World History: French Revolution
France's population had changed considerably since 1614. The non-aristocratic members of the Third Estate now represented ____________ percent of the people
98%
Declaration of Independence
American declared its Independence from England. July 4, 1776
legitimacy
An agreement between the representatives. Stated that as many possible of the rulers who Napoleon had driven from their thrones be restored to power.
What is the Estates General?
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
What countries were part of the quadruple alliance?
Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia
How was Louis XVI killed?
By guillotine.
What was a part of the Intolerable Acts?
Colonists accused of a crime would now have their trials in England instead of the colonies, Colonists had to house and feed British troops, and the Boston Harbor was closed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party
What happened after the First Continental Congress?
Colonists began arming themselves for a Revolution
What document did the National Assembly adopt on August 4th, 1789?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The National Assembly abolished feudalism in France on August 4th, 1789. Why would the National Assembly do this?
Feudalism represented the old regime and the National Assembly wanted a more equal society.
What was the new old map?
France: Restored to 1792 boundaries, no war reparations, bourbons are restored. Russia: gained polish territory. Also, the German confederation is created. It was an association of German states who replaced the Holy Roman Empire. They wanted to make 39 different states
Sans-culottes
In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of wage earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a voice in government.
Angered by the Boston Tea Party, what Act did the King pass?
Intolerable Acts
Military Feats by Napoleon
Invades & attempt to colonize Egypt Conquers Austria, Prussia, Portugal, & Spain Attempts to unify Europe under French rule Uses the Continental System to weaken England in war
Downfall of Napoleon
Invasion of Russia in 1812 is a disaster Coalition of European powers defeats him Exiled to island of Elba Escapes for 100 Days Defeated again at Waterloo Exiled in prison on remote island of St. Helena
What makes the French Revolution significant to our lives today?
It led to the growth of the ideas of fraternity and brotherhood which would be fundamental to our understanding of democracy in the western world.
What is so important about the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
It was France's first written constitution that echoed the more moderate voices in the Assembly. It helped established a constitutional monarchy in which the king enjoyed royal veto power and the ability to appoint ministers.
What was unique about the First Continental Congress?
It was the first time representatives from each of the colonies met together
In June 1793, the __________seized control of the National Convention
Jacobins
In June 1793, the ________________ seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate _______________ and instituted a series of radical measures, including the establishment of a new calendar and the eradication of Christianity.
Jacobins, Girondins
What happened after napoleon's surrenders?
Leaders met in Vienna, Austria to re-establish order. This is called the congress of Vienna. They wanted to undo the french revolution as much as possible.
What were the first battles of the Revolution?
Lexington and Concord
Estates General Meeting
Louis XVI called meeting to solve financial crisis (tax), calls on reps from all 3 estates--national assembly results
How did Louis XVI respond to the attack on the Bastille? What does this show about the King in terms of his leadership of the crisis?
Louis XVI didn't seem worried or interested in the attack on the Bastille. This shows his inability to solve the crisis and the see the plight of the peasants.
What was the Concert of Europe?
Made by Metternich. The great powers would informally work together to maintain existing national boundaries and prevent revolutions
Who represented the Third Estate at the Estates-General?
Maximilien de Robespierre
Estates General meets (May 5, 1789)
May 5, 1789. Estates-General meets in Versailles to draft new tax policy: King Louis XVI brought groups of French people from three different classes (nobles, clergy and commoners) and formed the Estates-General.
Bastille
Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.
What inspired the Third Estate's ideas of reform for government?
Members of the Third Estate were inspired by the success of the American Revolution
Who was known as the Coachman of Europe?
Metternich
Who is Napoleon?
Military genius Stages a coup d'état in 1799 Names himself First Consul A plebiscite (vote by the people) approved his role
Who rose to power at the end of French Revolution and overthrew the new French government? (Now called the "Directory")
Napoleon Bonaparte
What regions or parts of Napoleon's French Empire did France lose as a result of the Congress of Vienna?
Napoleon lost The Austrian Empire, Upper Europe, and parts of Italy as a result of the Congress of Vienna.
Napoleon Crowned Emperor (December 2, 1804)
Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French on Sunday, December 2, 1804, at Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris.
Hundred Days
Napoleon's last bid for power after his exile
Political Changes by Napoleon
Napoleonic Code - He simplifies laws for France Eliminates the Estate System Allows freedom of religion Crowns himself emperor of France in 1804
National Assembly Created (June 17-July 9, 1789)
National Assembly, which existed from 17 June 1789 to 30 September 1791, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate
The National Assembly was replaced by the ____________________________.
