World History -REGENTS Practice Q's & Answers
During the Middle Ages, Europeans did not eat potatoes or corn because these vegetables 1. were forbidden by the Catholic Church for religious reasons 2. had not yet been introduced to Europe from the New World 3. were believed to be poisonous 4. were too expensive to import from China
Potatoes and corn were brought to Europe by explorers returning from the Americas during the Age of Exploration which came after the Middle Ages.
Both the Chinese Mandate of Heaven and the Japanese belief that the Emperor descends from the Sun Goddess are similar to the 1. "master race" theory of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich 2. natural rights theory of the Age of Reason 3. divine right theory of the French monarchy 4. Marxist theory of a workers' revolution
The Chinese Mandate of Heaven and the Japanese belief in the divinity of its Emperor are most similar to France's divine right theory, which states that a King rules by right of being chosen by God.
2a Early People & the Neolithic Revolution 2b Religions & Philosophies 2c Rise & Fall of Great Empires 2d African Trading Kingdoms 3c Byzantine Empire 3d Islamic Empires / Spread of Islam 3e Medieval Europe 4a Feudal Japan 4b Mongol Empire 4c European Renaissance 4d Reformation & Counter-Reformation 4e Age of Exploration 5c Global Absolutism 6a Scientific Revolution 6b European Enlightenment 6c French Revolution 6d Latin American Independence 6f Global Nationalism 6g Industrial Revolution 6h Meiji Restoration 6i Imperialism
7a World War One 7b Russian Revolution 7c Between World Wars 7d World War Two 8a Cold War 8b Chinese Communist Revolution 8c Colonial Independence / Collapse of Imperialism 8d Conflict in the Middle East 8e Apartheid in South Africa 8f Collapse of Communism 8g Political Unrest in Latin America 8h Post-Cold War "Hot Spots" 9a Global Interdependence 9b Modern Issues: Economic Trends 9d Modern Issues: Urbanization 9g Modern Issues: Science & Technology 9h Modern Issues: The Environment 9i Modern Issues: Population 9k Modern Issues: Human & Women's Rights
The Magna Carta, the Glorious Revolution, and the writings of John Locke all contributed to Great Britain's development of 1. absolute monarchy 2. ethnic rivalries 3. parliamentary democracy 4. imperialist policies
A parliamentary democracy is a government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers. This Parliament is controlled by a Prime Minister who is elected by the majority party.
Which political system is the basis of Japan's government today? 1. parliamentary democracy 2. military dictatorship 3. absolute monarchy 4. national socialism
A parliamentary democracy is a government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers. This Parliament is controlled by a Prime Minister who is elected by the majority party.
Which statement describes a characteristic of the British parliamentary system today? 1. the Prime Minister is elected by the majority party in Parliament 2. the monarch serves as a strong head of state 3. the members of the House of Commons are appointed for life 4. the minority party has no vote in the Parliament
A parliamentary democracy is a government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers. This Parliament is controlled by a Prime Minister who is elected by the majority party.
In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin governed by means of secret police, censorship, and purges. This type of government is called 1. democracy 2. totalitarian 3. limited monarchy 4. theocracy
A totalitarian state is a nation in which the government controls every aspect of citizen's lives through a single party dictatorship. The methods often include the use of censorship, secret police, and terror.
Which geographic factor has contributed most to the economic growth of Japan, Egypt, and Great Britain? 1. variety of natural resources 2. reliable amount of rainfall 3. abundance of arable land 4. access to important waterways
Access to important waterways, such as the Pacific Ocean for Japan, the Nile River for Egypt, and the Atlantic Ocean for Great Britain often leads to trade, an important factor in the economic growth of these nations.
One similarity between the decline of the Roman Empire and the fall of the Manchu Dynasty was that both initially led to 1. improved economic conditions 2. democratically elected governments 3. political chaos and decentralization of government 4. major accomplishments in art, science, and technology
After the Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, Europe was plunged into an extended period of feudalism which lasted nearly 1,000 years. When the Mancu Dynasty fell in 1911, China was ruled by local warlords until Mao Zedong's communist victory in 1949.
One way in which Medieval European society, Latin American colonial society, and society in Imperial China were similar is that each 1. placed great value on public education 2. experienced a surplus of skilled labor 3. was organized according to a rigid class structure 4. de-emphasized the role of religion
All of these societies were contained rigid class structures that were nearly impossible to circumvent.
Since the late 1940's, India, Northern Ireland, and Israel have faced the common problem of 1. adjusting to a post-Communist political and economic system 2. continued violent confrontations between different religious groups 3. economic depression as a result of rapid industrialization 4. uncertainty of their acceptance by the European Community
All three nations are inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This has led to violence repeatedly since the 1940's. * I didn't read this question properly -I think of the violence as coming from groups OUTSIDE these territories, when in fact they are inside!
The societies of traditional China, Feudal Japan, and Czarist Russia were all characterized by 1. a rigid class structure 2. much interaction with other cultures 3. great economic change 4. rapidly changing social values
All three of these societies had rigid class structures in which one was born into their social status with very few opportunities to advance socially.
The French Revolution, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the Communist Revolution in China were similar in that all three 1. brought about few political changes 2. were influenced by the peasants' desire for more land 3. were inspired by Marxism 4. were supported primarily by the nobility
All three revolutions were successful due to enormous support of the peasant class. Peasants in each nation supported the revolution in hopes of gaining land for farming and habitation.
The Tamils in Sri Lanka, the Sikhs in India, and the Zulus in South Africa have all attempted to 1. establish colonies in Asia 2. practice passive resistance 3. achieve political separatism 4. encourage mercantilism
As independence swept across the former European colonies, many minority groups within these new nations sought independence for themselves. This has led to turmoil and violence.
Recent archeological studies suggest the theory that 1. the earliest humans evolved in the Rift Valley in Africa 2. farming societies developed before hunting and gathering societies 3. all the continents were settled at about the same time 4. the wheel was used by all ancient societies
Australopithecines, one of the earliest known human relatives, dates back 5 million years and was discovered in the Rift Valley of Africa.
The ancient Greek city-state of Sparta and the Soviet Union under Stalin were similar in that both societies 1. were primarily concerned with the health of their people 2. were powerful military states 3. granted universal suffrage to their people 4. placed great emphasis on literature and the arts
Both Sparta and the Soviet Union under Stalin had government systems that attempted to control all aspects of the lives of their citizens. Both maintained this control through the use of a strong military.
