World History Unit 4

Italian Patrons

(financial supporters) were willing to spend a lot of money on art

Visigoths

-Alaric was the Visigoths leader -Mainly a monarchy, their system changed frequently -Goth Wars in 376-382 A.D. -The Visigoths were one out of the two of the primary branches of the Germanic tribe known as "Goths", the other tribe is known as the Ostrogoths. -Fought the late roman empire -Lived in multiple small tribes -good in trade, hunting, and diplomacy.

Angles

-Alfred The Great, a king of Winchester, had a crippling disability. -democracy like -The entirety of the tribe was made up of immigrants from northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. -Everytime the tribe held a conference, they were known for killing their host. -After the fall of Rome they invaded Britain along with the Saxons and were able take a large portion of the land. From there they made their own state. (Eastern Angles, by the coast of Britain.) -NOT interested in economics

Renaissance Art Features :

-Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes -Art reflected a great interest in nature -Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an increasing knowledge of anatomy -Bodies looked active and were shown moving -Figures were either nude or clothed -Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks -Faces expressed what people were thinking -Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with the right and left sides having similar or identical elements)

The Vikings

-Came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark which are North of England. -Land was rocky and not fertile. It was hard to grow crops. -England was rich with plentiful lands and treasures. -Climate was much warmer than where they came from, they preferred it and wanted to settle here.

The Franks

-Clovis became king when he was just 15 years old. When he died, his 4 sons ruled -Developed the feudal system. -Monarchy/oligarchy -Referred to as 'ferocious' because their choice of weapon in battle was the axe. -Dominating present-day northern France, Belgium, and western Germany -established the most powerful Christian kingdom of early medieval western Europe. -The name France (Francia) is derived from their name.

Eastern Roman Empire/ Byzantines

-Constantine I was the first Christian Emperor -Byzantium would later have its name changed to Constantinople in his honor. -The Byzantine government was similar to the Romans, but with some reforms -The Roman Emperor was justified through God instead of being considered a god himself in the Byzantine Empire -The Eastern Roman Empire a empire that split from the Roman Empire. -The Byzantine Empire had a small army of aristocrats to prevent the Emperor from ruining the empire if he were incompetent.

BOTH Locke and Hobbes believed that:

-Government is necessary -Government is created to keep order -Government exists through a contract between the leader and the people

Magyars

-Invaded the Pannonian Basin in the 9th century, (now Hungary). This was their biggest and most famous achievement. -Magyars raided civilizations and then moved on, they rarely settled -Battle was their expertise; horsemen fighting with bow and arrow whenever they got the chance. No single man had authority, they fought alongside each other as equals

Classical art Features:

-Lifelike but often idealized (more perfect than in real life) figures -Figures were nude or draped in togas (robes) -Bodies looked active, and motion was believable -Faces were calm and without emotion -Scenes showed either heroic figures or real people doing tasks from daily life

What are some things the Magna Carta did?

-Limited King's rights such as how much he can tax or take away -Gave rights to property owners -Main focus: the king is subject to and NOT ABOVE the law

Vandals

-Monarchy led by lead by their kings Raus and Raptus -inhabited present day Poland -The Vandals were also known as the "Lugi" -Primarily farmers -The term "vandalism", the act of public destruction, comes from the Vandals, who were known to destroy and wreck havoc on places and things such as Rome. -The Vandals sacked Rome, battled the Huns and Goths and found a flourishing African Kingdom. -After thriving for about a century, the Vandals fell to an invasion to the Byzantine Empire in 534 A.D.

Monsoons

-Monsoons are strong seasonal winds that brought travelers back and forth. -The direction of the wind changes every season.

Medieval Art Features :

-Most art was religious, showing Jesus, saints, people from the Bible, and so on -Important figures in paintings were shown as larger than others around them -Figures looked stiff, with little sense of movement -Figures were fully dressed in stiff-looking clothing -Faces were serious and showed little feeling -Paint colors were bright

Locke's beliefs

-Natural rights- life, liberty, property -Religious freedom -Diplomacy solves conflicts -Power of the government comes from the people -People give up certain freedoms so government can protect their rights -People give up certain freedoms so government can protect their rights -People have a right to overthrow the government if they're rights are not protected (John Locke's ideas influenced the writers of the US Constitution)

Reasons why the Indian Ocean Trade worked so well

-One of the reasons Indian Ocean trade took off is that there were a wide range of resources available and a wide range of import needs So if you live in China, and you need some ivory to make the handle for a sword, you have to trade for it, because elephants only live in India and Africa. -The Indian Ocean is home to a set of very special winds called Monsoons. -You can trade heavier things that can't fit on mules or camels.

