world history final SG2015

kristallnacht

"night of the broken glass"; November 9-10; a "spontaneous, uncoordinated" attack and destruction of Jewish synagogues, businesses and homes; suffered millions of $ loss in property damages-- rather than allowing the property owners to collect insurances, the Jews were fined

end of war in the PACIFIC

-14 August 45: Japan surrenders -2 September 45: representatives of Hirohito sign surrender terms aboard the USS Missouri-- V-J Day surrender terms -Lands taken by Japan after 1875 were lost to them (including Korea) -Hirohito became a constitutional monarch (refused democracy but could no longer be absolute) -Tokyo Trials: equivalent of Nuremberg Trials; trials of war crimes; 28 tried and 7 executed

how did the war in EUROPE end

-Allied victories in North Africa at the start of the war (specifically the defeat of Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps) -Invasion of Sicily, then Italy itself (late 1943-44) -Operation Overlord AKA D-Day: 6 June 1944; largest invasion force massed in history; invasion of the Western Front on the beaches of Normandy, France -Battle of the Bulge: last ditch effort offensive by Hitler in December of 1944 -Early 1945: Mussolini and mistress killed while trying to escape Italy dressed as Nazi officers (end of Axis Power #1) -Hitler committed suicide in late April 1945 (end of Axis Power #2) -Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) -- 5 May 1945; Germany surrendered

potsdam confe`rence

-Big 3 met in July 1945 (Clement Atlee for UK, Harry Truman for USA, and Josef Stalin for USSR) -USSR would declare war on Japan and invade Manchuria ASAP (bordered them) -Korean Peninsula would be occupied by the USSR north of the 38th parallel and the US south of 38th parallel (US goes up, USSR goes down, squeeze them out → formation of idea of N Korea) -Japan would be occupied only by the US (not divided like Germany)

asia 1920s-30s CHINA

-China Immediate WWI Impact: Never got the land promised in the Treaty of Versailles -China Economy: Period of instability, Rural economy fell -China Military Development: Developed offensive technology, Gained military occupation from Japan, Divided by civil war -China International Relationships: Rejected the treaty of Versailles, Japan invaded in 1931

united nations(UN)

-Creation of the UN— US and USSR set aside their differences and formed the UN with 45 other nations (charter members) -General Assembly— all members of the UN -Security Council— makes the critical decisions; 15 nations and 10 temporary (cycle rotation of 5 every year); decision examples include imposing economic sanctions, deploying UN troops

europe 1920s-30s FRANCE

-France Economy: Economic devastation, but more balanced than other countries, New deal (government programs) based off of the US, Gave way to the political effects -France Immediate WWI Impact: Treaty was favorable to them, Got a little bit of land from Germany, In debt to the United States -France International Relationships: Became the strongest power on the European continent, Treaty of Locarno sets the border with Germany, Hostile to Germany -France Military Development: Maginot Line defended the border between Germany and France

europe 1920s-30s GERMANY

-Germany Economy: Inflation, 269 billion marks to France and Britain, Changed after Hitler took over -Germany Immediate WWI Impact: Lost land and colonies, Lost money, Had to take responsibility for the war -Germany International Relationships: No ties to any other countries because of the responsibility they took, Hitler made new alliances -Germany Military Development: Military had been limited by the Treaty of Versailles, Grew massively when Hitler took over

europe 1920s-30s GREAT BRITAIN

-Great Britain Economy: Spent 15-25% of their money on the war, War debt to US and Russia, Lost trade with other countries -Great Britain Immediate WWI Impact: Gained more territory, especially in the Middle East, Weakened due to the loss of life and financial damage, Difficulty in controlling overseas empires -Great Britain International Relationships: Colonies began to demand independence (India), Still have an empire, but it's getting weaker, Also joined the League of Nations -Great Britain Military Development: Continued to have the most powerful navy in the world

europe 1920s-30s ITALY

-Italy Economy: Had a lot of inflation, High unemployment rate, Lot of labor strife -Italy Immediate WWI Impact: Rewarded small tracts of Austrian territories -Italy International Relationships: Conquered Ethiopia, Withdrew from the League of Nations -.Italy Military Development: Mussolini focused most of his power against antisocial ism, Increased the military