The Japanese feudal system and the Hindu caste system are similar in that both systems 1. promoted social mobility 2. developed a rigid class structure 3. encouraged the people to take part in government 4. resulted in economic opportunities for the lower classes
Both of these societies had rigid class structures in which one was born into their social status with very few opportunities to advance socially.
A study of the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution of 1917 would lead to the conclusion that 1. revolutions only occur when a majority of citizens become directly involved 2. university students are most often responsible for starting revolutions 3. control of revolutions often shifts from moderates to radicals 4. revolutions seldom result in long-term changes
Both revolutions went through a moderate phase before coming under control of a more radical element. The radical phase of a revolution is generally characterized by widespread violence.
A similarity of the rule of the ancient Mongols and the ancient Greeks is that both 1. protected the human rights of the peoples they controlled 2. destroyed the civilizations they defeated 3. remained isolated and peaceful for centuries 4. established vast empires and spread their cultures to the people they conquered
Both the Mongols and Ancient Greeks established empires that allowed the spreading of ideas through cultural diffusion.
Japan during the Meiji Restoration was similar to Japan after World War II in that during these periods Japan 1. pursued a foreign policy of isolationism and limited political freedoms 2. reduced the powers of the Emperor and the nobility 3. underwent political reform and economic expansion 4. was ruled by dictators and the military
Both time periods represent a radical change in government, followed by an economic boom.
Which was characteristic of France under Napoleon's rule and Germany under Hitler's rule? 1. democratic ideas and diversity were encouraged 2. authoritarian control and a strong sense of nationalism prevailed 3. peaceful relations with neighboring countries wee fostered 4. artistic and literary freedom flourished
Both Hitler and Napoleon encouraged nationalism among their citizens, while retaining absolute control of the government.
Suleiman held complete religious and political power. Charles I stormed the English Parliament. Peter the Great expanded serfdom in Russia. The actions of these leaders reflect the concept of 1. scientific theory 2. natural rights 3. mercantilism 4. absolutism Suleiman, Charles I of England, and Peter the Great of Russia all were absolute rulers. This term is defined as a ruler that has complete control over both government and society in their country. Caliph of Islam and the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.[3] Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[4] At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Roxelana, a former Christian girl converted to Islam from his harem, who became subsequently known and influential as Hürrem Sultan. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's previous heir apparent, Mustafa, had been strangled to death 13 years prior at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid had been killed by his support and Selim's order in 1561 with four of his sons.
Charles the 1st was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. After his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the Puritans and Calvinists, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. In 1660, the English Interregnum ended when the monarchy was restored to Charles's son, Charles II. Peter the Great ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May (O.S. 27 April) until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. Through a number of successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, westernized, and based on The Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms made a lasting impact on Russia and many institutions of Russian government traced their origins to his reign. Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Heavily influenced by his advisors from Western Europe, Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. He faced much opposition to these policies at home, but brutally suppressed any and all rebellions against his authority: Streltsy, Bashkirs, Astrakhan, and the greatest civil uprising of his reign, the Bulavin Rebellion. Peter implemented social modernization in an absolute manner by requiring courtiers, state officials, and the military to shave their beards and adopt modern clothing styles.[7] One means of achieving this end was the introduction of taxes for long beards and robes in September 1698.[8] To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought to gain more maritime outlets. His only outlet at the time was the White Sea at Arkhangelsk. The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by Sweden in the north, while the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea were controlled by the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire respectively in the south. Peter attempted to acquire control of the Black Sea; to do so he would have to expel the Tatars from the surrounding areas. As part of an agreement with Poland which ceded Kiev to Russia, Peter was forced to wage war against the Crimean Khan and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of Azov, near the Don River. In the summer of 1695 Peter organized the Azov campaigns to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure. Peter returned to Moscow in November of that year and began building a large navy. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. On 12 September 1698, Peter officially founded the first Russian Navy base, Taganrog. Peter knew that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone. In 1697 he traveled incognito to Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation-the so-called "Grand Embassy"—to seek the aid of the European monarchs.[4] Peter's hopes were dashed; France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and Austria was eager to maintain peace in the east while conducting its own wars in the west. Peter, furthermore, had chosen the most inopportune moment; the Europeans at the time were more concerned about who would succeed the childless Spanish King Charles II than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan.
In addition to providing water for Indian agriculture, the Ganges River remains important to India because it is 1. the only source of Indian hydroelectric power 2. a sacred river for the Hindu population 3. the birthplace of Hindu culture 4. an unofficial boundary between the Hindus and Muslims
Bathing in the Ganges river is said to wash away sins, and the river water is used in many religious rituals. Many Hindus ask to be cremated along the Ganges and to have their ashes placed in the river.
Changes in Russia under Peter the Great were most similar to changes that occurred in 1. China before the Opium War 2. Japan during the Meiji Restoration 3. Iran after the fall of Shah Pahlevi 4. France during the feudal period
Because of geographic isolation, Russia did not take part in the European Renaissance and did not begin to modernize until the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in the 1700's. Japan refused to allow European trade beginning in 1639. This foreign policy made it impossible for the Japanese to take part in the Industrial Revolution which started in Europe. Japan's rapid industrialization began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
Until the 1500's, China and Japan were similar in that both 1. were invaded by the Mongols 2. welcomed Christian Missionaries 3. had little contact with Western European nations 4. were developing democratic traditions
Both China and Japan practiced isolationism until the 1500's when Christian missionaries from Europe entered both countries.
The philosophies of Confucius and Mao Zedong both emphasized 1. individual rather than cooperative gain 2. industry rather than agriculture 3. group rather than individual welfare 4. religious values rather than economic profits
Both Confucius and Mao Zedong promoted the idea of group welfare above individual desire.
