader was successful in pro- moting broader territorial unity as protection against outside intrusion.

context and connections 47

As in Europe in the summer of 1848, the Arab world in 2011 saw street protests leapfrog from one capital to another, bringing high hopes for rapid and radical change. But just as in the Europe in the 1850s, those hopes were usually dashed when conservative leaders retook the initiative. Indeed, some Arab protest- ers would be able to relate to the travails of the Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin (Chapter 23) when, after organizing for democracy, they faced imprisonment or exile. ●

context and connections 12

As in the 1790s, France went swiftly from constitutional monarchy to republic to empire (see Chapter 22). Karl Marx was among those who noted the parallels between the aftermaths of the French revolutions of 1789 and 1848. "All great world-historic facts and personages appear twice," Marx commented bitterly, on what he saw as a second-rate version of the original Napoleon, "the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce."

context and connections 44

As painful as the 2008 financial crisis was, it was by no means as catastrophic as the Great Depression (Chapter 28), when the u.S. stock market crash led to a cascading series of global bank failures. For one thing, in 2008, governments had much more powerful tools of monetary intervention than in 1929. Moreover, 2008 witnessed no rush to raise national tariffs, which in the 1930s had deepened the depression by hindering international trade.

Emancipated Serfs

As with freed slaves in the U.S. South during the late nineteenth century, living conditions for most Russian serfs were not immediately transformed by emancipation in 1861. Most were illiterate and, like the wheat threshers shown here, had to rely on their own labor power

Frankfurt Assembly

Assembly held in 1848 to create a constitution for a united German Confederation; elected Friedrich Wilhelm IV as constitutional monarch, but Wilhelm refused the offer on the principle that people did not have the right to choose their own king

context and connections 24

Battles between Union and Confederate armies in the U.S. Civil War often featured desperate charges against well-entrenched forces supported by artillery, in which thousands of young men might be killed. That mode of fighting antic- ipated the brutal trench warfare in World War I (see Chapter 27). Because European politicians and generals had not learned the lessons of the U.S. Civil War, they went to war in 1914 with no inkling of the scale of slaughter they were putting in motion.

Reform Bill of 1832

Bill that significantly reformed the British House of Commons by lowering property qualifi- cations for the vote. Still, only wealthier middle-class men were enfranchise

context and conections 32

Both the Crimean War (key term in Chapter 23), between Russia and the ottoman empire (1853-1856), and the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865) (see Chapter 25) had anticipated the higher mortality and logistical challenges of industrial warfare. Both conflicts took place away from western Europe, however, and the great powers did not learn those lessons.

Britains other advantages

Britain's other advantages: It was the world's leading exporter of tools, hardware, etc; Its society was more fluid than others; It had the best water transportation system in Europe; It was highly commercial [inventors got rich reward]; It had rich coal and iron ore reserves and they were easily accessible; It occupied huge colonies [provided raw materials and capitals].

Britain: a society opens to innovation

Britain: a society opens to innovation Until the mid-18th century, the British were good at imitating foreign goods; They used new inventions quicker than others.

British invasion of China

British invasion of China—the Opium War A. The trade deficit between China and Britain The East India Company and the monopoly of Asian trade; The importance of tea trade; Problem to balance tea trade. B. The importation of opium and its effects Foreigners (mostly British) shipped opium from India to China to create a demand; even though opium smoking was illegal in China, India, and Britain; The amount of opium smuggled to China increased dramatically; Serious consequences of opium smuggling (official corruption, financial crisis, decline of social morality, ...).C. The battle for "free trade" The Chinese government decided to wipe out opium smoking and smuggling in 1839; Britain sent troops to China to force China to "open" its market (1839); China accepted defeat in 1842 and signed the Treaty of Nanjing with Britain (Britain got Hong Kong from China).

global culture or cultural globalization II

C. The spread of western pop culture • Cultural links across national and ethnic boundaries; • Strong influence of American culture (country music, Hollywood movies, NBA, CNN, Coca-Cola, fast food, etc...); • The case of McDonald's (popularity, localization,...). D. Cultural globalization? cultural imperialism? • The growing worldwide influence of Western culture, esp. US culture; • Globalization = Americanization? E. Cultural diversity • Global culture as second culture (foreign culture did not displace all native cultures).

The orgins of the cold war II

C. Two visions of the postwar world US hoped to shape the postwar world by opening up the world's markets to capitalist trade, bring peace and democracy to the world; USSR wanted to secure its vulnerable frontiers [it had been repeatedly invaded by western powers] and develop socialist movement; The dispute over Germany [rebuild or destroy]. D. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan The Truman Doctrine: A policy of containment [No communism beyond Eastern Europe]. The Marshall Plan: To restore Western Europe (reduce its dependence on US's aid and became US's trade partner). E. NATO and the Warsaw Pact NATO was formed in 1949 to discourage an attack by USSR on the non-communist nations of Western Europe; The USSR and its allies formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955; Central Europe: remained neutral as buffer zone between two blocs.