asia 1920s-30s JAPAN

-Japan Economy: Unstable, Gave way to Japanese militarism -Japan Immediate WWI Impact: Gained a seat in the League of Nations, Received nations -Japan International Relationships: 1931: invaded china -Japan Military Development: Begin building up their military strength

battle of leyte gulf

-Japan now on defensive -October 1944 -wars starting to "dwindle down" -Japanese navy effectively taken out of war and builds up defense

command economy

-Soviet Union form of economy; part of socialism -govt decides: what is produced, what resources are distributed to the people, and how much is made -govt controls economy

atomic bonb

-Truman ordered the use of new weapon-- the atomic bomb -He didn't know about it until April 1945 (Manhattan Project) -6 August 45: first bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on HIroshima by a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay was bigger, first, and had more casualties -8 August 45: Soviet Union declared war on Japan -9 August 45: 2nd bomb, Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki by B-29 bomber, Bock's Car

USA 1920s-30s

-USA Immediate WWI Impact: Became a world power, Creditor nation -USA Economy: In the 20s, there was an economic boom, Followed by a depression in the 30s -USA Military Development: Military was scaled back extensively, Behind Belgium when WWII started -USA International Relationships: Isolated themselves from other nations (isolationism)

USSR 1920s-30s

-USSR Immediate WWI Impact: Bolshevik revolution, Lost a bunch of land -USSR Economy: Industrial collapse caused by drought and famine, Stalin had five year plans -USSR Military Development: Industry helped build the military, Purges: Stalin killed anybody who was a threat to him (basically the military leaders), Military wasn't good because they didn't have quality leaders -USSR International Relationships: Basically alienated from everybody because they were communist, Their communism influenced many other countries

russification

-USSR had 11 republics (SSRs), and Russia = largest -Stalin's policy was to "russify" these republics -"artificial" culture -- Russian society -forced Russian language, appointed Russians at high posts in the republics -national culture -does so at the expense of the people

ww2 effect on the US at home

-Urgent need for war products created jobs -modernized industry -governmental powers expanded (ALWAYS happens in wars)

why was japan invasion idea rejected

-closer the US got to Japan, the higher the casualty rates -Iwo Jima and Okinawa battles were the last and bloodiest battles in the Pacific, and were very close to Japan -the Japanese were extremely fanatical and bloody (when they lost, most would commit suicide bc they didn't want to be captured-- even citizens were instructed to do so) -the estimated thought at the time was that if US did invade, US casualties would border 1 million and Japanese would be 10 million

holocaust

-dehumanizing Jews in Germany -systematic -"perfected" by Hitler to make them a scapegoat for genocide -also used eugenics movement in US to justify it -Jews were put in ghettos -Jews rounded up all over Europe in concentration camps (labor camps would eventually turn into extermination camps) -Undesirables rounded up: homosexuals, Jews, Jehovah's Witnesses, physically and mentally disabled/ill -Roma people ("gypsies") were persecuted (~80% killed by Hitler's order) 1939-1945: 6 million Jews killed + 6 million OTHERS (other undesirables) -Holocaust: means "total destruction by fire"; ⅔ of Europe's Jewish population was exterminated (mostly by gas chambers at the death camps); 6 million others also perished

factors that led to conflict from the 1970s-90s

-domination of elites, poverty, and lack of education -U.S. aid to "Non Communist" countries -Guatemala- longest civil war, repressive military governments and rebel groups tried to overthrow, gov used death squads, 2,000 citizens killed, 1.5mil displaced -Nicaragua- dominated by Somoza family (U.S. supported), after earthquake rebellions against the gov broke out, the Sandinistas-Communist revolutionaries, favored by the population, Contras- anti communist revolutionaries supported by U.S. gave aid to them by selling weapons to Iran. -El Salvador- unequal distribution of wealth, led to civil war after archbishop Romero was killed, wealthy landlords hired death squads against the revolutionaries -Panama- U.S. invades to stop Manuel Noriega's drug trade, arrested him, Noriega now in prison in France

post war goals of UNITED STATES

-encourage democracy in other countries while preventing the rise of communism -gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel booming US industry in post-war era -rebuild European govts and economies to foster political alliances and trading relationships -reunite and stabilize Germany quickly to increase security with a counterbalance to growing Soviet power in the East

japanese internment

-forced evacuation; relocation of Japanese Arms to camps in remote areas across the country -done very quickly in 1942 by executive order of FDR Japanese "threat" most interned were 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation schools, jobs, etc were behind the wire -put in military style barracks -protected by barbed wire and armed guards -most were forced to sell everything-- land, stores, items, clothes, etc but didn't get much money for it -allowed to return home in 1945 -Supreme Court case in 1988: "gross civil rights violations"

