World History Unit 4
Coup d'etat
" stroke of state", the sudden overthrow of a government by force. A forced transfer of power.
Sans culottes
" without knee breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food storages
What is the significant of "L'etat, c'est moi" ?
"I am the state." Meaning that he was bound by no rules and had no limits.
Cahiers
"Notebooks", to document their grievances
Huguenot
A French Calvinist Protestant
Saint Helena
A bleak volcanic island in the south Atlantic
The directory
A body of five directors that held executive power in France following the national convention and preceding the consulate
Hundred days
A brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon and of problems for his enemies
Napoleonic wars
A series of wars to conquer Europe.
Elba
A small Mediterranean island, off the coast of Italy.
Estates general
An assembly made up of the three estates, to approve new taxes on the third estate
What were the main event s in the monarchy of Louis XIV?
The main event in the monarchy of Louis XIV was when he built an enormous palace, Palace of Versailles.
Old order
The political and social system in place in France before the revolution. A social and political structure or acien regime, created inequalities in French society
Bourgeoisie
The urban middle class or either the top of the third estate; merchants, professionals, and manufacturers, and doctors
Indemnity
Compensation that is paid to a nation for the damage inflicted upon it.
Counterrevolution
Composed of various groups both I'm and outside of the French Revolution and actively sought to change its course. A revolution against the government that was established by a revolution.
Louis XVIII
Declared himself monarch after much of his family was killed during the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
French lawyer and politician, and one of the best known and most influential figures of the French Revolution
Cardinal Armand Richelieu
French minister and chief minister of King Louis XIII; he wanted to strengthen the monarchy and fought against the Huguenot resistance to the Catholic monarchy
Jean- Paul Marat
French politician, physician, and journalist, a leader of the radical Montagnards faction during the French Revolution
Why was Louis XIV referred to as the sun king?
Henry XIV identifies himself with Apollo, the Greek god of the sun.
How did Henry IV end France's wars of religion?
Henry knew that a compromise was needed to restore peace. In 1598, he granted same rights to Huguenots by issuing the Edict of Nantes. French Catholics accepted the Edict because it would end the religious wars but still declared catholicism the official religion of France.
Third estate
In pre-revolution France, the bourgeoisie, artisans, workers, and peasants. The third estate, by fat the largest group of people, included about 97 percent of the population
First Estate
In pre-revolution France, the clergy. The first estate was made up of the Roman Catholic clergy, about 1 percent of the population
Second estate
In pre-revolution France, the nobles. The second estate was made up of the nobility, less than 2 percent of the population
Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, a mob of Parisians went to the bastille, an ancient prison, looking for weapons.<-- Louis made a serious mistake
Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies?
They saw the nobles as a threat.
How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?
They supported the centralization of power in France and strengthening the monarchy by removing outlying rulers
War of Spanish Succession
War fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France
King Louis XVI
(1754-1793) King of France, his unpopular policies, including harsh taxes, helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the national convention, he was executed by guillotine
Marie- Antoinette
(1755-1793) Queen of France, wife of Henry XVI, she was queen during the French Revolution and was disliked by many French citizens. She was found guilty of treason and guillotine
Admiral Horatio Nelson
(1758-1805) British admiral, he defeated Napoleon's navy in Egypt and again at the battle of trafalgar. Under the command of Nelson,the British navy was on Napoleon's trail. Nelson trapped the French ships, in the long battle of the Nile, the British destroyed, most of the French fleet.
Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821) general, emperor of France, he seized power in a coup d'etate in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe, placing his relatives in positions of power. Defeated at the battle of Waterloo, he was exiled on the island of Elba
Duke Wellington
(1769-1852) British soldier and statesman, he led the British troops against Napoleon at the battle of waterloo
Czar Alexander I
(1777-1825) Czar of Russia , after the defeat of the Napoleon's Amy in 1812, he became one of the europes ,ost powerful leader, supporting the suppression of revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe
What were some low points in the life of Henry IV?
A catholic queen of France ordered assassins to kill the Huguenots, that led onto the killing of the final death toll range from 10,000 to 70,000
Versailles
A city of north-central France west-southwestern of Paris. It is known for its magnificent palace, built by Louis XIV in the mid-17th century, where the treaty ending World War I was signed in 1919
Revolutionary tribunal
A court which was instituted in Paris by the convention during the French Revolution
Edict of Nantes
A declaration of French King Henry IV in which he promised that Protestants could live peacefully in France and were free to establish houses of worship in selected French cities
Guillotine
A device designed for carrying out executions by decapitation. A device that dropped a sharp, heavy blade through the victims's neck.
Declaration of rights of man and citizens
A document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution- liberty, equality, and fraternity
Olympe de gouges
A famous Paris playwright, wrote in declaration of rights for women, but the National Assembly turned it down
Reign of terror
A period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution. A series of accusations, trials, and executions.
Radical
A person with extreme views. Those who favored extreme change, in control.