Hobbes beliefs

-People would be mean and selfish in a state of nature -People would do anything to better their position in life -People should not be trusted to make decisions on their own -In a state of nature men are in constant state of war -Government created to protect the people from their own selfishness and evil -Believed in absolute monarchy where the government has unlimited power -Believed that rebellion could not exist

What was different about the Renaissance?

-Realism -Perspective -Emphasis on individualism -Geometrical arrangement of figures -Light and shadowing -Softening of edges -Artist able to live from commissions

Ostrogoths

-Theodric was a great leader who helped maintain peace with allies and conquer enemies land -Allied with the Byzantines (Eastern Roman Empire) -Settled down in Italy after defeating the Roman Empire

Factors contributing to the beginning of the Renaissance:

-Trade and commerce increased -Cities grew larger and wealthier -Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the -growth of the arts and learning -The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters of the 14th century such as the plague -Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of interest in ancient culture -A new view of human beings emerged as people in the -Italian Renaissance began to emphasize individual ability

5 reasons the Mongols are not so great:

1) Genghis Khan's definition of happiness: "The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters." 2) The Mongols were seriously brutal conquerors. They destroyed entire cities, and millions of people. 3) Their empire didn't last. Within 80 years they'd left China and been replaced by a new dynasty, the Ming. 4) They weren't interested in artistic patronage or architecture. 5) The Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death. By opening up trade they also opened up vectors for disease to travel, in the case of the Black Death the fleas on the rats in the holds of Black Sea ships that were trading with Europe. But that trade only existed because of the Mongols.

Italian states were very wealthy for two reasons:

1. Many city states were mini-industrial powerhouses each specializing in an industrial product like cloth, arms. 2. Cities get rich from trade. Genoa turned out a fair number of top-notch sailors, like for instance Christopher Columbus. The Venetians became the richest city state of all.

Renaissance time period

14th-17th century

The Byzantine Empire wanted unity. Methods:

1st method: Law 2nd method: Religion 3rd method: Strong Cities

Feudalism

A political and economic system where nobles got granted land in exchange for pledging loyalty to the lords. Knights were granted land in exchange for keeping the king safe. And peasants did the actual work for little food and protection for them and their families.

Mansa Musa

A rich African king who became muslim during the islamization of the Empire

The Crusades

A series of expeditions ( a journey for war or exploration) from parts of Europe to the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean

John Locke

An English philosopher and physician, one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

An outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. Mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people. Infection spreads very rapidly. Plague causes fever, painful swelling of the lymph glands, and spots on the skin that are red at first China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations so the plague spread to western Asia and Europe in 1347. Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea and when the ships docked in Sicily (Italy), many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside

Constantinople

Became the sole capital of Byzantine

The Crusades began when these people asked the pope and other European kings for help to fight off the Islamic Empire.

Byzantines

Renaissance man "master" or woman:

Can do pretty much anything

What was the purpose of the Crusades?

Christian Europeans hoped to earn back holy land Muslims owned (Saladin being the leader) by killing the Byzantines

East African was divided in to ______________________ just like the Greeks.

City States

Constantinople

Constantinople was the main city of the Byzantine empire. The Vikings traded there.

Strong Cities Example:

During Justinian's reign, the empire's strength was its more than 1,500 cities. The largest with 350,000 inhabitants, was Constantinople. Many things happened while hoping to achieve this: -an increase of loyal governors and bishops -extensive building plans -the empires height (565) -a 7th century decline -The Iconoclastic Controversy -recovery of territory -the fall of constantinople -being conquered by the Ottoman Turks -the contribution to the western civilization

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher, scientist, and historian

The Crusades were a conflict between who?

Europe and Islam

Most historians agree that the Crusades did bring Europe out of the Middle Ages by offering it contact with the superior intellectual accomplishments of the Islamic world

FALSE

The Crusades was started by Muslim leaders to win back the Holy Land occupied by Constantine. True or False?

False. It was a military campaign launched by Christian Europeans to win back the Holy Land occupied by the Muslims.

Medieval art and literature

Focused on the Church and salvation

Renaissance art and literature

Focused on the importance of people and nature, along with religion

__________________ is responsible for bring the Mongol tribes together and creating the empire.

Genghis Khan

The Ottoman's used Eunuch as __________________ and ___________________.

Government bureaucrats and janissaries.

What Chinese creation combined saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal, which would change the way war was fought around the world.

Gunpowder

The Fall of Constantinople

In 1204, the Crusaders attacked, conquered, and pillaged the city of Constantinople, a goal that the Muslims had been trying achieve for centuries

Conquered by the Ottoman Turks

In 1453, the city was finally and permanently conquered by the Ottoman Turks and renamed Istanbul. Byzantine culture, law, and administration came to its final end.