SW pacific under douglas MACARTHUR

-free major island groups in SW Pacific -cut Japan off from its empire (take islands) -lead the final offensive against Japan

1943-44 change from defensive to offensive in pacific for the USA

-island hopping: leap frogging from island to island, liberating them -seal islands off with naval and airpower -build military bases in spots closer to Japan -end goal: INVADE JAPAN

central pacific under NIMITZ

-liberate smaller island groups in the Central Pacific -disrupt Japanese supply lines

rationing

-rationing: distributing goods in a fixed amount using coupons -- assigned point values to scarce items -government encouraged victory gardens, saving of greases and fats to turn into butcher to turn into explosives, et cetera -couldn't buy things without coupons (if sold without them, it was breaking of the law)

post war goals of USSR

-spread communism throughout Eastern Europe -create a protective buffer between the USSR and Germany

why the soviets feared germany

-sustained heavy casualties and significant property damage from their forces between WWI and WWII alone -Soviet casualties in WWI and WW II— 40 million (US = ~50,000; didn't go on US soil) occupying armies in Europe—Allied armies in Berlin and the rest of Germany that freed its people; included the USSR, UK, French, and USA -Stalin's promise to Churchill/Roosevelt—free elections in Eastern Europe (never occurred) -encourage communism in other countries as part of a world wide market revolution -rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe's industrial equipment and raw materials -control Eastern Europe, creating a buffer to protect Soviet borders and balance US influence in the west -keep Germany weak and divided to prevent its waging war again

before US entry in the war

-wanted to stay neutral (US) -cash and carry policy: U-boat warfare attacked merchants, so to avoid it "if you wanted weapons, pay cash (don't want to lose money, no relationship or debt or sides taken) and you have to come and get them" -Destroyers-Bases deal: 50 outdated destroyers sent to England in exchange for 99 year leases for military bases -Britain was running out of naval forces bc so many were sunk and they needed forces, so Churchill said that "we have land, you have ships" to FDR Bahamas, etc. we get something, you get something, no IOU included

home front

-women worked in factories (i.e.- Rosie the Riveter) -women also served in auxiliary forces of the military (WACs, WASPs, WAVEs, etc)

miracle at dunkirk

1940; Germans had forced the French army so far back that they were literally next to the English Channel; civilians took soldiers across the English Channel

saddam hussein

5th president (dictator) invaded Iran to expand oil reserves & make Iraq the dominant power Iran-Iraq War- 8 years ('80-'85)

dwight eisenhower

A U.S. Army general who held the position of supreme Allied commander in Europe, among many others. Eisenhower was perhaps best known for his work in planning Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe. After the war, he was a very popular figure in the United States and was elected to two terms as U.S. president, taking office in 1953.

israel/balfour declaration

A british declaration stating the need for a zionist(jewish) state in Palestine November 2 1917

axis powers and their goals ITALY

Colonize and gain land in Northern Africa Control Northern Africa and the Mediterranean Promote Italian Power

creation of israel and neighboring countries' responses

Created by separating the British mandate of palestine and neighbors' response was anti-israel because of ethnic ties to palestinians.

latin america in the cold war

During the Cold War, America got involved when the U.S.S.R. started to supply Cuba with nuclear missiles. Cuba also started to take in Communism which America was trying to stop. America also created programs to give aid and push third world countries to democracy. The relations have remained the same up until recently when America decided to start to lift the embargo.

issues in latin america

Earthquakes, Dicator takeovers, economic failures, drug issues, and Civil Wars.