The Arab Spring

Cairo has long been the political and intellectual center of the Arab world, and Tahrir Square in the center of Cairo was the focal point of the Arab Spring. Protesters, including many students, used social media to organize massive demonstra- tions that toppled the regime of Hosni Mubarak and cleared the way for free elections. The result, however, was a further military intervention in Egyptian politics after the Muslim Brotherhood, victors in those elections, proved deeply unpopular. In 2014, an Egyptian judge cleared Mubarak of all charges, including culpability in the death of hundreds at Tahrir Square

Quit India

Campaign by Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Indian National Congress during World War II to demand independence. They refused to support the British war effort and instead launched a cam- paign of civil disobedi- ence demanding that the British "quit India" immediately

casualites of the war

Casualties of the war: No previous conflict had mobilized so many soldiers in the field of battle; About 8-10 million military death; About 9 million civilian deaths.

changes in east asia

Changes in East Asia A. China The establishment of the People's Republic of China (mainland) in 1949; Britain returned Hong Kong to China in 1997; Portugal returned Macau to China in 2000; Taiwan still remains separated from Mainland China. B. Korea After WWII, Korea freed from Japanese colonization, but soon was separated into two countries: socialist North Korea and capitalist South Korea.

Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph (Hin- mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, "Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain") was a Nez Perce Amerindian leader and a famous man of peace. The discovery of gold led the U.S. government to renege on its treaty with the Nez Perce, shrinking their reservation to a tenth of its former size. In 1877, Chief Joseph led his people, pursued by U.S. cavalry, in a desperate attempt to reach Canada. He was captured and exiled to Oklahoma. Only in 1885 were Joseph and his remaining followers allowed to return to their homes in the Pacific Northwest.

Consequences of Colonialism

Consequences of colonialism—changes in the Americas: A. People from the Old World ruled the New World The Amerindians struggled for long time, but eventually they were ruled by the people from the Old World. B. America became one part of the world America no longer isolated from the rest of the World, the biological and cultural exchanges increased the changes in both the New World and the Old World. C. The diversity of colonial societies Different groups of people together contributed to the creation of new cultures, each regional culture had its own characteristics.

cultural motives

Cultural motives Missionary activities; Spread western civilization (education, medicine, monogamy, etc.); "The white man's burden" (moral obligation to civilize "backward" peoples).

The marxist vision

European industrialization and the birth of Marxism; • Marx described capitalism as "naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation;" • Marx saw workers as the "gravediggers" of capitalism.

Context and Connections 10

Except in small utopian communities organized along com- munal lines, Bakunin's anarchist vision has never been effectively put into practice. But his influence remained great among twentieth-century radicals like Emma Goldman (Chapter 27), and the 1960s witnessed a resurgence of interest in the life and thought of Mikhail Bakunin among some student rebels.

Expansion of the world economy

Expansion of the world economy More tropical products (sugar, spices), stimulates (tea, coffee, tobacco), and raw materials (cotton, jute, ores) imported to Europe; More manufactured goods were exported to non-European area; The improvement of transportation.

facts of wwii

Facts of WWII A. A truly world war The first truly global conflict; a total war involving all productive forces and all civilians. B. Death toll Up to 80 or more million death (about 35 million in China, 20-25 million in the Soviet Union, ...); More civilian death than military death; The atrocities during the war (e.g., the Holocaust [about 6 million Jews were killed]) (If you would like to know some information about Holocaust education at KSU, please click the link below [http://www.kennesaw.edu/historymuseum/] or visit the museum at KSU center).

French and English Colonies in North America

French settlers established colonies at Port Royal (Nova Scotia) in 1604 and Quebec in 1608; English migrants founded Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620.

French Fur Trade

French traders ventured far beyond the borders of European colonial society in their quest for valuable furs such as beaver pelts. They frequently adopted the technologies, lan- guages, and customs of Amerindian peoples, and sometimes married into Amerindian societies. At the same time, on the other side of the world, the global fur market was also driving Russian trad- ers deep into the forests of Siberia.

home front women and the war

Home front, women, and the war A. The home front in Europe and Asia New weapons and strategies made no clear distinction between the "front" and the "home front" War economics (any government had to control economy to serve the war). B. Women and the war Many women directly joined military services, or took jobs in farm and factory, or acted as heads of household, they all brought honor back to their home; But comfort women (young Asian women forced to serve Japanese soldiers as military prostitutes) did not.