In China, the building of the Great Wall, the use of the tribute system, and the government's support of the Boxer Rebellion are examples of attempts by different dynasties to limit 1. foreign influence 2. nationalism 3. communist expansion 4. industrialization
China has maintained a policy of cultural isolationism. They have used various tools to limit incoming cultural diffusion. The Imperial tributary system of China was the network of trade and foreign relations between China and China's tributaries whose ideals in one form or another, for millennia, drove much of East Asian affairs. Chinese suzerainty over East Asia, governed and enforced through the Imperial tributary system, not only "deeply influenced the culture of the peripheral countries but also drew them into a China-centered, or "sino-centric", international order."[1] The Imperial tributary system shaped foreign policy and trade for over 2,000 years of Imperial China's dominance of the region, and thus played a huge role in the History of Asia, and the History of East Asia in particular.[2] The traditional Chinese international structure was different from many other systems developed in other parts of the world. First, it was premised on the belief that China was the cultural center of the world and that foreigners were "less civilized" or "barbarians." Second, since the Chinese state was considered the center of all humankind, most other foreign rulers were expected to recognize the prominence of the Chinese court.[4] In the Qing period, countries wanting to trade with China had to send "tribute" missions that acknowledged China's superiority and suzerainty via the ritual of ke-tou, or kow-tow, which consisted of three kneelings, each involving three prostrations before the emperor. In return they could trade for a specified number of days at border points designated by Beijing.[4] Since Asian states wanting to trade with China continued to pay regular tribute to the Chinese court, there was little reason for the Chinese to doubt their predominance in the world order. Even the Europeans, who had first entered the Chinese waters as early as the sixteenth century, had submitted to trade within the highly restrictive Chinese system.[4] By conforming to the conditions imposed on them, and by accepting their inferior position, the Westerners strengthened the Chinese belief in the preeminence of the Middle Kingdom and in the tributary system of foreign relations.[5] The Imperial Tributary system began its development during the Han Dynasty (206 bce - 220 ce)[6] with hostage exchanges accepted as the norm.[7] Hostages continued to be used until the Tang dynasty (618-907). Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven provided the ideological foundations for the tribute system. Emperor Han Wudi (r. 141 - 87 bce) played a critical role in the formation of the system.[8]
Which generalization about democracy is most valid? 1. democratic political systems require a highly industrialized society 2. democratic governments first evolved in North America 3. democratic governments prevent their citizens from traveling abroad 4. democratic governments protect basic civil liberties
Civil liberties are simply the rights held by citizens of a nation. In order for a democracy to exist, civil liberties must be protected to allow citizens to be able to elect their leaders.
Which document is an example of a primary source? 1. a textbook on Russian history 2. an encyclopedia article on religions of the Middle East 3. a novel on the Age of Exploration 4. the diary of a survivor of a Nazi death camp
Correct Answer Number: 4 Explanation: A primary source is firsthand information about people or events of the past, such as that found in a diary or a legal document.
Which historical events are in the correct chronological order? 1. Crusades -> Renaissance -> Neolithic Revolution -> Roman Empire 2. Roman Empire -> Neolithic Revolution -> Crusades -> Renaissance 3. Renaissance ->Neolithic Revolution -> Crusades -> Roman Empire 4. Neolithic Revolution -> Roman Empire -> Crusades -> Renaissance
Correct Answer Number: 4 Explanation: The Neolithic Revolution caused the development of agriculture and allowed humans to settle for the first time. The Roman Empire was was one of the most expanisve human civilizations ever recorded, but ended when tribes from Northern Europe invaded and finally took over Rome. Pope Urban II then launched the Crusades to kill all Muslims living in the Holy Land. This encouraged cultural diffusion and an interest in economic development which led to interaction with others and in turn led to to the rebirth of Europe, known as the Renaissance. cultural diffusion: the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point.
Speaker A: The gods approached Vishnu, the lord of creatures, and said: "Indicate to us that one person among mortals who alone is worthy of the highest rank . . ." Vishnu reflected, and brought forth a glorious son who became the first king. Speaker B: The traditional African society, whether it had a chief or not, was a society of equals and it conducted its business through discussion. Speaker C: Ideally, the best form of government is one where every citizen not only has a voice but also, at least occasionally, is called on to take actual part. Speaker D: A monarch's authority comes directly from God, and this is how the leadership and power in a society should be determined. Which speakers would support the theory explaining the power of France's Louis XIV, Spain's Philip II, and England's Elizabeth I? 1. A and D 2. B and C 3. A and C 4. B and D
Divine Right theory of government believes that the ruler's authority comes from God. France's Louis XIV, Spain's Philip II, and England's Elizabeth I all believed in this theory and used it to justify their rule during Europe's Age of Absolutism.
One way in which the civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Maya were similar is that each 1. developed extensive writing systems 2. emphasized equality in education 3. established monotheistic religions 4. encouraged democratic participation in government
Each of the civilizations developed extensive writing systems. The Sumerians developed the first known writing system, cuneiform, which was pictographic in nature. The Phoenicians developed an alphabet made of letters which could be combined to form words. Later, this Phoenician language was adopted by the Greeks and the Romans, and became the basis for many modern European languages.
The Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, and the Straits of the Dardanelles are similar because they 1. are strategic waterways that have been the center of conflicts 2. was part of the French colonial empire 3. are located in regions that are rich in natural resources 4. prohibit the movement of ships carrying nuclear weapons
Each of these geographic features are examples of strategic waterways from around the world. They are strategic because they provide access to vital trade routes. Two major issues of conflict--U.S. intervention and the question of sovereignty of the canal zone--were a direct result of the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1903. Gaining control or special access to the strait of Dardenelles became a key foreign policy goal of the Russian Empire during the 19th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia—supported by Great Britain in the Dardanelles Operation—blockaded the straits in 1807. Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, in 1833 Russia pressured the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi—which required the straits to be closed to warships of non-Black Sea powers at Russia's request. That would have effectively given Russia a free hand in the Black Sea. That treaty alarmed the losers,[clarification needed] who were concerned that the consequences of potential Russian expansionism in the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions could conflict with their own possessions and economic interest in the regions. At the London Straits Convention in July 1841, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, and Prussia pressured Russia to agree that only Turkish warships could traverse the Dardanelles in peacetime. The United Kingdom and France subsequently sent their fleets through the straits to attack the Crimean Peninsula during the Crimean War in 1853—but this was done as allies of the Ottoman Empire. That convention was formally reaffirmed by the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the Russian defeat in the Crimean War. It remained technically in force into the 20th and 21st centuries. World War I[edit] Main article: Gallipoli Campaign The straits were mined by the Turks to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them, but in minor actions, two submarines, one British and one Australian, did succeed in penetrating the minefields. The British one sank an obsolete Turkish pre-dreadnought battleship off the Golden Horn of Istanbul. Sir Ian Hamilton's Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was unsuccessful in its attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, and its withdrawal was ordered in December 1915, after 8 months' fighting. Total Allied deaths were 43,000 British, 15,000 French, 8,700 Australians, 2,700 New Zealanders and 1,370 Indians. Total Turkish deaths were around 60,000. Following the war, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres demilitarized the strait and made it an international territory under the control of the League of Nations. This was amended after the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships to traverse the straits freely. Turkey rejected the terms of this treaty and subsequently remilitarized the area. The reversion to this old regime was formalized under the Montreux Convention of July 1936. The convention, which is still technically in force today, treats the straits as an international shipping lane, but Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-Black Sea nations (like Greece or Algeria). Later[edit] Ferry line across the Dardanelles in Çanakkale During World War II, through February 1945, when Turkey was neutral for most of the length of the conflict, the Dardanelles were closed to the ships of the belligerent nations. Turkey declared war on Germany in February 1945, but it did not employ any offensive forces during the war.