campesino

Farmers who moved to cities because of land shortages. They moved in search of a better life

maginot line

French fortifications on border with Germany left 50 miles unguarded

axis powers and their goals GERMANY

Genocide (of Jews and many more) Create superior, dominating Aryan race Dominate Europe Germany gets Europe Japan gets Asia Italy gets Africa Revenge (for Treaty of Versailles) Third Reich → empire that would last a thousand years, theoretically

josef GOEBBLES

German minister of propaganda

vichy

German puppet regime in southern France where French citizens were at the head but run by Germans; fiercely Communist

treaty of versailles and its effects

Germany had full responsibility. Germany had to pay a LOT of money. Weakened Germany in hope that another World War would not happen. France got part of its territory back (Alsace-Lorraine, did not get the Rhineland back--it became a buffer state between Germany and France)

allied powers

Great britain, USSR, france, USA

propoganda

Guns, tanks, and bombs were the principal weapons of World War II, but there were other, more subtle forms of warfare as well. Words, posters, and films waged a constant battle for the hearts and minds of the American citizenry just as surely as military weapons engaged the enemy. Persuading the American public became a wartime industry, almost as important as the manufacturing of bullets and planes. The Government launched an aggressive propaganda campaign with clearly articulated goals and strategies to galvanize public support, and it recruited some of the nation's foremost intellectuals, artists, and filmmakers to wage the war on that front.

final solution

Hitler's plan to exterminate the Jews, gypsies, and other "undesirables"

axis powers and their goals JAPAN

Honorary Aryans in the eyes of Germany bc they were valiant, fierce fighters (Samurai Code) so the Japanese were superior in the Mongolia region (but inferior to Aryans still) Japan would fight the USA on the ATO Emperor Hirohito was the face; General Tojo was the power Dominate the Pacific and Southeast Asia Gain land, markets, and raw materials World power

suez canal crisis

In 1951 when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and fully compensated Britain and France for their efforts on it. Britain and France receive high tariffs on anyone going through the Suez Canal including Egyptians. When Nasser nationalized it France and Britain threatened to attack Egypt, the US condemned this.

von schlieffen plan; weapons and strategies

It was Germany's plan for war. They were going to take over other countries, go through Belgium, and take over France. They used convoys, U Boats, poison gas, zeppelins. Trench Warfare.

kamikaze

Japan began to use the tactic of kamikaze pilots as a shocker (terrifying to sailers) started in 1944 NOT the whole war "divine wind" unheard of at that time suicide pilots bombs in the plane would explode when crashed into target (didn't always hit mark but did cause damage when it did)

us entry to war- lusitania/zimmerman note

Lusitania was passenger boat sunk by unrestricted submarine warfare. Zimmermann note tried to convince Mexico to join Central Powers. Told them that when the war was won, Mexico could take back the land they once held in the USA.

causes for ww1

MAIN; militarism, alliance system, imperialism, nationalism + Franz Ferdinand assassination

battle of midway

Midway Island Battle of Midway Island took place June 1942; Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers

partition

Muslims in north part of India wanted to separate from the mainly Hindu India -2 different sides- unified India with Muslims & Hindus - separate Hindu Indian & Muslim Pakistan -Nehru (mentored by Gandhi) didn't want to separate- -India split into - Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan-caused a flood of refugees

nazi-soviet pact

Nazi-Soviet pact: agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe; broken by Hitler bc: -Lot of land available -Believed that the Russians needed to be the slaves of Germany -More Jews in Russia than anywhere else in the world -Soviet Union was a communist country

bolshevik revolution- romanovs/rasputin

Nicholas II went to war and wife Alexandra was left in charge. Rasputin was her holy man/advisor. Rasputin weakened the government and was killed by nobles. Tsar Nicholas II stepped down when shortages became too great. Lenin lead the communist revolution/Bolsheviks and overthrew the provisional government. Returned from exile and led the Red Guards. Reds fought the Whites. Stalin took over.