Turkish Factory

In the global industrial processes of the nineteenth century, the role of many world regions was solely as suppliers of raw materials and consumers of finished products. Here we see that in the western Ottoman empire, factory production itself became a part of economic life. In this factory girls and women are weaving silk thread into cloth; the factory supervisor, however, is a man. In Japan as well (see Chapter 24), early textile production relied primarily on women's labor. As in England and India, skilled male artisans lost work when displaced by factories employing less skilled laborers, including young women and children.

the heyday of communism in the 1970s

In the mid-1970s, there about 1/3 of world's population lived under the rule of communist regimes; • A great achievement of the communist movement and the Soviet Union.

independence in south and southeast asia

Independence in South and Southeast Asia The independence of India (1947), Pakistan (1947) and Bangladesh (1971). The independence of Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) (1949). The independence of French Indochina (1954).

Indirect reasons

Indirect reasons were more important than the direct reason, even without the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, other events will spark the war due to the following indirect reasons: A. The spread of nationalism The popularity of nationalism in nineteenth century Europe; The power of the ideology of nationalism in Europe; Nationalism in different European countries. B. International imperialism European countries competed with each other for oversea colonies, not wanted to be a loser in territory expansion; Germany, a newly united empire, wanted to dominate Europe, and frequently challenged British and French oversea power. The system of alliance. C. Weariness of peace Not many wars fought in Europe after 1815; A long generation of peace (1871-1914); Some intellectuals and young urban citizens actually cheered it and expected a war could resolve political, social, and economic crises.

Rape Nanjing

Japanese occupation of the city in 1937 during which they slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and used other terror tactics.

context and connections 41

Like Napoleon Bonaparte (Chapter 22), Hitler had opened a second front in Russia while Britain remained unconquered and, like Napoleon, he paid a heavy price. As with the French army of 1812, the Germans found their supply lines stretched dangerously thin, and Soviet generals, like tsarist ones, were able to use the vastness of their country and its harsh climate to their advantage. Napoleon lost more than half a million troops before abandoning his campaign; during World War II, Germans suffered over 80 percent of all their casualties in the east.

Potosi

Location high in the Andes in modern Bolivia where the Spanish found huge quantities of silver. Silver exports from Potosí and other American mines helped finance development of the early modern world economy.

Context annd connections 23

Locked up in the North American prairie was a staggering potential of calories for human consumption, but without domesticated herds or steel tools to cut through the tough grassland soil, Amerindians could extract only a limited amount, mainly by hunting buffalo. Then, with the Columbian exchange (key term in Chapter 15), came cattle, along with the horses needed to manage them. By the late nineteenth century, the American buffalo had been hunted nearly to extinction and its habitat overrun, first by open cattle ranges then by farmers using steel plows to turn the soil and plant imported grains like wheat, displacing native grasses. From this transformed landscape, vast supplies of grain and meat entered global markets

modernization or westernization

Modernization or westernization? A. Which model to follow: Modernization or westernization? To take Europe and USA as a model (politics, economy, etc.)? More failure than success. The case of African countries and some former soviet republics. B. A long way to go Each country has to find its own way for development.

Self strengthening movement

Nineteenth-century Chinese reform move- ment with the motto "Confucian ethics, Western science." Advo- cates of self-strengthen- ing sought a way to reconcile Western and Chinese systems of thought

responsible goverment

Nineteenth-century con- stitutional arrangement in British North America that allowed colonies to achieve dominion status within the British empire and elect parliaments responsible for internal affairs. The British appointed governors as their sovereign's repre- sentative and retained control of foreign policy.

context and connections 25

Nineteenth-century gold strikes took place across the world. In California after the Mexican-American War, the Gold Rush brought hundreds of thousands from eastern U.S. states as well as Europe, China, the Pacific Islands, and Mexico. When the California mines played out, some pros- pectors followed news of fresh strikes north to Canada and Alaska, or crossed the ocean to Australia. The greatest gold strikes of all were in South Africa beginning in 1884 (see Chapter 26).

Context and connections 7

Patterns of European global settlement were determined largely by disease environments. In New England, in the southwestern corner of Africa at Cape Town (see Chapter 16), and in Australia (see Chapter 21), Afro- Eurasian diseases like smallpox proved fatal to indigenous peoples, clearing the way for colonies of European settlement. Across most of Africa and Asia, however, it was Europeans who were more vulnerable to local disease. There, Europeans would never constitute more than a tiny percentage of the total population, even following their nineteenth-century conquests (see Chapters 24 and 26)

the gorbachev prescription

Perestroika ("restructuring") • Glasnost ("openness"); • Democratization; • New thinking on international relations.