National Convention
Did the quadruple alliance want to punish France?
No, they did not want to punish France but wanted to make sure they could not threaten the balance of power.
Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789)
On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath in the tennis court which had been built in 1686 for the use of the Versailles palace.
Storming of the Bastille
Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the spark of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic
The Revolution
People turn against Robespierre's Reign of Terror The Directory becomes the new government People lose confidence in government
Who was a prominent figure at the congress of Vienna
Prince Klemens von Metternich. He was the Austrian foreign minister
Brunswick Manifesto (1792)
Prussian Duke said that if the French royal family was harmed, Paris would be leveled- this branded the French royal family as traitors and caused the 2nd French Revolution
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
Why do you think there were rumors that the king was going to attack the citizens of Paris?
Rumors spread that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. Peasants destroyed and burned nobles houses and attacked Versailles and demanded the king and queen move back to Paris.
During this time period, what was conservatism?
Stability within states and stability between states
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
In some cases, who represented France during the congress of vienna?
Talleyrand
Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805)
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars.
Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815)
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time.
Which side won the French and Indian War?
The British and the colonists
What was one major effect of the French and Indian War?
The British owed a lot of money, because of the war.
Louis XVI executed (January 21, 1793)
The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place publicly on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king of high treason; while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained.
Explain Latin American Independence
The ideas and examples of the American and French Revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations. Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies. Toussaint L'Ouverture leads a successful revolution in Haiti. Simon Bolivar leads successful revolutions in South America
What led to the explosive anger among the representatives of the Third Estate?
The inequality in distribution of powers and rights between the estates was the main cause.
National Assembly
The legislative body in France that was created to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people.
Why is the Third Estate important to French society?
The meeting of the Third Estate was significant because it signalled a change in French society away from the rule of the King. The Monarchy had begun to lose its authority over the people.
What did the Third Estate create after it decided to leave the Estates General?
The new government called the National Assembly that would be headed by the Third Estate.
Why was the French Government bankrupt in 1789?
The nobility refused to pay more taxes, and the peasants simply couldn't
How did the poor harvest effect ordinary people of France?
The ordinary people had no food to eat. Also, the poor harvests meant that many French farmers became unemployed. Many poorer people were starving, but could not afford food and could not find a job.
In what sense did the territorial change of 1815 reflect a restoration of order and balance?
The territorial change of 1815 showed that all the powers became equal.
An argument between the Estates broke out during the meeting of the Estates General. What was the argument over?
The voting process. The Third Estate wanted one vote per head (per person at the meeting), while the other two Estates wanted the vote to be by order (one per Estate).
How did the colonists respond to the Stamp Act?
They attacked tax collectors and refused to pay the tax
Besides the financial issues facing France, what else caused unrest to begin among the French peasants?
Two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices made the people mad.
What did the French Revolution leave for world history?
a powerful legacy including secular society, nationalism, and democratic ideas
Coup d'état
a sudden seizure of power (a "blow to the state") Example: Napoleon used the armed forces under his command to eradicate the National legislature and gain power as a dictator
Great Fear
a wave of panic that went through France following the storming of the Bastille
3rd Estate
everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property
Which geographic condition contributed to the defeat of Napoleon's troops during the invasion of Russia?
harsh, snowy Winter
Enlightenment thinkers encouraged
reasoning.
What did the Congress of Vienna attempted to do?
restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic
Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into three estates based mainly on their -
social class
One major effect of Napoleon's rule of France
stability post Reign of Terror
1st Estate
the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes
According to King George's Proclamation of 1763....?
the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.
For how many years was there uninterrupted peace in France?
33
2nd Estate
"The Nobles"---Make up 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in government. Controlled the most wealth.
Maximilien Robespierre
"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. He led the Committee for Public Safety and sent agents across France to kill traitors
Cause of French Revolution
1. Inequalities in society due to the Three Estates 2. France's bankrupt condition 3. the incompetence of Louis XV and Louis XVI 4. heavy taxation of the poor
Robespierre
A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.
Guillotine
A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
Girondins
A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders. Girondin were Less radical than the Jacobins and lost control over the National Convention to the Jacobins.
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
What is the "Great Fear" and what did it lead to.
A wave of senseless panic spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille. Peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords, and the elite. It lead to the abolishment of feudalism on August 4, 1789.