Which idea did Napoleon Bonaparte, Sun Yat-Sen, and Simone Bolivar have in common? 1. divine right 2. nationalism 3. totalitarianism 4. nonviolence
Each of these men caused nationalism to develop in their respective country or region; Napoleon in early 1800's France, Bolivar in early 1800's Latin America, and Sun Yat-Sen in early 1900's China.
Events in both Eastern Europe in the early 1900's and in the Soviet Union in the late 1980's were mainly the result of 1. movements toward the repression of individual rights 2. declines in the use of advanced technology 3. the influence of religion on government 4. challenges by ethnic groups desiring independence
Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union are inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This has led to violence in the past as each group sought autonomy and self determination.
Traditional African art has had the greatest influence on 1. classical Roman mosaics and pottery 2. Renaissance painting 3. 20th century sculpture and painting 4. Medieval European architecture
Elements of traditional African art, such as abstract patterning rather than representation, can be seen in many examples of 20th century sculpture and painting.
What would a study of the recent civil wars in Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Rwanda show about these conflicts? 1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century. 2. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes. 3. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic. 4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.
Genocide was a tool used in all three country's civil wars. This resulted in the death of millions, and worldwide concern over the use of such tactics.
The code of Hammurabi is an example of 1. written rules for legal procedures 2. the power of strong kings to control trade 3. regulations on the way to conduct wars against neighboring nations 4. the power of a legislature to veto laws passed by absolute monarchs The code of Hammurabi is an example of 1. written rules for legal procedures 2. the power of strong kings to control trade 3. regulations on the way to conduct wars against neighboring nations 4. the power of a legislature to veto laws passed by absolute monarchs
Hammurabi's Code was the first major collection of laws in history. It contain both criminal law, dealing with murder and theft, and civil law dealing with private rights and matters, such as business contracts and property inheritance.
An effect of a mountainous topography on Inca and Chinese civilizations was the development of 1. industrialization 2. single-crop economy 3. desalinization projects 4. terrace farming
Terrace farming allows crops to be grown on the sides of elevated terrain. This agricultural practice was widespread among the Inca in the Andes Mountains and the early Chinese.
Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia's foreign policies and economic development? 1. lack of natural resources 2. vast desert regions 3. limited access to warm-water ports 4. extensive mountain ranges
Historically, Russia has been land-locked due to the fact that much of its water access is located in the northern part of the country and is frozen for most of the year. This makes trading difficult because ships cannot get through these frozen waters safely. Events such as the Crimean War, in which Russia sought to gain control of the Dardanelles Strait between the Black and Aegean Seas, illustrates how this geographic factor has influenced Russia's foreign policies.
Throughout the 1800's, Russia was interested in acquiring Turkey mainly because Russia wanted 1. to maintain peace in the Middle East 2. access to the Mediterranean Sea 3. to reestablish the Byzantine Empire 4. the rich farmland of the Anatolian Plateau
Historically, Russia has been land-locked due to the fact that much of its water access is located in the northern part of the country and is frozen for most of the year. This makes trading difficult because ships cannot get through these frozen waters safely. Events such as the Crimean War, in which Russia sought to gain control of the Dardanelles Strait held by Turkey and located between the Black and Aegean Seas, illustrates how this geographic factor has influenced Russia's foreign policies.
Within their respective nations, both Ho Chi Minh and Fidel Castro achieved their goals by 1. seeking aid and support from the European Union 2. using armed conflict to bring a communist government to power 3. following a policy of nonalignment 4. working to build a capitalist system
Ho Chi Minh led the violent revolution that created a communist regime in Vietnam. Fidel Castro was the leader of a communist revolution in Cuba.
Many people in Southeast Asia hope for the timely arrival of the summer monsoons each year because 1. floods are the only way to water their farmlands 2. daily temperatures often reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit 3. little rain has fallen for many months 4. oases provide water for nomadic herders
In monsoon climates, moisture-bearing winds reverse direction once a year, creating a distinct wet season and a dry season. Thus, the people of Southeast Asia hope for the timely arrival of these seasonal rains in order to provide water for their crops.
A study of the policy of "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia and the Holocaust in Europe would suggest that 1. world opinion is effective in stopping genocide 2. countries generally use reason and negotiation in dealing with important ethnic issues 3. anti-Semitism and ethnic hatred remain powerful forces in the 20th century 4. military leaders cannot be held responsible for acts committed during wartime
Intolerance of other ethnic and religious groups has led to devastating violence in the 20th century. This continues to be a problem today, as evidenced by recent events in Bosnia and Rwanda.
Which activity is the best example of cultural diffusion in Africa? 1. weaving kente cloth in Ghana 2. using masks in traditional African ceremonies 3. discovering bronze sculptures from Benin 4. practicing of Islam in Nigeria
Islam was founded in Saudi Arabia and was transmitted throughout the Middle East, India, and northern Africa.
"A constitution? What for? The Koran is the oldest and most efficient constitution in the world." --King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (1966) "The form of government of Iran is that of an Islamic Republic." --Article 1, Iranian Constitution (1979) These quotations best support the idea that 1. the laws of Islam can be used to govern a country 2. every country needs elected leaders 3. Muslims believe in a weak central government 4. religion should be separated from government
Islamic life is regulated by the Koran and the Sharia. The Koran is the Islamic holy book. The Sharia is the Islamic system of laws developed from the Koran. Many countries with a large Muslim population have returned to the use of these two books as a system of government. The movement in modern times is referred to Islamic Fundamentalism.
Economic development in Japan after World War II and in Communist China since the 1980's is similar in that both nations have sought to 1. end foreign investment 2. develop their vast natural resources to achieve economic growth 3. utilize the concepts of capitalism to improve their economies 4. nationalize most major industries and restrict competition
Japan and China have nationalized most major industries in an effort to limit foreign competition in their countries.
A major effect of geography on Japan is that the 1. export of oil has helped Japan maintain a favorable balance of trade 2. fertile plains have enabled Japan to keep food prices low 3. mountains have prevented invasions obey foreign nations 4. scarcity of natural resources has forced Japan to obtain raw materials from other nations
Japan has very few natural resources except the surrounding seas. Therefore, Japan takes advantage of its irregular coastline to promote trade with other countries. Raw materials are imported to Japan, and then turned into consumer goods such as automobiles and electronics, which are then exported to other nations.
