World History: Western Civilizations Midterm Study Guide

writing a constitution

Which action could accomplish all of the goals of the French Revolution?

thinkers

Which best describes philosophes?

They felt reason offered a better understanding of the world.

Which best describes why philosophes were suspicious of organized religion?

It was organized with separation of powers.

Which best summarizes the structure of the Roman government?

natural rights, social contract, and representative government

Which concepts best relate to the ideas of John Locke? Check all that apply.

selfish and corrupt

Nicolo Machiavelli believed that most people are

liberty

On July 14, 1789, French citizens unhappy with the failed government reforms stormed the Bastille, a medieval fortress prison. What has this event come to represent in French history?

absolutism

Parliament created the Petition of Right over concerns about the monarch's

wise

Plato believed that society should be governed by wealthy ____ people.

everyone was equal in God's eyes

Protestant churches taught that

to achieve genuine government reform

When the National Assembly broke off from the Estates-General, what was the assembly's intent?

absolute authority

A cause of the French Revolution was Louis XIV's pursuit of

to establish a more democratic government

A common goal of the Glorious, American, and French revolutions was

to protect Parliament's power

A goal of the Glorious Revolution was

an exile

A person forced to leave his or her country is

to continue to work until France had a constitution

After the National Assembly was locked out of the Estates-General meeting, members of the assembly met on a tennis court in Versailles and swore the Tennis Court Oath. What vow did they make with this oath?

deciding to form the Committee of Public Safety.

After winning power, the Jacobins sought strong leadership to face overwhelming challenges by

It created a confederation with weak central power.

American leaders sought to draft the Constitution as a new plan of government. Why had the previous plan failed?

rising debt and poverty

An old problem the National Assembly still faced was

the inequality between the lower classes and the ruling classes

Before the French Revolution, the major problems facing French society were caused by

analyzing the data

Dimitri is studying the evaporation of water. He spent a week measuring six cups of water three times a day to see how much water evaporated. He is preparing to create a graph of the measurements he recorded. What step of the scientific method is Dimitri working on?

end religion's role in government

During the Enlightenment, the aim of secularism was to

1

For how many years did the Reign of Terror last?

raising taxes

For which action did the Magna Carta require the monarch to obtain legislative approval?

stated that people should be able to enjoy liberty

The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man are similar because they both

Montesquieu believed that governments should have checks and balances, while Hobbes believed that governments should have absolute power.

How did Baron de Montesquieu's beliefs differ from those of Thomas Hobbes?

Locke believed that people are naturally reasonable, while Hobbes believed that people are naturally selfish.

How did John Locke's beliefs differ from those of Thomas Hobbes?

by publishing their ideas

How did philosophers spread knowledge to different parts of society?

The colonies' victory demonstrated that a king could be defeated.

How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?

Americans established power in legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.

How did the Enlightenment idea of separation of powers influence the effects of the American Revolution?

it prevented monarchs from having opponents arrested

How did the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 limit the power of the monarchy?

it placed limits on the monarch's power

How did the Magna Carta change the relationship between the monarch and the people?

people conducted experiments and observed nature

How did the Scientific Revolution change the way that people explained the world around them?

They united the colonies in their fight against the British.

In retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, the British passed laws to punish Massachusetts. Specifically, the British closed Boston Harbor to trade until restitution was provided on the tea. What effect did these measures have on colonists?

tyrannical monarchies in power

In the era of the French Revolution, France faced many of the same issues as those faced by the colonies in the American Revolution. Which problem affected both nations?

Mrs. Geist instructing her class to interview three healthy older people

Mrs. Geist is working with her class to find out why some people live longer than others. Which assignment would best exemplify popular thinking after the Scientific Revolution?

having more power than others

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that there were two types of inequality: natural or physical inequality and moral or political inequality. Which is an example of moral or political inequality?

reason

John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers emphasized ____- over religion.

reason

John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers emphasized ______ over religion.

one must be prepared to sacrifice their own children to preserve France

Look at the painting The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons by Jacques-Louis David (1789). The most likely message this painting sends to French citizens is that

It prevents one branch from gaining too much power.

Montesquieu believed that government power should be divided between different branches, much like the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in the United States. He believed that this division promoted liberty and justice. What else does the separation of powers do?

the Supreme Court determines the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress.