persian gulf war

Persian Gulf War- Hussein ordered invasion of Kuwait - he believed they were pumping Iraqi oil and were trying to slow down their economic recovery US immediately sent troops in case Iraq entered Saudi Arabia-which supplied ½ of the world's oil Bush allowed Hussein to stay in power because it is better than an Islamic gov like Iran American troops in Persian Gulf increased tensions- don't share same beliefs or culture-"foreigners don't belong"-Osama bin Laden

appeasement of Hitler

Rhineland (between Fr and Ger) "we need this... they speak German"; 1936 Anschluss (Austria) 1938 Sudetenland (left part of Czechoslovakia-- speak German, only part of it); 1938 Hitler says he won't invade in the Munich Pact (Czech aren't consulted) meeting with Neville Chamberlain and others takes all of Czechoslovakia 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

goals for both sides of ww1

Russia wanted to protect land. France feared Germany and wanted their land back. Britain didn't want Germany to gain too much power. Other Allies were just helping their allies. Austria wanted to protect land. Turks hate Russia. Germany supported Austria Hungary.

allied powers and their goals GREAT BRITAIN

SURVIVE (Hitler wanted England-- nightly bombings) Free and democratic post war world (without fascists) Self-determination for all nations (govern themselves-- East Eur)

afghanistan/mujahideen

Soviet Union had a meaningless war with afghanistan to make them communist but Afghanistan fought them in a war with the afghan mujahideen guerilla war soldiers.

allied powers and their goals USSR

Survive as a country Gain "buffer" territory and set up Communist governments → spread Communism

russias withdrawl from ww1

Treaty with Germany, gave Germany a large portion of its land and population. Did this so that they could focus on the war at home.

battles in the pacific

Turning Point was in May 1942 after the FIRST defeat of Japan at the Battle of Coral Sea; end of threat to Australia

lend-lease act

US "lent" money and materials to Allies NO PAYMENT NECESSARY (pay us LATER) ex: if your neighbour's house is on fire, who is at risk? YOU. England is on FIRE-- you have to help by lending your garden hose and expect payment later excuse: if we don't help, we'll be attacked next

island-hopping

United States targeted specific islands to capture from Japan; Goal of island hopping was to get close to Japan so they could bomb Japan, Japanese would not surrender

effects of ww1

War touched all of Europe, nobody wanted another war. Leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, etc. gain power. USA is rich/powerful. Fourteen Points (resolve wars).

peace conditions in EUROPE

Yalta Conference-- prior to war's end; Allied agreed to divide Germany and its capital city into 4 sections between US, Fr, Br, and USSR Germany loses annexed territory Agreed to hold war crime trials for leading Nazis-- Nuremberg Trials (for anyone that still LIVED)

facism

a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism; initially in WWII Italy and then in Hitler's Germany

manhattan project

a research and development project led by the US that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II

india

about 1 million Indian soldiers had fought for British during WW1 -British refused to change their policies after WW1 - movement for independence began in 1919- Amritsar Massacre-protest-about 400 died, 1000 wounded -Mohandas Gandhi- leader, non-violent protests (ahimsa), boycotts, Hindu -gained independence in 1947

radar

acted as early warning systems

adolf hitler

austrian born german dictator, lead Nazi fascist movement and took power in 1933, started holocaust, killed jews, wanted a dominate aryan race in europe + eventually the world Adolf Hitler; "Der Fuhrer"; Austrian by birth; wanted to be an artist; volunteered for WWI; put in prison; wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) saying that the Germans didn't lose the war, the Jews and Communists did; Aryan race was superior (justified Aryan race ideology and sterilization bc of eugenics movement in USA); Nazi party = Nationalist Workers' party; Hitler became chancellor of Germany; created a totalitarian state known as the Third Reich (3rd Empire)

sandinistas

communist leaders of the revolution in Nicaragua, favored by most of the population but the USA did not support them

cartels

controlled drug assembly gangs with the responsibility of the illegal trans-shipment or narcotics

allied powers and their goals FRANCE

demolished in WWII SURVIVE regain land lost by German aggression (ie Rhineland) only part of France was free Vichy France: bought into Nazi ideology; persecuted Jews; followed Hitler

nuremburg laws

deprived rights of citizenship to Jewish people; anti-semitic laws in Nazi Germany; Nazism became an official ideology incorporating anti-semitism as a form of scientific racism.; The Nuremberg Laws classified people with four German grandparents as "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood". The Nuremberg Laws classified people with "German or related blood" as "racially acceptable".These laws deprived Jews and other non-Aryans of German citizenship and prohibited racially mixed sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews. On 26 November 1935, the laws were extended to "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring"

