World history- midterm

Charlemagne

"The father of Europe"- the part he is in the story

***How would Luther's protests against the Church lead to other denominations/ forms of Christianity as time goes on?

-Just how Luther disagreed with the Catholic Church and believes salvation was based on faith alone, there will be others who disagree about various things such as calvinistas who believed in predestination and anabaptists who believe in baptism as an adult . -Luther also translated the Bible into vernacular which decentralized authorities over doctrine and led to different interpretation.

***How does the USE OF LAND change from the old Stone Age to the New Stone Age?

-Paleolithic people were primarily hunter-gathers, relying on hunting wild animals and gathering edible plants. -They live in small, mobile groups, following the natural migration of animals and the seasons availability of plants. -The advent of agriculture marked a major shift- people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals. -Neolithic communities established permanent settlements near fertile lands, water sources, and areas suitable for farming

***how does the renaissance & reformation, Asian empires, and the age of discovery and exploration impact our world today?

-Renaissance & reformation- led us to individualism, along with new religions which we continue to practice today. -Asian Empires- contributions to global trade have allowed us to a wider variety of goods to be imported and exported. -Age of discovery & exploration- the commercial revolution (new economic practices of banking, accounting, and insurance), countries became interconnected in new ways and there was no turning back.

***Describe some major events of the renaissance & reformation, the Asian empires, and the age of discovery and exploration.

-Renaissance & reformation- martin Luther's 95 theses, Gutenberg printing press invented, Black Death, first bible (& other versions of the Bible) were invented. -The Asian empires- fall of Constantinople; gunpowder empires; global trade expanded & fostering increased between cultures. -Discovery & exploration- Columbus rediscovered America, first circumnavigation of the world, proved the world is round,

***give a definition of the renaissance, the reformation, Asian empires, and the age of discovery and exploration.

-The renaissance & reformation- fragmentation of Christianity- new churches and denominations are found. -Asian empires- this era marked a pivotal transition from ancient Asian empires to the rise of early modern Asian empires. -Age of discovery & exploration- numbers of European countries explored, colonized, and conquered regions across the globe.

***Why did earliest civilizations arise near major rivers and the equator? What resources did these locations provide

-rivers provide good/ fertile soil, transportation opportunities on the river, food source, & water. -equator provided sunlight for farming, more rain, the climate provided a longer growing season. -Being near a river and the equator were both CRUCIAL for agriculture.

***Describe how life for ancient people changes as they advanced from the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age.

-this marked a significant change in human life because of the Neolithic revolution.

Describe the triangular trade system of the African slave trade.

-three legged journey between Europe, Africa, and the americas ("New World") -middle passage was the deadliest for slaves and was the leg that crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the New World. -Europe traded manufactured goods such as guns &amo. -Africa traded slaves and the Americas traded raw materials like cotton.

Line of demarcation

A boundary where Spain receives all land to the west and Portugal receives all the land to the east.

Ghetto

A district in which Jewish people were segregated and required to live.

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city-state; the Parthenon would be there

Empire

A group of states and territories ruled by one person.

Purgatory

A place of punishment for sins

Janissary

A solider in the elite guard of the Ottoman Empire

Hierarchy

A system of rank in society

Tarrif

A tax on imported goods

Feudalism

A tiered social system created to protect groups of people and plots of land from invaders

Imperial Palace

Also known as the forbidden city; displays grand architecture of china

Alexander the Great

Ancient Greek king who is widely known as one of history's greatest successful military commanders

What leads to the reformation?

Anger at the worldliness of the church; selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church.

Shogun

Authoritative ruler of Japan

Montezuma II

Aztec king who was killed

Julius ceaser

Became dictator of Rome, ending Rome republic and began the Roman Empire.

Polytheistic

Belief in many gods

Monotheistic

Belief in one God

Germany

Birthplace of the reformation

Florence

Birthplace of the renaissance

Scurvy

Bleeding gums due to a lack of vitamin C

Zheng He

Chinese explorer during the Ming dynasty

Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia

Contains the Fertile Crescent which is caused by the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates river.

Cash crops

Crops grown for profit instead of seasonal use.

After the Europeans arrived in the Caribbean, what caused the deaths of countless native Americans?

Diseases- mostly smallpox (but mumps and the flu played a roll)

Cuneiform

Early form of writing invented by the Sumerians

What are some consequences of the printing revolution?

Educated readers were able to be exposed to new ideas and places.

Perspective

Enabled artists to create depth and dimensional art making it more realistic.

Printing press

Enabled books to be produced quickly and cheaply.

Vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people

Vasco De Gama

Explored east coast of Africa and discovered water route to Asia (india)

Christopher Columbus

First explorer to discover "new land" west of Europe and Africa.

Bartolomeu Dias

First explorer to find the tip of Africa

Castes

Fixed social groups that developed in ancient Indian society

What helped the earliest civilizations support a growing population?