Gilded Age

Period of economic pros- perity in the United States in the last two decades of the nine- teenth century, when the opulence displayed by the wealthy masked the poverty, political corrup- tion, and unsafe living and occupational condi- tions for the working class.

Post Opium War China

Post-Opium War China The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) [the largest peasant rebellion in Chinese history and the largest civil war in human history] The Second Opium War (1856-1860) [British and French invaders ransacked Beijing and destroyed the Summer Palace, legalization of opium, ...] Other external invasion and internal rebellion; The Opium War marked the beginning of one hundred years of invasion, rebellion, suffering, misery, disorder, chaos, ... in Chin

Technological change in the cotton industry

Technological change in the cotton industry: Technological improvement; High productivity for the manufacturer and low price for the consumer.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Tense 1962 confronta- tion between the United States and the Soviet Union over placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba. A compromise led to withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba and of American missiles from Turkey

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Tensions between fiscally conservative Germans and Greeks tired of endless austerity were central to European fiscal debate. While many economists argued that deflation (falling prices and wages) was the nemesis of post- 2008 recovery, Germans still tend to focus on inflation (rising prices and wages) as a perennial economic danger seeing excessive borrowing as a fiscal, and even as a moral, failure. That reflexive attitude, dating back to the great inflation of the early Weimar Republic (see Chapter 28), affected German public opinion and thus German negotiations with Greece

The closing of Japan

The "closing" of Japan A. Early Christianity in Japan Christianity earned more support from the lower classes [who were the Franciscans' priority] than from the elite [who were the Jesuits' priority]; Suspicious support of peasant uprising, expelled from Japan in 1639/41. B. "Dutch Learning" All Westerners were not allowed to live in Japan except some Dutch who stayed at a man-made islet outside the port of Nagasaki; The Dutch became the only bridge for the Japanese to learn Western culture. C. Oversea trade supported by the local power Frontier daimyos continued their trade with the Chinese, Europeans, ....

Context and connections 8

The "one drop" rule in the united States has historically meant that even individuals with one black parent and one white parent have been classified as "black." The term mulatto exists, but one would hardly refer to a u.S. president as "mulatto." In South Africa, in contrast, people of mixed race call them- selves "coloured," a positive label affirming a distinctive social and racial identity. In contrast to both the united States and South Africa, in Brazil and much of Latin America, numerous racial classification are arranged along a scale from white to black, and an individual's placement on that scale may be influenced by markers of wealth, education, and other social factors beyond mere skin color.

The opening of japan

The "opening" of Japan The coming of Commodore Perry in 1853; Debate in Japan: capitulation to Perry or reject him? Japan surrounded and signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with the U.S.A. next year.

Buenos Aries

The Argentine capital of Buenos Aires was an exceptionally prosperous city in the first decade of the twentieth century. As in Paris, New York, and Berlin, automobiles were begin- ning to compete with horse-drawn carriages along its spacious boulevards. But Argentina's prosperity was overly dependent on volatile international commodity markets, and revenue from its exports went disproportionately to those at the very top of society.

Aushwitz

The Auschwitz Concentration Camp was a network of facilities in southern Poland built by the Nazis and included both slave labor camps and death camps. Over one million people were murdered here between 1941 and 1945, either worked to death, killed by torture and abuse, or exterminated with poison gas. The vast majority were Jews. New arrivals were mocked by the line above the gate

Context and connections 43

The British had taken over the Ottoman province of Palestine following World War I under the Mandate System (see Chapter 27). In the interwar years the British struggled to keep the peace, especially after the rise of Adolph Hitler in Germany increased the pressure to allow greater Jewish immi- gration from Europe (Chapter 28). In 1947, still recovering from war, the British handed over responsibility for Palestine to the new United Nations (Chapter 29).

European and Chinese overseas trade

The Europeans and China's overseas trade China's huge contribution to world market (tea, china, silk, copper coin, etc.); China had no interest in trade with European countries like Portugal and Spain; The Portuguese traded with the Chinese along China's coastal area; Spanish silver and new world crops entered China.

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The German drive toward Paris in 1940 was the third in seventy years. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, Prussian-led armies occupied Paris and proclaimed the birth of a new German empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles (see Chapter 23). In 1914, in contrast, the German army bogged down just 20 miles (32.2 km) outside of Paris, leading to the trench warfare of the western front (key term in Chapter 27). Thus a very elderly Parisian of the 1940s would have experienced three separate German assaults on her city.