bataan death march

during WWII, the forced march of Filipino and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military

pearl harbor

early Sunday morning of 7 December 1941 surprise attack by the Japanese on US naval base in Hawaii Destroyed much of the US Pacific fleet EXCEPT for aircraft carriers that were on maneuvers Boats were simply lined up to be sunk Killed ~2400 US troops and some civilians Worst attack on US soil until 9/11 US declared war on Japan the next day Germany and Italy declared war on the US on 11 December 1941

appeasement

giving into a dictator's demands in order to prevent conflict

nuremburg

hosted the Nuremberg trials; during the war, was a German city that was the "heartland" of Nazi culture

cold war

ideological struggle between the democracies led by the SUA and the communist bloc led by the USSR; conclusion of WWII - collapse of USSR; shooting by proxy occurred in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan although no shooting occurred by either leading parties against the other

potsdam conference

in Germany; Truman, Stalin, and Churchill meeting to finalize German borders and the division of Vietnam along the 39th parallel; Stalin pressured again to conduct eastern European elections, but refused because he saw the US as a war→ inevitable)

how was ww1 different from other wars?

included civilians, entire countries were mobilized, modern super powerful cool awesome weapons, industrialization, fought on 4 continents

benito mussolini

italian dictator during ww2, hitler's ally Benito Mussolini; "Il Duce"; the leader; came from a working class family in Italy; journalist; formed the Fascist party (fascism: one nation, one ruler)-- political philosophy which glorifies the state; one ruler = nationalists; state had absolute authority; his followers = Blackshirts

erwin rommel

known as the Desert Fox, was a German field marshal of World War II. He earned the respect of both his own troops and his enemies; operated the Afrika Korps in Northern Africa

josef stalin

leader of the soviet union during ww2, ally of the US Josef Stalin; used secret police; accused people of disloyalty; brought all major industries and agriculture under government control; caused people to sacrifice with fewer and inferior consumer goods and lower wages; still serious shortages of food-- millions died; lack of food Purge got rid of political opponents and critics of Stalin; very repressive state in USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic); claimed Communists, economically socialists, politically dictatorship

blitzkreig

lightning warfare used by Germans as strategy (a lot of the time the Luftwaffe) first bomb by air, then send in the panzer divisions (tanks used for invasion of Poland-- went quickly (8-9 weeks for ALL of it)

three pronged offensive

mainland Pacific under Admiral Stilwell -keep Chinese Nationalists and Communists united v Japan -keep supply line open between the Allies and China

manuel noreiga

militaristic panamanian dictator

tanks(panzers)

mobile and hard to defeat, but slow moving

nonalignment

post WW2-new countries assembled to condemn the Cold War expansion of US & USSR, did not side with either country

allied powers and their goals UNITED STATES

preserve and protect human freedoms free and democratic postwar world defend the US US didn't worry about invading at all, just to protect allies; felt threatened but no actual war at home

scorched-earth policy

soviet stratagey, burned the earth as they retreated so invading forces had no resources

francisco franco

spanish dictator during ww2 Francisco Franco; with the help of Hitler and Mussolini he overthrew the Spanish govt that had been established after the civil war in the 1930s when the king was defeated; France = military general -- nationalist; over .5 million Spaniards killed in Franco's quest to take over Spain; DIDN'T ally with Hitler and Mussolini

naval warfare

submarines aircraft carriers machine guns convoy system continued (U-boats were in Atlantic; merchant ships surrounded by destroyers for protection)

PLO (palestine liberation organization)

terrorists to Israelis & the world known as the Freedom Fighters or heroes to Palestinians 3rd leader- Yasir Arafat- 1st Palestinian President, opposes Israel's existence

anschluss

the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938

elite

the wealthy minority population

atom bomb

used at very very end of ww2(1945), hiroshima and nagasaki

kashmir

valley fought over 47-48, 65 (really still going on), very violent -disputed over by India, China & Pakistan -Simla Agreement "Line of Control"

bomber planes

very destructive, fire bombed used by everyone perfected in WWII for unpredicted bombings massive tons of bombs