The emergence of Japan as a world economic power has been based mostly on Japan's 1. development of nuclear power 2. abundance of fossil fuels 3. strong traditional of military rule 4. business enterprise and organization
Japanese businesses are very well regulated and organized. This has enabled them to out compete competitors around the world and help build a very strong economy in Japan.
Which generalization about geography of Latin America is accurate? 1. geographic features prevented foreign imperialism 2. harsh climatic conditions have prevented the development of large-scale agriculture 3. the lack of geographic barriers facilitated the development of transportation and communication systems 4. great variations in latitude and landforms resulted in a diversity of climates
Latin America stretches from the Rio Grande River, continues past the Equator, and finally ends just north of Antarctica. Latin America also contains a variety of landforms including the Andes Mountains, the Amazon River Basin, Brazilian Highlands, and various deserts. Due to the variations in latitude and landforms, Latin America contains several different types of climate such as humid sub-tropical, humid continental, as well as dry desert regions.
Mansa Musa's journey to Mecca in the 1300's is evidence that 1. the Crusades had a great influence on western Africa 2. most African leaders were educated in the Middle East 3. European culture was superior to the cultures of western Africa 4. Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire
Mansa Musa was fulfilling one of the Five Pillars of Islam by making a pilgrimage from Mali to Mecca. This indicates that Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire, because one of its greatest rulers was a practicing Muslim.
Which factor best accounts for the existence of cash-crop production as a major form of agriculture in many Central American nations today? 1. demand of world markets for such crops 2. lack of modern agricultural technology 3. inadequate supply of water and other natural resources 4. peasant ownership of most farmlands
Many Latin American nations rely on one or two cash crops as the basis of their economies. This is due to the demand of the world market for such products, and the inability of Latin America to attract sufficient capital investment for industrialization.
One similarity between Mao Zedong and Fidel Castro is that they 1. achieved their goals through the use of peaceful resistance 2. worked to protect citizens' rights to freedom of expression 3. considered capitalism to be the best economic system 4. led revolutionary movements that established communist governments
Mao Zedong led a revolution in the 1930's and 1940's which established a communist government in China. The revolution, started by Fidel Castro, established communism in Cuba in 1959. Both communist governments exist today.
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believe would be the result when communism finally emerged as the dominant political and economic system? 1. Only two classes would exist in society. 2. All the evils of industrial society would disappear. 3. The Soviet Union would become the world's only superpower. 4. Citizens would own their individual homes and farms.
Marx and Engels believed that their economic and political system would create a classless society where the means of production would be controlled by the working class, and a fair distribution of wealth would exist.
One principle in the theory of mercantilism is that colonies should be 1. granted independence as soon as possible 2. considered an economic burden for the colonial power 3. encouraged to develop their own industries 4. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
Mercantilism is an economic system where a country's wealth is based upon exporting more products than it imports. To accomplish this, a country must have colonies to provide raw materials, and also to provide a market for the finished products.
A similarity of the goals of Nelson Mandela and Mohandas Gandhi is that both leaders wanted to 1. secure political power for the majority of the people 2. encourage a greater degree of industrialization 3. improve the economy by expanding governmental control 4. gain independence from the Soviet Union
Nelson Mandela fought to give rights to black South Africans, the majority population, while Gandhi worked toward ending British domination of India and restoring control back to the majority natives.
Edo
Old name for Tokyo during shogun times; built in first togawa shogunate/early modern period
Since World War II, people in both Africa and Latin America have moved from rural to urban areas. The major cause of this movement has been the 1. rejection of traditional custom 2. expectation of improved economic opportunities 3. guarantee of better housing 4. fear of civil war
People in both regions have moved to the cities in hopes of greater economic opportunities. This is known as urbanization, and is common in many third world nations.
The events that led to the overthrow of Czar Nicholas II in 1917 and to the forced resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 show that 1. economic crises often lead to political change 2. Russian absolutism continued into the 1990's 3. international conflicts often strengthen the power of leaders 4. Russia is an ethnically unified nation
Russia was facing severe economic problems in both time periods. This type of problem often results in a change in government.
A person who practices the Shinto faith would be most likely to 1. visit a shrine placed on the shore of a lake 2. pray five times a day 3. bathe in the Ganges River 4. make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Shinto places a great emphasis on nature and the kami, or spirits, which inhabit all living things.
All forms of Animism center around an appreciation for nature which is exhibited by the belief that many Animists hold that all living things contain spirits. Animism is considered to be the original human religion, being defined simply as the belief in the existence of spirits. It dates back to the earliest humans and is still practiced today, making it the oldest form of religious belief on Earth. Animists believe that everything has a spirit. The concepts that humans possess spirits and that these spirits have life apart from human bodies before and after death are central to animism, along with the ideas that animals, plants, and celestial bodies have spirits. Animistic gods often explain the creation of fire, wind, water, man, animals, and other natural earthly things. Although specific beliefs of animism vary widely, similarities between the characteristics of gods and goddesses and rituals practiced by animistic societies exist. The presence of holy men or women, visions, trances, dancing, sacred items, and sacred spaces for worship, and the connection felt to the spirits of ancestors are characteristic of animistic societies.
Shintoism is the Japanese religion that stresses the link between people and forces of nature. This also includes a belief in the divinity of the Japanese Emperors. Shinto is the native religion of Japan with roots stretching back to 500 B.C. It is a polytheistic religion, venerating almost any natural objects ranging from mountains, rivers, water, rocks, and trees. In other words, it is based on animism. Among the natural phenomena, the sun is most appealing to the Japanese and the Sun Goddess is regarded as the principal deity of Shinto, particularly by the Imperial Family. "Nippon" is the Japanese word for Japan. It literally means "the Origin of the Sun". The Japanese national flag is simple, one red disk in the center, and it symbolizes the sun. The word Shinto means "the way of the gods". The Japanese people worship thousands of gods and spirits. Kami is the Japanese word for the spirits. Shinto has no holy book but Shinto followers love nature and worship the kami or spirits of nature. They believe that these kami control the forces of nature. The royal family of Japan traces its ancestors back to the sun goddess. Until the end of World War II, the Japanese thought that their emperor was a god. After World War II, the emperor stated that he was not a god. However, Shintoism is still popularly practiced in Japan today.
Monarch of Australia?