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The Great War was decisive in moving the Indian nationalist Mohandas K. Gandhi (Chapter 28) toward mass nationalism and direct action. Gandhi urged loyalty to Britain during the war, expecting political concessions on the question of Indian self-government in return. Disappointed by the British response, during World War II Gandhi changed tactics and launched a "Quit India" campaign (Chapter 29), this time refusing to sanction Indian support for the British empire even during the war.

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The Indian Famine of 1896-1897 brought back memories of the Great Hunger in Ireland fifty years earlier, when a million people died and a million more despairing exiles left the island. In both cases, the British government, convinced of the superiority of market forces over state economic intervention, refused to imple- ment sufficiently active relief programs to save the lives of their colonial subjects

The vietnam war

The Indochina war and the division of Vietnam (1954). US troops were sent to protect non-Communist South Vietnam in 1961. Difficulties in Vietnam: Vietnam got support from USSR and China; subtropical jungle and Vietnamese guerrilla war; etc. Anti-Vietnam war movement all over the country (in the United States). Withdrawn from Vietnam (1973).

The spread of the industrial revolution

The Industrial Revolution spread to Western Europe first, then to the United States. A. Western Europe Belgium (1830s), France, Germany (1850s-60s); Continent countries developed heavy industry, had less urbanization (than Britain). B. The United States The only non-European society underwent an industrial revolution before 1870.

Overview of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution: It originally referred to the development that transformed Britain, between 1760 and 1830, from mainly a rural society to a town-centered industrial society. A turning point in human history: It has changed the mode of production from dependence on human and animal labor to machines powered by water, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.

The New IMperialism in Asia

The New Imperialism in Asia A. South and Southeast Asia India (Britain), Indochina (France), Indonesia (the Netherlands), the Philippines (US). B. East Asia The rise of Japan as a new imperial power in East Asia; The seizure of Taiwan from China; The colonization of Korea.

New Imperialism in Latin America

The New Imperialism in Latin America Financial and economic control (by foreign countries); Military intervention by US in the Caribbean [Monroe Doctrine].

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The Party of the Mexican Revolution, later renamed the Party of the Institutional Revolution (PRI), was the sole political party in power in Mexico for seven decades. Although progressive President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized the oil sector and redistributed land to peasant communes in the 1930s (see Chapter 28), PRI leaders more often looked after their own wealth and power rather than the national interest. Finally, in 2000, Mexicans elected the leader of an alternative party to the presidency, breaking the PRI monopoly

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The Philippines had been ruled from Madrid for over three centuries (see Chapter 17) before being transferred to the united States as a result of the Spanish-American War of 1898-1900 (see Chapter 26). Thus between the 1890s and the 1940s Filipino partisans had fought for independence from Spain, then from the united States, and finally from Japan, before securing independence in 1946.

The Portuguese Colonial empire

The Portuguese colonial empire: Brazil Portuguese interest in Brazil increased in the mid-sixteenth century when profitable sugar plantations were set up along the coast area.

Getulio Vargas

The President of Brazil (1930-1945, 1951- 1954) who implemented neo-fascist policies in his Novo Stado ("New State"), magnifying the role of government in many aspects of national life, including the economy

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The Russian experience, where members of the displaced ruling class fomented counter-revolution in alliance with foreign powers, repeated the experience of the French Revolution and anticipated the Cuban one. Like the earlier Jacobins (Chapter 22) and the later Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro (Chapter 30), the Bolsheviks justified clamping down on freedom of speech in the name of saving the revolution from its enemies. It seems that those who would take away such rights in an emergency rarely return them.

the scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa Egypt (Britain) West Africa (France, Belgium, Germany) South Africa (Britain)

the soviet invasion of afghanistan

The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 (to expand their influence in Asia, to preserve the unpopular communist government in Afghanistan, to protect Soviet interests in the region, etc.). Long time civil war: Afghanis are more loyal to their clan than to their government/country; they are Muslims and extremely religious and conservative; resistors' guerilla warfare and the U.S. support/aid. The Soviet Union's forces pulled out of Afghanistan in 1989.