Food surpluses

Prince Henry

Founded a navigation school and funded exploration

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who claimed Canada for France

Amerigo Vespucci

Gave America its name

What common factors characterize the fall of the ottoman, Safavids, mughals, Ming, and Qing dynasties?

Government corruption, religious disputes, and heavy taxation.

Nomads

Groups of people who move from place to place

Surplus

Having more of something than needed; extra

What does Machiavelli claim in his writing The Prince? WHat are his viewpoints about political leadership?

He advises rulers to be ruthless in achieving goals; better for a leader to be feared than to be loved

Which renaissance ideal did Shakespeare plays typically explore?

Humanism/ realism

How did Italys location help make it a starting point for the renaissance?

Its location on the Mediterranean Sea allowed trade with the Muslim and European world.

When the ottomans captured Constantinople, what did it give them control of?

Land a sea routes between Europe and Asia.

Hammurabi

Leader of Babylonian empire who created a strict system of laws.

Sultan

Leader of the Ottoman Empire and ruled over politics, military, and religion

Shah

Leader of the Safavid empire

Describe the differences between art in the Middle Ages and art in the Renaissance.

More realistic and portrayed some non- religions subjects, 3D.

Istanbul

Ottomans renamed the city of Constantinople to this.

What do historians call the earliest period of human history?

Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age)

***How does DEVELOPMENTS change from the old Stone Age to the New Stone Age?

Paleolithic period- people used simple tools and were hunter/ gatherers. Neolithic period- used advanced tools made of stone, domesticated animals and plants, and created pottery

***How do CHANGES IN SOCIETY/POPULATION change from the old Stone Age to the New Stone Age?

Paleolithic period- small groups with simple social structure. Neolithic period- group settlements were larger because of agriculture, job specialization began, and they built permanent structures that evolved into the first cities.

***The Israelites have immensely shaped the development of western culture into the modern era. Explain this statement with specific details.

Practice of Judaism spurred other religions such as Christianity and Islam. This has shaped the values of the western world- moral conduct, code of ethic, laws, government

Who usually made up the top social class in ancient societies?

Priests and nobles

Constantine

Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of Rome.

Michaelangelo

Sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church.

What is a long term impact of the Ottoman Empire on our modern world?

Shifting trade routes, prompting Europeans to look for alternate routes to Asia and find new lands.

***Describe the feudalism triangle (you also need to draw and label this on the test)

Social structure of medieval Europe- a hierarchical system where each group had different rights and responsibilities and the population of each group. Top of the triangle- kings and queens 2nd part of triangle- nobles and lords 3rd part of triangle- knights and vassals Bottom part- peasants and serfs

How did the renaissance change society?

Society began to value education and individualism.

Conquistador

Spanish conqueror

Hernando cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs.

***Describe the Greek city- state of Sparta and the roles that came to be for the men, women, and children who lived there.

Sparta- one of the prominent city states of Ancient Greece, known for its militaristic society and emphasis on discipline and toughness. Women- household affairs, raising strong and healthy children, daily life Men- expected to dedicate their life to the military and were required to live in the barracks until age 30 Young children- went to military training at the age of 7

What event marked the end of the Byzantine empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire?

The Fall of Constantinople

What does it mean to be a gunpowder empire?

The empires were outside conquerors who unified their regions with the help of firearms

Humanism

The intellectual movement at the heart of the renaissance that focused on the classical as well as education.

Describe the beliefs of hebrews and what makes them unique when compares to other religions at this time.

They believed that there was only one god, while most religions at this time were polytheistic- believing in multiple gods.

Describe the role of the kings, queens, nobles, and lords on the feudalism triangle.

They gave land and protection to the lower groups.

Describe the role of the knights, vassals, peasants, and serfs on the feudalism pyramid.

They gave loyalty, military service, and their labor/ freedom to top groups.

What does prehistoric mean?

Time before writing

Why did European rulers encourage ocean exploration/

To find new trade routes

Why did ancient Egyptians build pyramids?

To serve as tombs for pharaohs.

What was one of the main goals of European exploration?

To spread Christianity

Colombian Exchange

Vast global exchange that included people, plants, technologies, and cultures.

Indus River valley

Where Indian civilization began

Serf

Workers connected to the land

Nicolo Machiavelli

Writer of "The Prince" which dictates strong political beliefs.

Patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Taj Mahal

considered most beautiful building in the world; built by the mogul empire

What was the result of the trade and warfare that brought ancient Egypt into contact with other civilizations?

cultural diffusion

Ferdinand Magellan

first explorer to circumnavigate the globe

Cartographer

mapmaker

Leonardo da Vinci

painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Johann GutenBerg

started a printing revolution with his invention of the printing press

Filal Piety

the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family; respect for parents

Circumnavigate

to sail completely around the world