Religion Example:

In 380, Christianity had been proclaimed the official religion of the eastern empire. All other religions were considered "demented and insane." To execute this method, there was an increase in Church Wealth, clergy, and independent thinking.

Bubonic Plague effects

In 5 years, 25 million people died. (1/3 of Europe's population.) The disease died down but small outbreaks and the fear of the disease occurred until the 1600's when the Bubonic Plague was gone for good.

Which religion was spread by the Indian Ocean Sea Trade to Southeast Asia where is flourished.

Islam

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian Renaissance artist that painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, he was also an engineer, architect, sculptor, and scientist.

Botticelli

Italian Renaissance painter who painted members of the Medici family and religious figures.

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect; famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of the David

Florence

Italian city-state was the birthplace of the Renaissance, center of Renaissance banking

Milan

Italian city-state- manufactured weapons and silk in Renaissance Italy

Venice

Italian city-state- port city and manufactured glass in Renaissance Italy

Who spawned the Renaissance?

Italy

Renaissance Ninja Turtles

Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael

___________________ ruled the African Kingdom of Mali and made the haji to Mecca.

Mansa Musa

Major Italian City States

Milan: One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps. Venice: Located on the Adriatic Sea, it is a major trade route between Asia & Europe. Florence: Controlled by the Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts. Genoa: Had Access to Trade Routes Rome: Headquarters of the Catholic Church All of these cities: • Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets • Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe

Prime reason why Italy spawned the Renaissance

Money; A society has to be super rich to support artists and elaborate building projects

Who is Genghis Khan?

Mongol leader who became "World Emperor", united the clans of the steppe under his leadership, ruled with an iron fist - ruthless, he demanded absolute loyalty

Mongols success...

Mongols conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400

The winds that occur around the Indian Ocean that helped trading are called ________________________.

Monsoons

What did Venice lack? Venice became experts at what? What did Venice trade with Egypt? What did it do?

Natural Resources Shipbuilding Black Pepper Hide the spoilage flavor on meat

Who were the Mongols?

Nomadic horse-people from eastern Asia that created the largest empire in the history of the world

Most African history was preserved using _________________ history rather than written history.

Oral

How long did the Crusades last?

Over 200 years

Secular Movement

People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessions

Renaissance

Rebirth of European culture after the Dark Ages. Renaissance means "rebirth", an era which emphasizes education, art and critical thinking.

____________ led the Muslim forces to retake Jerusalem from the crusaders.

Saladin (Muslim leader)

The city of Venice was best known for _______________________, which they sold to merchants and even crusaders.

Ships

Classical art

Showed the importance of people and leaders, as well as gods and goddesses

Indian Ocean Trade

Similar to the silk road; the Indian Ocean Trade a network of trade routes that connected people who had stuff to people who wanted it and were willing to pay for it. There were lots of Indian Ocean trade routes connecting various port cities.

The Mongols were tolerant of all religions. T or F?

TRUE

The most crucial result of the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade was that it forced other Europeans to look for different paths to the riches of the East. T or F?

TRUE

The beginning of the Modern Age is also called...

The Dark Ages

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern part of the Roman Emperor

Relationship between Venice and the Ottoman Empire led to what two things?

The European Renaissance Christopher Columbus

How Italy got rich

The Venetians were expert sailors, shipbuilders, and merchants and they also had figured out ways to trade with Islamic empires, including the Ottomans (the biggest economic power in the region). Without trading with the Islamic world, especially in pepper, Venice couldn't have afforded painters or had money to pay for the fancy clothes they put on to pose for their fancy portraits. The clothes, the paint, the painters, and alot of food were all paid for with money from trade with the Ottomans.

Longships

The Vikings used longships to raid and steal from other lands they were powered by sails or by rowing with oars. The Viking longships were crafted out of woods and were very effective and skimming across the surface of the waves. The used their boats for transporting cargo, trading and for exploring. The Vikings even travelled to America, which they called Vineland, because grapes grew there.

Justinian the Great

The most famous of all the emperors of the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire. He is known today chiefly for his reform and codification of law.

Law Example: Corpus Juris Civilis

Translation: body of civil law. Justinian the Great's revision of Roman laws. They provided a foundation for European law until the 19th century.

The Iconoclastic Controversy

Two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities

Futhark

Viking alphabet. The runes (letters) are made of straight lines so it is easier to carve them.

First Europeans to reach America...

Vikings

Magna Carta

a charter constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges agreed to by King John of England on 15 June 1215.

City-State

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Humanism

a way of thinking and learning that stresses the importance of human abilities and actions.

realism

idea to paint and sculpt subjects realistically. It involves a number of techniques that make the subjects and background look like they would in real life.

Medici Family

rich banking family in Florence and controlled the government also.