Context and connections 3

The Spanish crown and Spanish nobility remained largely aloof from commercial life, unlike in the Netherlands, where merchant capitalists dominated (see Chapter 16), or in England, where traders and trading companies were to be patronized by the crown and by the landed gentry (see Chapter 21).

the treaty of versailles

The Treaty of Versailles: Reduction of the military potential of the former Central Powers; The defeated Central Powers must pay the cost of the war (in money or in kind).

the beginning of teh war

The beginning of the war A. Militarist Japan Long-term greed for China WWI and the Great Depression The Manchuria event of 1931 (Japanese created a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Northeastern China) B. Fascist Italy Unequal treatment in Versailles Unemployed veterans Benito Mussolini's fascist government The new colonial war C. Nazi Germany The harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty; The Depression; Adolf Hitler and his goals: repeal the humiliation and military restrictions of the Versailles Treaty; to annex all German-speaking territories to a greater Germany; to eliminate all Jews from Europe, etc.

the change of global environment

The change of global environment A. The introduction of commercial plants Tea (China); tobacco, sugar, and rubber (America); coffee (Africa) and cocoa (South America). B. Environmental change around the world The introduction of new crops, the building of railroads, and the opening of mines all dramatically changed local landscape and environment.

socialist construction in china

The communists took power after decades of intensive struggle; • The construction of socialist China based on the Soviet model; • Dramatic changes in the world's most populous nation.

the dissolution of the soviet union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 new countries—this formed the last largest wave of independence after WWII.

Detente

The easing of hostility between nations, specifi- cally the movement in the 1970s to negotiate arms limitations treaties to reduce tensions between the Eastern and Western blocs during the Cold War.

end of wwii and decolonization

The end of WWII and decolonization A. What is decolonization? After WWII, many former colonies of the imperial powers became independent countries. B. Reasons for decolonization Economic reason: the weakness of the colonizing powers Political reason: colonies' demand for freedom

the spread of communism to eastern europe

The end of WWII and the spread of communism to Eastern Europe; • Eastern Europe in the Soviet system; • Tito's Yugoslavia, an exception.

the end of the war

The end of the war A. The surrender of Italy Sept. 8, 1943: Italy surrendered B. The surrender of Germany 1942-43: USSR's victory in the Battle of Stalingrad D-day [June 6, 1944]: Normandy invasion (click the link below to view the Longest Day trailer) May 8, 1945: Germany surrendered C. The surrender of Japan Long time resistance in China; Aug. 6, 9, 1945, US dropped two atomic bombs on Japanese land; Aug. 8, 1945, USSR declared war on Japan. Aug. 15, 1945, Japan surrendered; Sept. 2, 1945, war was officially ove

Zheng He and his overseas voyages

The following are some basic information about Zheng He and his overseas voyages. A. The reasons for his overseas voyages To display the glory of Chinese civilization and the power of Chinese empire; No economic motives. B. Zheng He's seven overseas voyages From 1405 to 1433 he led seven overseas voyages to explore the Indian Ocean, he and his fleet visited 30 or so countries around the Indian Ocean area and went to as far as today East Africa. C. Zheng He's fleet The largest fleet of the world at the time.

the battle for a new china

The founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (1921); • The war among warlords, war against the Japanese, the civil war, and the communist victory (1949); • Mao Zedong and the CCP.

Eastern Front

The front in Russia dur- ing World War I. The German army moved quickly across eastern Europe into Russia; low morale plagued the poorly equipped Russian army in the face of supe- rior German technology

Southern Front

The front in World War I caused by the ottoman empire's decision to ally with the German army. Britain mobilized colo- nial forces from India, Egypt, and Australia to engage ottoman forces at Gallipoli; British forces also occupied Mesopotamia and Palestine

Syncretism

The fusion of cultural elements from more than one tradition. In colonial Latin America religious syncretism was common, with both Amerindians and Africans blending their existing beliefs and rituals with Catholicism.

Holocaust

The genocide in which the Nazis murdered 6 million Jews, known in Hebrew as the Shoah ("catastrophe"). The Nazis also killed hun- dreds of thousands of Roma (gypsies), homo- sexuals, Jehovah's Wit- nesses and others they saw as deviant

The growth of trade

The growth of local trade (traditional goods and services); The growth of international trade (sugar, tea, ...); This was the so-called commercial revolution which provided a large and increasing market for industry.

Context and connections 2

The hacienda system would long persist in Latin America, and the inequalities associated with large agricultural estates actually increased after the colonial period, when nineteenth century hacienda owners began to focus on pro- duction of commercial crops for international markets. Many previously autonomous villagers in Central America, to give one example, were forced onto plantations to cultivate bananas and other commodities for rock-bottom wages

The home front during the war

The home front during the war: Mobilization of all citizens; Government control of economy; Increased participation of women in the labor force.

The impact of industrialization

The impact of industrialization A. Demographic transformation Population increase and migration; The change in the structure of the population. B. Urbanization Growth of urban population; Air pollution (London, the Capital of Fog); Poor living conditions. C. Changes in society The working class: poor working condition, women earn less, child labor, slave labor, ...; The middle class (shopkeepers, craftsmen, manufacturers, ...); The rich and the poor. D. The Industrialization and the world The uneven development of industrialization; The disparity between the industrial and the non-industrial worlds.