The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth),[1] is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states[2] that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat, and non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation.[3] The Commonwealth dates back to the mid 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the member states as "free and equal".[4] The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms. The other members of the Commonwealth have different persons as head of state: 32 members are republics and five members are monarchies with a different monarch. Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.[3] These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter[5] and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. On 3 October 2013, after 48 years of membership, Gambia became the most recent nation to withdraw from the Commonwealth.[6] The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2 (11,566,870 sq mi), almost a quarter of the world land area, and spans all the continents. With an estimated population of 2.328 billion, near a third of the world population,[7] the Commonwealth in 2014 produced a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.45 trillion, representing 17% of the gross world product when measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) and 14% of the gross world product when measured nominally. Under the formula of the London Declaration, Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth, a title that is by law a part of Elizabeth's royal titles in each of the Commonwealth realms,[23] the 16 members of the Commonwealth that recognise the Queen as their monarch. However, when the monarch dies, the successor to the crown does not automatically become Head of the Commonwealth.[24] The position is symbolic, representing the free association of independent members,[23] the majority of which (32) are republics, and five have monarchs of different royal houses (Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, and Tonga).
The French Revolution of 1789 and the Cuban Revolution of 1959 were similar in that both were caused primarily by the 1. desire of the people to be free from foreign rule 2. pressure of religious leaders for government reform 3. failure of the government to meet the needs of the people 4. ambition of the upper class to attain wealth and property
The French Revolution started because the government was unresponsive to the problems of the majority of the people, such as poverty and hunger. The Cuban Revolution, started by Fidel Castro, was a response to the oppressive and corrupt government of Fulgencio Batista.
One way in which the caste system and apartheid were similar is that both 1. described specific religious practices and beliefs 2. supported a rigid class structure 3. were created by British colonial governments 4. gave power to the lower classes in their respective societies
The Hindu Caste system divided society up into many castes, each with its own rights and duties. Apartheid divided South African society between whites and blacks. Black South Africans enjoyed fewer rights and faced constant discrimination and segregation.
The Holocaust in Europe and the actions of the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea (Cambodia) were similar in that they were examples of 1. Interdependence 2. Segregation 3. Genocide 4. Empathy
The Holocaust was the systematic murder of the Jewish population in Europe by the Nazis. The Khmer Rouge also practiced a policy of genocide, killing millions in Cambodia during the 1970's.
Which conclusion can be drawn from the information in the chart? 1. Developing countries are instituting programs to limit the growth of their populations. 2. Infant mortality is a greater problem in Africa than in Asia. 3. The nations with relatively low birthrates have relatively high per capita incomes. 4. The national birthrate is determined by many different factors.
The Iron Law of Wages states that a low population will mean a higher income as labor resources are more valuable.
In Japan, a major economic problem has been the lack of 1. natural resources 2. investment capital 3. skilled labor 4. experienced management
The Japanese archipelago has very limited natural resources, which is the primary barrier to economic development there.
Which is an accurate statement about Japan's natural resources? 1. Japan has extensively used the seas for fishing 2. large reserves of petroleum are located in the northern part of Japan 3. Japan has large fertile plains suitable for growing grain 4. large coal and iron-ore deposits are located in the mountain region
The Japanese archipelago has very limited natural resources. By far, the most abundant natural resources available to the Japanese is that which can be harvested from the surrounding ocean.
One way in which the Meiji Restoration in Japan and the Golden Age of India are similar is that in each region these events led to 1. the persecution of minority peoples 2. periods of rapid change 3. the rise of feudalism as the dominant political system 4. governments ruled by absolute monarchs
The Meiji Restoration in Japan resulted in a radical change in government, and the rapid industrialization of the country. The Golden Age of India under the Gupta regime brought many advancements in such areas as science and technology. Gupta is an ancient Indian empire, founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta, which existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent.[1] The peace and prosperity created under the leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavours.[2] This period is called the Golden Age of India[3] and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.[4] Chandra Gupta I, Samudra Gupta, and Chandra Gupta II were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty.[5] The 4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits Guptas with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas etc.[6] The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculptures and paintings.[7] The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields.[8][9] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era.[10] Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and set the region up as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.[11] The earliest available Indian epics are also thought to have been written around this period. The empire gradually declined because of many factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories and the invasion by the Huna peoples from Central Asia.[12] After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha Vardhana, who established an empire in the first half of the 7th century.
One result of the Neolithic Revolution was 1. an increase in the number of nomadic tribes 2. a reliance on hunting and gathering for food 3. the establishment of villages and the rise of governments 4. a decrease in trade between cultural groups
The Neolithic Revolution occurred 10,000 years ago when humans began to grow crops from seeds and domesticate animals. These developments allowed humans to establish villages and form governments.
The Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China were similar in that both were 1. attempts to improve foreign trade 2. nonviolent resistance efforts 3. revolts against foreign influence 4. revolutions against traditional monarchs
The Sepoy Rebellion was a revolt against British authority in India. The Boxer Rebellion was a similar revolt against British imperialist policy in China.
In the Ancient Kingdom of Mali and in the Roman Republic, an important feature of life was the development of 1. codified laws 2. social and political equality 3. the Islamic religion 4. agricultural communes
The Twelve Tables of Law from Rome and the establishment of codified law by Mansa Musa in Mali were both important developments in these societies.
In recent years, which factor has been a major reason for the economic tensions between the United States and Japan? 1. Japan's trade deficit with the United States was very high 2. the United States refused to place quotas on Japanese goods 3. the United States imported more from Japan than it exported to Japan 4. Japan lowered tariffs on goods imported from the United States
The United States currently has a trade deficit with Japan (and China). This has caused some consumers in the U.S. to boycott Japanese goods in favor of products made in the U.S.A..
Which statement best explains why most of the population of the people's Republic of China live in the eastern third of the nation? 1. best agricultural land is in the East 2. largest forests are in the East 3. best fishing areas are off the eastern coast 4. largest oil deposits are in the East
The coastal region of China contain the best agricultural lands as well as access to the Pacific Ocean, making it much easier to live on than the interior of the country which is dominated by deserts and other harsh geographic features.