What was the Holy Alliance?
Agreement between rulers of russia, prussia, and austria to rule in a spirit of christian charity and to assist each other in times of trouble.
what left France on the "brink of bankruptcy" near the end of the 18th Century
As the 18th century drew to a close, France's costly involvement in the America Revolution and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy.
What left France on the "brink of bankruptcy" near the end of the 18th Century?
As the 18th century drew to a close, France's costly involvement in the American Revolution and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy.
Briefly explain the events of the "Storming of the Bastille".
At the time, the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris. On July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons. The revolutionaries killed the guards a freed the few prisoners. The Bastille was destroyed. This event symbolized the start of the French Revolution.
Creole
Creoles could not hold high-level political office, but they could rise as officers in Spanish Armies.
Jean-Paul Marat
French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)
G Washington become 1st US president (April 30, 1789)
George Washington sworn in as the 1st President of the United States of America
How did King Louis intend raise more money for France?
He forced increased tax rates on the citizens, including new taxes for the nobility.
What crimes was he found guilty of, that led to his death?
High treason and crimes against the state.
Who else suffered the same fate of Louis XVI, just nine months later?
His wife, Marie Antoinette.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
The Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815 was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I.
What was the Estates-General?
The Estates-General was an assembly representing France's clergy, nobility and peasants-for the first time since 1614. The meeting was scheduled for May 5, 1789.
When did the French Revolution begin and when did it last until?
The French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1798
Haiti gains independence (January 1, 1804)
The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence.
Mexico gains independence (September 16, 1810)
The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain.
Napoleon Suffers defeat in Russia (1812)
The Napoleon Army during retreat from Russia by Vasily Vereshchagin (1842-1904). The invasion effectively ended on December 14th 1812, a little less than six months from its outset, with the last French troops leaving Russian soil.
Old Regime
The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution. Under which the majority of taxation fell to the commoners.
Rosetta Stone found (July 19, 1799)
The Rosetta Stone was discovered by the French expedition in 1799 AD. It was discovered by a French officer named Bouchard on July 19, 1799.
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge that was signed in the early days of the French Revolution and was an important revolutionary act that stated that political authority comes from the nation's people and not from the monarchy.
What was the request of the Third Estate at the Estates-General? Why would they want this?
The Third Estate knew that this couldn't serve them as the First and the Second Estate, which represented only 3% of the population, would be able to vote every time against them. They decided to ask for double representation.
What was the age after the congress of vienna called?
The age of Metternich
Explain the Reign of Terror. What happened? How did the French people feel about the events of the Reign of Terror?
The bloody Reign of Terror was a 10-month period in which revolution haters were guillotined. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre. Many people thought the Reign of Terror was excessive.
Scorched-Earth Policy
The burning of grain fields and slaughtering of livestock so the enemy had nothing to eat
Why did the colonists think these taxes were unfair?
The colonists had no say in electing members to Parliament
What really happened in the Boston Massacre?
The colonists provoked the British soldiers, who shot out of confusion and self defense
What was the first collective security?
The concert was the first informal precedent for more formal associations of the 20th century
What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen say?
The document proclaimed the Assembly's commitment to replace the old régime with a system based on equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty and representative government.
What did the representatives of the Third Estate do after weeks of endless debates?
They created a new government called the National Assembly
What was the main reason colonists were outraged by taxes like the Stamp Act?
They did not have representation in Parliament where the tax laws were made
Where did the Third Estate meet? What "oath" did they take at that meeting?
They met and took what would be called the "Tennis Court Oath".
What were members of the congress of Vienna called
They were called the quadruple alliance.
Why did the colonists dump tea in the Boston Harbor?
They were upset about the Tea Act which taxed the tea the colonists imported from Great Britain
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
How was Paul Revere's famous engraving (picture) of the Boston Massacre used?
To create colonial support against the British
Why did the British send soldiers to the colonies in the 1760s?
To keep order and enforce the tax laws
Why did the British create the Proclamation Act of 1763?
To prevent expensive conflicts between the colonists and Native Americans
What were the objectives of the Congress of Vienna?
To restore the balance of power and undo the french revolution as much as possible.
What did Metternich belive in?
conservatism
Equality under the law
the idea that the law is supposed to be applied impartially, without regard for the identity or status of the individual involved
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people who pushed for revolution in both America, France and Russia.
Why did the British Parliament decide to enact new taxes on the colonies?
to raise money to pay off war debts