Continental system
A plan that prohibited French or allied ships from trading with Britian
The Mountain/ Montagnards
A political group during the French Revolution whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the assembly
Republic
A political system in which the citizens of a region elect representatives to run the government
Plebiscite
A question put before all the voters
The great fear
After the fall of the Bastille, many people were shocked by what they had done. They feared that the king would punish them and end the revolution. (the panic,"The Great Fear," was based on both fiction and fact.
The girondins
Also called Brissotin, a label applied too a loose grouping of republican politicians, some of them originally from the department of the Gironde, who played a leading role in the legislative assembly from October 1791 to September 1792 drying the French Revolution.
Reactionary
An extremist who not only opposes change but also wants to undo certain changes.
How did emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe?
At first he was apart of the French army, from there, he escalated in the ranks. He become captain in 1789, which is when France introduced the bill of rights.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
August 24, 1572 A massacre of 6,000-8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici
What were some high points in the life of Henry IV?
In 1594, Henry won acceptance by converting to Catholicism and was crowned King Henry IV
What events caused disaster and defeat from Napoleon?
In June Napoleon and an army of 600,00 men marched across to Russian borders. Napoleon had rushed back to Paris by sleigh, leaving his troops to face much of the awful trip without him. In the end only about 94,000 out of the original 600,000 French troops mad the journey back.
Why was the palace of Versailles important?
It represents the old government of France when the king and queen had all the power in the country.
Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV
King of France (1589-1610) He issued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed Protestant worship, in order to restore peace to France.
Louis XIII
King of France (1610-1643) A relatively weak ruler, he let Cardinal Richelieu, his chief minister, hold great sway during his reign
Louis XIV
King of France (1643-1715) Known as the sun king, he built the Palace of Versailles as a means to consolidate absolute power, a series of wars at the end of his reign drained France's wealth
How might Louis XIV have improved his legacy?
Louis XIV could have improved his legacy by not starting so many wars and having fewer places that bankrupted the nation.
March on Versailles
Louis called troops to Versailles to protect his throne. This angered the common people of Paris, who feared the king would crush the revolution. A crowd of perhaps 7,000 women marched through the rain from Paris to Versailles. Demanding bread, the mob broke into the palace.
How did Napoleon rise to power?
Napoleon distinguished himself as a young artillery officer, mercilessly driving the British out of the port of Toulon, and drew the attention of the upper echelons. When the French Republic's government was threatened by a mob, one General recommended that Napoleon be given command of the garrison in Paris. Napoleon's army stood steady with offers not to fired upon. When a weapon was fired from the crowd, Napoleon's troops field back, dispersing and perusing the mob. The assembly was forever grateful after that, giving Bonaparte greater and greater responsibility, until the army was his instead of the governments'
The plain
Sometimes called the marsh, was the name given to the moderate party, in the French national convention during the French Revolution.
How did the French Revolution create a new nation?
The French Revolution created the newly formed National Assembly came great triumphs. "The Declaration of Rights of man and citizens." Declaring the opens by affirming the natural and impresciptible rights of man to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." It also called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to exemptions from taxation, freedom, and equal rights for all human beings and access to public office based on talent. In addition, it brought to the end of the Monarchy.
Battle of Waterloo
The French and British both suffered huge losses at the battle of Waterloo, but for Napoleon, the battle of Waterloo was a crushing defeat
Why would the demolition of the nobles' castles diminish their military power?
The castle was the base of operations of any military of the time. Not only was it the home of the noble, but it also served as the housing, training, dining, and equipping location for the armies.
What caused the French Revolution?
The cause of the French Revolution was international struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resource of the state. The political conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the reform of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy; the social antagonisms between the Aristocracy and the Bourgeoisie. The economic hardship, as well, especially the Agrarian crisis of 1788-1789 generates popular disemtent and disorders caused by food shortages - inequalities in society - poor leadership from Louis XVI - ideas of enlightenment writers - financial crisis - widespread hunger and record cold
Congress of Vienna
The congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel Von Metternich, and held in Vienna
What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics?
The radical French government ended the monarchy, made France a republic and wrote another new constitution. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
What was the reign of terror, and how did it end?
The reign of terror lasted for about 11 months and was a bitter time when two rivals factions fought for control after the French Revolution, it was a time do mass execution of "enemies of the people" and the chief architects were Robespierre and Marat. The reign of terror need in July 1794 when Robespierre was removed from office and tried to execute for being an enemy of the people
Treaty of Utrecht
Treaty that ended the war of the Spanish Succession, it gave the throne to Louis XIV's grandson but also stated that France and Spain would never be ruled by the same monarch
What happened during the events of the revolution?
When Louis XVI finally called the estates general to solve financial difficulties, the third estate did not agree with the unfair system of the estates general. They formed the National Assembly to make a constitution. People were afraid that the king would suppress the National Assembly. They were also discontented that the king dismissed Neckers, the popular finance minister. The hungry Parisians, who suffered for bad harvest, bursts out their anger by attacking the Bastille prison(for political prisoners). Then it lead onto the spread of fear.