One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader 1. sought independence from colonial rule 2. ruled during a period of peace and prosperity 3. demanded human rights for all citizens 4. established a totalitarian government Simon Bolivar was an independence leader in Latin America, Jomo Kenyatta did the same for Kenya, and Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam. Jomo Kenyatta was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978, serving first as Prime Minister (1963-64) and then as President (1964-78). He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation.[1] Kenyatta was a well-educated intellectual who authored several books, and is remembered as a Pan-Africanist. He is also the father of Kenya's fourth and current President, Uhuru Kenyatta. Kenyatta was arrested in October 1952 and indicted with five others on the charges of "managing and being a member" of the Mau Mau Society, a radical anti-colonial movement engaged in rebellion against Kenya's British rulers. The accused were known as the "Kapenguria Six".[citation needed]
The defence, led by British barrister D. N. Pritt, argued that the white settlers were trying to scapegoat Kenyatta and that there was no evidence tying him to the Mau Mau. The court sentenced Kenyatta on 8 April 1953 to seven years' imprisonment with hard labour and indefinite restriction thereafter.[13] The subsequent appeal was refused by the British Privy Council in 1954.Kenyatta remained in prison until 1959, after which he was detained in Lodwar, a remote part of Kenya. While contemporary opinion linked Kenyatta with the Mau Mau, historians have questioned his alleged leadership of the radical movement.[15] Kenyatta was in truth a political moderate. His marriage of Colonial Chief's daughters, his post independence Kikuyu allies mainly being former colonial collaborators (though also from his tribe), and his short shrift treatment of former Mau Mau fighters after he came to power, all strongly suggest he had scant regard for the Mau Mau. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, as he was popularly known, was an important and influential statesman in Africa. He is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state. He pursued a moderate pro-Western, anti-Communist economic philosophy and foreign policy.[20][21][22] He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations. However, Kenyatta was not without major flaws, and did also bequeath Kenya some major problems which continue to bedevil the country to date, hindering her development, and threatening her existence as a peaceful unitary multi-ethnic state.[23] He failed to mould Kenya, being its founding father, into a homogeneous multi-ethnic state. Instead, the country became and remains a de facto confederation of competing tribes. His authoritarian style, characterized by patronage, favouritism, tribalism and/or nepotism drew criticism and dissent, and set a bad example followed by his successors. He had the Constitution radically amended to expand his powers, consolidating executive power.[24] He is also criticised for having ruled through a post colonial clique consisting largely of his relatives, other Kikuyus, mostly from his native Kiambu district, Offspring of former colonial chiefs, and African Kikuyu colonial collaborators and their offspring, while giving scant reward to those whom most consider the real fighters for Kenya's independence.[citation needed] This clique became and remains the wealthiest, most powerful and most influential class in Kenya to date.[19][25] Kenyatta has further been criticised for encouraging the culture of wealth accumulation by public officials using the power and influence of their offices, thereby deeply entrenching corruption in Kenya.[26] He is regularly charged with having personally grabbed and accumulated huge land holdings in Kenya. "The regime of Kenya's first president, Jomo Kenyatta, was riddled with land grabbing which was perpetrated by him for his benefit and members of his family...between 1964 and 1966, one-sixth of European settlers' lands that were intended for settlement of landless and land-scarce Africans were cheaply sold to the then President Kenyatta and his wife Ngina as well as his children...throughout the years of President Kenyatta's administration, his relatives friends and officials in his administration also benefited from the vice with wanton impunity." a report by Kenya's Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission was recently quoted as saying.[27] His policies are also criticised for leading to a large income and development inequality gap in the country. Development and resource allocation in the country during his reign was seen to have favoured some regions of the country over others.[23] His resettlement of many Kikuyu tribesmen in the country's Rift Valley province is widely considered to have been done unfairly.[23][28] One of his famous sayings is the following : "When the Missionaries arrived, the Africans had the land and the Missionaries had the Bible. They taught how to pray with our eyes closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible."[citation needed]
During the late 1980's and early 1990's, the Soviet Union experienced ethnic tensions that were most similar to those experienced by 1. Japan in the early 17th century 2. Austria-Hungary in the late 19th century 3. Spain in the mid-18th century 4. Cuba in the late 20th century
The former Soviet Union and the old Austria-Hungary Empire were inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This often led to violence in the past as each group sought independence and self determination.
Which factor has most limited the development of national unity in India, Lebanon, and Bosnia-Herzegovina? 1. lack of natural resources 2. inability to end colonialism 3. religious and ethnic differences 4. rapid growth of industry All three regions are inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This has limited the development of national unity in these areas, and has often led to violence. Christians versus Muslims in Lebanon: Lebanon is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south. The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years, predating recorded history.[7] Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians and their kingdom, a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years (c. 1550-539 BC). In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established. As the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. However, a new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well, a religious divide that would last for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome. The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era.
The region eventually came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following the collapse of the Empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing a unique political system - "confessionalism" - that is, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Bechara El Khoury (independent Lebanon's first president), Riad El-Solh (Lebanon's first prime minister) and Emir Majid Arslan (Lebanon's first minister of defence) are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.[8] Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, commerce, and banking.[9] Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday, Lebanon was compared to Switzerland,[10] and its capital Beirut attracted so many tourists that it was known as "the Paris of the Middle East".[11] At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. In 1975, following increasing sectarian tensions, a full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon. The Lebanese Civil War pitted a coalition of Christian groups against the joint forces of the PLO, left-wing Druze and Muslim militias. In June 1976 Syria sent in its own troops, ostensibly to restore peace. In October 1976 the Arab League agreed to establish a predominantly Syrian Arab Deterrent Force, which was charged with restoring calm.[38] In 1982, the PLO attacks from Lebanon on Israel led to an Israeli invasion. A multinational force of American, French and Italian contingents (joined in 1983 by a British contingent) were deployed in Beirut after the Israeli siege of the city, to supervise the evacuation of the PLO. It returned in September 1982 after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel and subsequent fighting, during which a number of massacres were committed, such as in Damour,[39] in Sabra and Shatila,[40] and in several refugee camps.[41] The multinational force was withdrawn in the spring of 1984, following a devastating bombing attack during the previous year. According to a videotape released by Osama Bin Laden in 2004, images of the bombing of Lebanon were what made him conceive the attack on the United States on 11 September 2001, in order to deter further attacks resulting in the deaths of women and children.[42] In September 1988, the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians, Muslims, and Syrians. The Arab League Summit of May 1989 led to the formation of a Saudi-Moroccan-Algerian committee to solve the crisis. On 16 September 1989 the committee issued a peace plan which was accepted by all. A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.[38] In the same month, the Lebanese Parliament agreed to the Taif Agreement, which included an outline timetable for Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and a formula for the de-confessionalisation of the Lebanese political system.[38] The war ended at the end of 1990 after sixteen years, resulting in massive loss of human life and property, while devastating the country's economy. It is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded.[43] Nearly a million civilians were displaced by the war, and some never returned.[44] Parts of Lebanon were left in ruins.[45] The Taif Agreement has still not been implemented in full and Lebanon's political system continues to be divided along sectarian lines.