Montesquieu outlined a system of checks and balances that would prevent one branch of government from dominating the others. Which would be an example of checks and balances between branches?

contaminated water caused cholera

Read the passage about Dr. John Snow. In 1849, doctor John Snow began to question the long-held beliefs that disease was caused by "bad air." When a cholera epidemic broke out in London, he interviewed residents of the hardest-hit areas. He mapped cases of the disease and determined that they were centered around a particular water pump. To test his theory that contaminated water was to blame, he convinced local leaders to disable the pump by removing the pump's handle. The outbreak came to an end. What was Dr. Snow's hypothesis?

imperfect

Read the passage from the New Testament of the Bible. Therefore you have no excuse, everyone of you who passes judgment, for in that which you judge another, you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things. This passage means that people are equal because they are all

with more than one branch of power

Read the quote by the Baron de Montesquieu from The Spirit of the Laws. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner. This quote specifically declares the need for a government

experiences

Renaissance artists wanted to celebrate human

society

Rousseau believed that _______ corrupted the individual.

radical

Someone who supports extreme changes in a society is a

taxation without representation

The Boston Tea Party was the first major act of defiance by the colonists. What were the colonists protesting?

the Articles of Confederation

The Constitution was drafted in 1787, after the American Revolution ended. What document preceded the Constitution in outlining the powers of the US government?

the executive branch is prohibited from suspending laws at will

The Constitution was inspired by the English Bill of Rights. Both documents limit the power of the executive branch. Which is an example of limited power in the United States?

must obey the law

The Magna Carta placed limits on the government and indicated that the monarch

tithes

The clergy comprised the wealthy First Estate, with members of noble descent in particular having a great deal of power. What was the source of the clergy's wealth?

separation of powers

The concept of having three branches of government—executive, judicial, and legislative—was introduced by Montesquieu. What term describes this type of governmental system?

John Locke

Which Enlightenment thinker believed that citizens should rebel against a tyrannical government?

indirect, meaning that people elected their leaders

The democracy in place in Rome was considered

the citizens

The early government of Athens was ruled by

the Glorious Revolution and the Enlightenment.

The goals of the American Revolution were most influenced by

it acted as a system of checks and balances

The legislative body that resulted from the signing of the Magna Carta served what purpose?

independence

The main goal of the American Revolution was to gain

military and tribal

The two assemblies that made up the Roman senate were

Ten Commandments

The written laws that are the central principles of Judaism are known as the

john locke

Which Enlightenment thinker believed that citizens should rebel against a tyrannical government?

proof that a crime had been committed.

Under Roman law, someone accusing another person of a crime needed

the American and French Revolutions

Unfair taxation was a cause in which revolutions?

need to treat people equally

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these, are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Read the passage from the Declaration of Independence. This passage shows the influence of Jewish and Christian teachings on the concept of citizenship in the United States by focusing on the

He did not support government reform.

What action made Louis XVI such an unpopular ruler?

justice

What is a key Judeo-Christian principle?

they wanted few changes

What is the best description of the Conservatives?

Europe wanted to put Louis XVI back in power

What was the major reason radicals were so angry?

The first written collection of Roman laws.

What were the Twelve Tables?

during the 400s and 500s

When did Christianity become the dominant religion in Europe?

men

When many philosophers of the Enlightenment discussed ideas about equality, they were referring to equality among

Thomas Hobbes

Which Enlightenment thinker first proposed the idea of a social contract?

the Petition of Right reinforces the Magna Carta

Which describes the Petition of Right relative to the Magna Carta?

the aristocracy

Which group paid the least in taxes under the Old Regime?

The American Revolution led to the creation of a democratic republic.

Which is the correct description of a revolution and one of its outcomes?

The Anglican Church was led by the king of England and conducted services in English.

Which is the most likely reason why the Anglican Church was successful in gaining followers in post-Reformation England?

Charles I

Which monarch was forced to sign the Petition of Right?

the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution

Which movements influenced education during the Enlightenment? Check all that apply.

Voltaire

Which philosopher had the greatest influence on the First Amendment of the US Constitution?

members of the military, consuls, magistrates, and senators

Which positions made up early Roman government? Check all that apply.

People have the power to choose between good and evil.

Which responsibility does Judaism emphasize under the rule of law?

protection from cruel punishment, the right to bear arms, and the right to trial by jury

Which rights for citizens did the English Bill of Rights support? Check all that apply.

equality under the law

Which societal change did Rousseau support?

Governments should respect the fundamental rights of humans.

Which statement best explains the role of government according to John Locke?

governments should respect the fundamental rights of humans

Which statement best explains the role of government according to John Locke?

The absolute authority of government is essential to ensure safety.

Which statement best explains the role of government according to Thomas Hobbes?

the absolute authority of government is essential to ensure safety

Which statement best explains the role of government according to Thomas Hobbes?

the colonists equated a lack of representation with a lack of consent to be ruled.

Which statement best explains why taxation without representation was a major issue for the colonists?

Jacobins and the Conservatives

Which two factions disagreed on the revolution's path?

Pericles

Who created a direct democracy in Athens?

most Parliaments were Protestant in faith

Why was James II's support of Catholicism and Catholic leaders an issue?

He wanted France to lose its war against Austria and have his power restored.

Why was King Louis XVI tried for treason?

taxation without representation indicated a lack of consent between the government and its citizens.

Why was taxation without representation considered a violation of the social contract?

the purpose of government

Written by Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan is about