World History H Chapter 8 Lessons 1 and 2 Review

The Apostles (Leaders)

One was Simon Peter, a Jewish fisherman who had become a follower of Jesus during Jesus's lifetime. Peter was recognized as the leader of the apostles.

The Passing Down of the Early Teachings

Paul and other followers of Jesus had written letters, or epistles, outlining Christian beliefs for communities they had helped found around the eastern Mediterranean. Also, some of Jesus's disciples, or followers, may have preserved some of the sayings of Jesus in writing.

St. Paul

Paul, a highly educated Jewish Roman citizen who joined the movement later. Paul took the message of Jesus to Gentiles— non-Jews—as well as to Jews. He founded Christian communities in Asia Minor and along the shores of the Aegean Sea.At the center of Paul's message was the belief that Jesus was the Savior, the Son of God who had come to Earth to save humanity. Paul taught that Jesus's death made up for the sins of all humans. By accepting Jesus as Christ (from Christos, the Greek term for Messiah) and Savior, people could be saved from sin and reconciled to God.

The Sassanid and the Germanic Tribes

Persians made inroads into Roman territory. Germanic tribes poured into the Balkans, Gaul, and Spain.

the Vandals

The Vandals poured into southern Spain and Africa, and the Visigoths moved into Spain and Gaul. The Vandals crossed into Italy from North Africa and ravaged Rome again in 455

The Visgoths

They moved south and west, crossed the Danube into Roman territory, and became Roman allies. But the Visigoths soon revolted. The Roman attempt to stop them at Adrianople in 378 led to a crushing defeat for Rome. Sacked Rome

Two Greatest Commandments

"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength. This is the first commandment. The second is this: Love your neighbor as yourself."

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Pharisees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law.

The Essenes

A group of Jews that withdrew from the world into the desert in order to live a life of prayer and asceticism. Their name means " the pious ones" or " the healers."

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul. Known as the "New Rome" and became the center of the Eastern Roman Empire and one of the great cities of the world. Constantine enriched the city with a forum, large palaces, and a vast amphitheater.

Sadducees

A sect, or group of Jews who favored cooperation with Rome.

Life After Constantine

After his (Constantine) death, however, the empire continued to divide into western and eastern parts as fighting erupted on a regular basis between elements of the Roman army backing the claims of rival emperors. By 395, the western and eastern parts of the empire became virtually two independent states.

Western Empire

At the same time, the administrative structure of the empire in the west collapsed and was replaced by an assortment of Germanic kingdoms. The process was a gradual one, beginning with the movement of Germans into the empire. At the same time, the administrative structure of the empire in the west collapsed and was replaced by an assortment of Germanic kingdoms. The process was a gradual one, beginning with the movement of Germans into the empire.

Establishing Churches

Christian churches had been established in most of the major cities of the eastern empire and in some places in the western part of the empire.

Acceptance of Christianity

Christianity prospered as never before when Constantine became the first Christian emperor. His support for Christianity supposedly began in 312

Why did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?

Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire because the basis of the religion was very pleasing to the laborers. This upset the Romans because they lost money and their economy weakened due to the lack of laborers.

Christinaity

Christianity was personal and offered salvation fulfilled the human need to belong

Theories of How to The Roman Empire Could Have Fallen...

Christianity's emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened Roman military virtues. Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominence in the empire. Lead poisoning through leaden water pipes and cups caused a mental decline in the population. Plague wiped out one-tenth of the population. Rome failed to advance technologically due to slavery. Rome could not create a workable political system.

Clergy

Church Leaders

Emperor Who Accepted Christianity

Constantine

Constantine

Constantine: Constantine, who ruled from 306 to 337, continued and even expanded the policies of Diocletian. Constantine's biggest project was the construction of a new capital city in the east, on the site of the Greek city of Byzantium on the shores of the Bosporus. The city, eventually renamed Constantinople (now İstanbul, Turkey), was developed for defensive reasons

Reforms by Diocletian and Constantine

Diocletian's and Constantine's political and military reforms enlarged two institutions—the civil service and the army. A hierarchy of officials exercised control at the various levels of government. The army was enlarged to 500,000 men, including German units. Mobile units could be quickly moved to support frontier troops where the borders were threatened.

Prefectures

Diocletian, who ruled from 284 to 305, divided it into four units. The entire Roman Empire was divided into two parts, east and west. Each part contained two prefectures, ruled by two leaders

Tetrarchy

Emperor Diocletian's division of the Roman Empire into four seperate administrative districts

Diocletian

Emperor from 284 to 305. Diocletian: The empire changed into a new state: the Late Roman Empire, which included a new governmental structure, a rigid economic and social system, and a new state religion—Christianity.

Nero

First Roman emperor to persecute Christians. The Roman government began persecuting (harassing to cause suffering) Christians during the reign of Nero (a.d. 54-68). The emperor blamed the Christians for the fire that destroyed much of Rome and subjected them to cruel deaths.

Romulus Augustus

He was the last emperor of western Rome

Downfall of the Economy

Hence, jobs, such as bakers and shippers, became hereditary. The fortunes of free farmers also declined. Soon they found themselves bound to the land by landowners, who took advantage of depressed conditions to enlarge their estates.

The Age After Jesus' Death...

His followers proclaimed that he had risen from death and had appeared to them. They believed Jesus to be the Messiah (anointed one), the long-expected deliverer who would save Israel from its foes and inaugurate an age of peace, prosperity, and monotheism.

Transformation of the Inner Person

Jesus preached, "So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets."

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors"

Laity

Regular Church People

Theodosius the Great

Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire (378 - 395)

The Last Persecution

The Christian Church became more organized in the third century. Some emperors began new persecutions, but their schemes failed. The last great persecution was by Diocletian

The Fall of Rome and the Survival of the East

The Roman army in the west was not able to fend off the hordes of people moving into Italy and Gaul, and the Western Roman Empire collapsed. A series of German kingdoms replaced the Western Roman Empire. In contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, which would survive for another thousand years, was able to withstand invaders.

The Roman Emperors Tolerance of Christianity

The Romans tolerated the religions of other peoples unless these religions threatened public order or public morals. Many Romans came to view Christians as harmful to the Roman state because Christians refused to worship the state gods and emperors. The Romans saw the Christians' refusal to do so as an act of treason, punishable by death. The Christians, however, believed there was only one God. To them, the worship of state gods and the emperors meant worshiping false gods and endangering their own salvation.

Inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Constantine

he was not baptized until the end of his life, in 313 Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity.

What concepts did Jesus Teach?

humility, charity, and love toward others; later shaped the value system of Western civilization.

Procurator

in the Roman Empire, an official in charge of a province

The Zealots

radical Jews who supported rebellion against the Romans

The Masters of Soldiers

real power rested in their hands; controlled government & dominated the court.

Roman Empire Adopts Christianity

served to strengthen Christianity in the second and third centuries by forcing it to become more organized. Missionaries used the Roman language and organizational structures to spread their message. Crucial to this change was the emerging role of the bishops, who began to assume more control over church communities. The Christian church was creating a new structure

The Apostles

the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus who spread his teachings. Helped to spread Christianity throughout Europe.

Problems and Upheavals

the Roman Empire came near collapse. Following a series of civil wars, a military government under the Severan rulers restored order. the empire was troubled by a series of invasions, no doubt encouraged by the internal turmoil Invasions, civil wars, and plague almost caused an economic collapse in the third century. A labor shortage created by plague — an epidemic disease—affected both military recruiting and the economy. There was a decline in trade and small industry

Economic and Social Reforms

the new economic and social policies were all based on coercion and loss of individual freedom