"Germany Will Make Reparations For WWI" "OPEC Supports Oil Embargo Against Western Nations" "UN Imposes Sanctions on Iraq" Which conclusion can be drawn from these headlines? 1. economic measures are often designed to achieve political goals 2. communism as an economic system has failed 3. economic policies are often formulated to encourage investment 4. nationalism plays a small role in economic decisionmaking
The use of economic sanctions has been a effective political tool for many nations.
One effect that mountain ranges, rain forests, and river systems have had on Latin America has been to 1. encourage cultural diffusion 2. limit the development of transportation and communication systems 3. permit the nations of the area to use a single form of government 4. allow the development of large amounts of arable land
These natural resources have made it difficult to develop transportation and communication systems because of the costs associated with building infrastructure in areas with dense vegetation, steep elevations, and rivers that are barely navigable.
Which geographic factor has had the most influence on Poland 1. a severe climate 2. vast deposits of oil 3. location on the great European Plain 4. a rugged coastline
Throughout history, Poland has been an invasion route for invading armies entering and leaving Europe because its location on the great European Plain provides is easier to get through than treading over highlands or mountains.
Eighteenth-century Russia and nineteenth-century Japan were similar in that both countries 1. began the process of modernization after a long period of isolation 2. developed democratic governments after years under absolute monarchies 3. refused to accept western technological ideas 4. adopted socialist economic systems after capitalism had failed
Throughout the 1700's, both Peter the Great and Catherine the Great did much to modernize Russia by adopting ideas from the European Renaissance from which Russia had been isolated. Similarly, the Japanese Meiji Restoration rapidly industrialized Japan after the American Commodore Matthew Perry displayed industrial military power to convince the Japanese to open their ports to trade. Because of geographic isolation, Russia did not take part in the European Renaissance and did not begin to modernize until the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in the 1700's. Japan refused to allow European trade beginning in 1639. This foreign policy made it impossible for the Japanese to take part in the Industrial Revolution which started in Europe. Japan's rapid industrialization began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
Which statement best explains the periods of the Gupta Empire of India, the Golden Age of Greece, and the Renaissance in Italy? 1. the winning of a war often inspires scientific and artistic achievement 2. a combination of wealth and a time of relative peace often leads to cultural achievement 3. a dictatorship usually encourages cultural growth and development 4. periods of censorship are needed for a nation to achieve cultural and scientific greatness
Times of peace allow societies to create great works and trade with their neighbors. This trade usually results in the accumulation of wealth and the exchange of ideas which allows for the development and adoption of new innovations.
A topographical map would most likely be used to 1. identify the major agricultural products of Egypt 2. determine the population of Beijing, China 3. estimate the elevation of Bangkok, Thailand 4. count the number of provinces in India
Topographical maps show the lay of the land, and thus would be ideal for use in estimating the elevation of Bangkok, Thailand.
Which statement best describes an impact of topography on eastern Europe? 1. Many different languages, religions, and customs developed. 2. A Russian czar ruled the area as a single empire. 3. An extensive single-crop agricultural system emerged. 4. Neighbors who were more powerful could not invade the region.
Various geographical features, such as, rivers, mountains, and plains, can cause civilizations to develop differently depending on their needs for survival.
Which of these nations is located closet to the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia? 1. Korea 2. Vietnam 3. Somalia 4. Pakistan
While Korea and Vietnam are both located in Southeast (?) Asia, Vietnam is much closer to the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa, and Pakistan is located near India in South Asia.
Geographic diversity in the Middle East has contributed to 1. unequal standards of living 2. a common economic system 3. similar political systems 4. military alliances with Japan
While some nations in the Middle East have large reserves of oil, others do not, and therefore have little of value to trade with the rest of the world.
Taoism and Shintoism are similar in that both religions stress 1. adhering to the five Confucian relationships 2. following the Eightfold Path 3. developing harmony between humans and nature 4. believing in one God
You Are Correct! Taoism is a Chinese philosophy which focuses on nature by emphasizing "the way." This philosophy dictates that people should passively accept nature in order to be in harmony with it. The Japanese Shinto faith states that all living things are inhabited by kami, or spirits.
In China, the development of ethnocentrism was most influenced by 1. its historic reliance on foreign nations 2. a long history of democratic government 3. a strong belief in Christianity 4. its geographic isolation
You Are Correct! The Gobi Desert to the North, the Himalayan Mountains to the Southwest, and the seas to the East all contribute to the geographic isolation of China. This isolation hindered cultural contact for many years which resulted in China considering itself the "Middle Kingdom," or the center of human civilization.
One reason the cultures of North Africa developed differently from the cultures of the rest of Africa was that these areas of Africa were separated by the 1. Congo River Basin 2. Great Rift Valley 3. Sahara Desert 4. Arabian Sea
You Are Correct! The Sahara Desert has acted as a natural barrier in Africa which resulted in the diffusion of Middle Eastern culture in North Africa, while Sub-Saharan Africa maintained a variety of traditional cultures until the beginning of the Slave Trade and imperialism practiced by Europeans during the Scramble for Africa.
The Ancient Romans' most significant contribution to Europe has been in the area of 1. economics 2. poetry 3. drama 4. law
You Are Correct! The Twelve Tables of Law are considered the first example of codified law in Europe and were created in Ancient Rome.
Which factor contributes most to the recurring food shortages in Africa? 1. poor distribution of agricultural products 2. extensive river systems 3. location between two major oceans 4. rainforest environment
You Are Correct! The poor distribution of agriculture resources causes yearly food shortages in some parts of Africa.
"When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my caste." What is the main idea of this quotation? 1. the caste system continues to influence Indian society 2. the caste system has been reflected by most Indians 3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste 4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system
You Are Correct! While the Caste System has been outlawed in India, it is still a traditional custom which affects many Indians.
A major impact of Ancient Greece and Rome on Western Civilization was that 1. the Greeks and Romans succeeded in achieving a classless society, which was later copied in Western Europe 2. Greek sculpture and Roman architecture were much admired and copied in the 18th and 19th centuries 3. Greece and Rome transmitted Islamic philosophy to the areas they conquered 4. Greek and Latin are still widely spoken in universities throughout the West
You Are Correct! With the reemergence of democracy, classical Greek and Roman architecture was copied during the 1700s and 1800s.