The invention of the steam engine

The invention of the steam engine was very important to the development of the so-called Industrial Revolution. A. James Watt and the steam engine Born to a merchant family, Scotland; Improved Newcome engine, patented his new invention in 1765. B. The importance of the steam engine Almost no limit of available energy [since coal seemed no limit]; It allowing flexibility of the location of factories [it could be used where animal, wind, and water power were lacking]; It provided a constant source of power that permitted factories to run for longer periods of time.

Josephine Baker

The most famous and wealthiest black woman in the world, Jose- phine Baker made her way from the slums of St. Louis to stardom in Harlem, and then in France, where she made Paris her permanent home. In the 1920s, the erotic cabaret star challenged conventional limits on women's public roles and thus joined Emma Goldman in redefining women's possibilities for the twentieth century (though from the standpoint of personal style, no two women could possibly have been more different).

Context and connections 26

The most prominent anarchist in the United States was Emma Goldman (Chapter 27), an immigrant from Russia who was radicalized by the "Haymarket martyrs" and fought for workers' freedom from both governmental and corporate oppression

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The overall pattern of the late-nineteenth-century inter- national economy was volatile, with periods of exuberant growth followed by deep downturns. Marxists at the time argued that this boom-and-bust cycle would inevi- tably bring capitalism crashing down (see Chapter 23). Contemporaries referred to the slump of the early 1890s as the "Great Depression," a title usurped by an even more devastating global economic collapse in 1929 (see Chapter 28).

context and connections 18

The relatively low status of soldiers in imperial China stood in contrast to the social norms of both Japan and western Europe. The Middle Kingdom had no equivalent to the valiant knights of European lore or the steadfast samurai who had long been the bedrock of Japanese society. Indeed, in the sixteenth century, Matteo Ricci (Chapter 16) had applauded the Ming Chinese who, in contrast to rulers on his own violent continent, emphasized culture and learning over military affairs.

The results of new imperialism

The results of the New Imperialism An explosion of territorial conquests; Few imperial powers controlled the large area of the globe; Completely changed the society, culture, economy, and environment of the world.

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The rubber industry of the late nineteenth century was notorious for labor exploitation and abuses. The most infamous case occurred in the Congo Free State, the Central African domain of King Leopold II of Belgium (Chapter 26), where the violence and avarice of European rubber companies left as many as 10 million Africans dead. In the Amazon as well, rubber barons and their agents expropriated Amerindian lands and subjected Amerindian workers to slave- like servitude.

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The sharp decrease in international trade during World War I brought to an end the stunning growth of the world economy that had begun in the mid-nineteenth century. With the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War still ahead (see Chapters 28, 29, and 30), it was not until the 1990s that the momentum of international trade fully recovered, bringing a new round of economic "globalization"

The Silver Mine at Potosi

The silver mines of Spanish America, of which Potosí was the greatest, enriched the Spanish treasury and facilitated the expansion of global trade. As this engraving from 1590 shows, however, it was the heavy toil of Amerindian workers on Potosí's mountain of silver that made it all possible. Spanish mine operators used the mercury amalgamation process to increase the yield of silver from ore, resulting in the frequently lethal mercury poisoning of workers such as those seen here.

Casta system

The system of racial categorization in the Spanish Americas. Dozens of different "casta" terms were developed for various mixtures of European, African, and Amerindian descent. Though a flexible system that allowed movement "up" or "down" the racial hierarchy, markers of Spanish descent always carried the highest status

The bloody stalemate

The war in fact turned out to be a bloody stalemate (esp. in the Western Front) lasted for four years. A. Battle Fronts The Western Front, the Eastern Front, the Alpine Front. B. The Western Front Hundreds and thousands of soldiers (from both sides together) were on the Western Front (which contained over 6,000 miles of trenches); Neither side could move significantly; Some battles ended with deaths up to half a million or more. C. New tactics and new weapons Trench; Machine gun; barbed wire; chemical weapons (e.g., mustard gas); Tank, fight-bomber, U-boat (submarine) ...

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The war with Japan was unpopular in Russia, and defeat added to mounting tensions in the capital of St. Petersburg. After suppressing a rebellion in 1905, Tsar Nicholas II finally approved limited reforms. However, as in Qing China after the Boxer Rebellion, they were too little and too late. The Romanov dynasty collapsed in the wake of the First World War to be replaced by the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin (Chapter 27).

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The worst of times in China have often come during a period of chaos and uncertainty between the fall of one dynasty and the consolidation of power by another. That pattern would be repeated in the first half of the twentieth century. After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, decades of civil war followed. A semblance of stability returned only after the second World War, with the end of Japanese occupation and the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 under Mao Zedong (see Chapters 28 and 29).

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Though China's rate of industrial growth has been unprec- edented, the resulting contribution to global manufacturing can be viewed as a return to the historic norm. After all, Qing dynasty China (Chapter 20) had accounted for a full 33.1 percent of all the world's manufacturing production in 1750 (see Table 23.1, page 685). That figure had fallen to just 6.3 percent in 1900. Now the People's Repub- lic of China accounts for an estimated 22 percent of the world's industrial output.

Context and connections 9

Throughout the Americas, one common feature was the continuing effects of the Columbian exchange (Chapter 15). First introduced by the Spanish, horses and cattle flourished on wide-open American grasslands. other domesticated imports, especially sheep and pigs, added to livestock supplies. European grains like wheat and barley were planted along with American crops like maize, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes, creating a richer and more varied diet than was common in Europe.

a total war

Total war: the world under fire A. War in Europe Sept. 1, 1939: German forces invaded Poland; UK and France declared war on Germany 1940: Germany conquered Europe June 22, 1941: German forces invaded USSR B. War in North Africa 1935-36: Italy conquered Ethiopia; Italy and Germany vs. UK and USA; 1943: Axis forces were expelled from North Africa. C. War in Asia July 7, 1937: Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing—the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War Chinese resistance and Japanese THREE ALL WAR (kill all, loot all, burn all) Japan's conquest of French Indochina D. War in the Pacific Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese planes attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor—A "Day of Infamy" US declared war on Japan

Dowry system

Traditional Indian mar- riage system in which a bride brings substantial gifts to the household of her new husband. Though illegal, it has expanded as the coun- try's wealth has grown, leading to chronic indebt- edness and the frequent murder of young brides.

Transportation and communications

Transportation and communications: A. The steamboats Robert Fulton, first successful commercial steamboat, 1807. B. Trains and railroads George Stephenson built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1815; Britain had over 6000 miles of railways by 1850. C. The electric telegraph The invention of the electric telegraph, 1837; First long-distance telegraph cable laid between Britain and America in 1866.

context and connections 15

While Karl Marx disparaged peasants, comparing them to a "sack of potatoes," Mikhail Bakunin idolized them. He believed that with their tradi- tions of community decision making, peasants could form the foundation of a liber- ated Russia. In the end, it was the communist dictator Joseph Stalin who settled the issue, brutally resettling millions of rural Russians and ukrainians on state-run farms during the collectivization of the 1930s (Chapter 28)

why the new imperialism

Why the "New" imperialism? A. Traditional or old imperialism Grab land by force. B. New Imperialism Grab land by force with unprecedented speed and amount [via new technologies]; Indirectly control other lands by the use of economic and technological means [via trade, investment, and other business activities]; Reorganized dependent regions and bring them into the world economy.

The Cold War ABC

Why the "cold" war—because it did not actually lead to real direct fighting, or "hot" war, between two sides, on a wide scale Period—from 1945 (the end of WWII) to 1991 (the breakup of the Soviet Union) Who against who—Western bloc vs. Eastern bloc [or NATO vs. Warsaw Pact] Why cold war—ideological difference and national interests conflict

French Women and Total War

With so many men away at the front, French women often took over management of family farms. Heightened authority came with a steep price, how- ever. Here French women in the Somme region are pulling a plow, their horses and oxen having been either killed in the crossfire or requisitioned by one of the competing armies.

World after wwii

World after WWII • The beginning of the Cold War • Different attitudes toward WWII • Rethinking WWII?

World after teh Great War

World after the great war: The old empires fell apart; The division of the Middle East; The decline of European dominance of the world; The emergence of new empire (US); The birth of the first socialist country (USSR).

Context and Connections 5

World historians have written about religious syncretism in a wide variety of global contexts, such as the Africanization of Islam and the cultural adaptation of Buddhism in China. The history of Christianity has repeatedly demon- strated how converts to the faith have blended new beliefs with older ones. Indeed, a thousand years before the appearance of the Virgin of Guadalupe, northern European converts to Christianity had adapted many of their pagan rituals to the new faith, as when German converts continued the old custom of bringing evergreen boughs into their homes to mark the winter solstice: today's "Christmas trees" are a legacy of that Germanic Christian syncretism

Red Gaurd

Young people who rallied to the cause of Maoism during the Great Prole- tarian Cultural Revolu- tion. As their enthusiasm got out of control, the Red Guards spread anar- chy across the People's Republic of China.

Zheng He the man

Zheng He the man A Chinese Muslim; Captured by the Ming army when young and served as a eunuch; Rose to a general in the Ming court.