World History, World Affairs

Battle of Omdurman

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)

hypothesis

A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation

conditionality

A term that refers to the policy of the IMF, the World Bank, and some other international financial agencies to attach conditions to their loans and grants. These conditions may require recipient countries to devalue their currencies, to lift controls on prices, to cut their budgets, and to reduce barriers to trade and capital flows. Such conditions are often politically unpopular, may cause at least short-term economic pain, and are construed by critics as interference in recipient countries’ sovereignty.

structural violence

A term used by some scholars to refer to poverty, hunger, oppression, and other social and economic sources of conflict.

shaft graves

A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151)

Han

A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164)

modernization theory

A theory asserting that as societies developed they

monetarism

A theory holding that economic variations within a given system, such as changing rates of inflation, are most often caused by increases or decreases in the money supply; A policy that seeks to regulate an economy by altering the domestic money supply, especially by increasing it in a moderate but steady manner (dictionary.com definition)

social Darwinism

A theory that competition between all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies. The term is an extension of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution where competition between individual organisms drives biological evolutionary change (speciation) through the survival of the fittest.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer, wrote Jungle Book

Stanley, Henry Morton (1841-1904)

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. (p. 732)

Ilkhanate of Persia

Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

Tikal

Built by Mayans (300-900BCE) a bustling trading city with a population nearing 40,000 with many large buildings.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)

Diocletian

An emperor, reigned (284-305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator.

Incas?

An empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges, and including parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The Spanish conquered them in 1533.

Neo-Assyrian Empire

An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)

Foreign Office.

An executive agency that formulates and implements foreign policy

semipresidential system

An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister.

What did Napoleon not accomplish?

An expansion of freedom of speech

World Health Organization (WHO)

Based in Geneva, it provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns.

Which of the following battles marked the final German offensive?

Battle of the Bulge

One of the first European composers to experiment with romanticism in music was?

Beethoven

Cassaks

Peasant adventures with agricultural and military skills, recruited to concur and settle newly settled lands in southeast Russia and Siberia.

What set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French?

Peasants had less rice to eat bc the French exported most of it

How were Muhammad Ali's policies and European colonial policies similar?

Peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. (p. 900)

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

What what the Thirty Years' war a conflict over?

Religion, Territories, and Power among European ruling families

What was NOT a social change during the French Revolution?

Religious fever gripped the nation strengthening the catholic church.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)

Pedra Branca

Singapore and Malaysia dispute ownership of the islands in the Singapore strait. ICJ ruled the Malaysia has no title to the Pedra Branca.

Troy

Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B.C.E., as reported in Homer's epic poems. (p. 76)

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856)

socialism

Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s. (709)

Uzbekistan conflicts

Some ethnic problems. The Islamic Movement of Uzbek. causes some instability.

Epic of Gilgamesh

Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria. Tells story of a king's quest to achieve immortality.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

middle powers

States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs (for example, Brazil and India).

Indus River Treaty

States that the Indus and all tributaries must flow unblocked to the ocean

Thalweg Principle

States that the border between 2 states in water lies along the thalweg, the line of fastest flow of a river.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

What was France's Vietnam?

The Algerian war, starting in 1954. Harsh crackdown on Algerian militants lead to independance for Algeria in 1962.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)

feedback

The process through which people find out about public policy and the ways in which their reactions to recent political events help shape the next phase of political life.

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

authoritarianism

a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

ideology

guiding principles for a government/economic system. It defines what the nature and role of government should be and prescribes the main goals the people and society should pursue.

What is the proper matching of realism vs romanticism to Daguerre Charles Dickens and Ludwig van Beethoven?

Louis Daguerre â€" realism, Charles Dickens â€" realism, Ludwig van Beethoven- romanticism

The elected ruler of France who declared himself emperor was?

Louis Napoleon

Which long-ruling French monarch decided to repeal the Edict of Nantes?

Louis XIV

Sun king

Louis XIV called himself this with his grandeur of Versailles, etc.

What were three major components of romanticism?

Love of natures beauty, value of common people, glorification of heroes and heroic actions

Budestag

Lower house in Germany.

Alexander the Great

Macedonia. He conquered Persia and ruled over Greece, allowing Greek culture to prosper.

Upanishads

Made in 800-400BCE refers to the the practice of disciples gathering fro religious discussion.

Battle of Trafalgar

Major british naval victory over Napolean.

Mississippi/Missouri River system

Major river system of North America, which runs from Minnesota and North Dakota to Gulf of Mexico. Played central role in American economy, military strategy and culture.

Battle of Manzikert

Celtic Turks defeated the Byzantines, the Byzantine Empire was lost

Prerevolutionary French society was marked by great social?

inequality

The purpose of propaganda during WWI was to...?

influence public opinion

home country

state where a multinational corporation has its headquarters

Egyptian religion and Egyptian Book of the Dead

"Part of elaborate religion in which chief god was Re, the sun god.

What year did Mexico separate from Spain?

1810. It's war to win its freedom ended in 1821.

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)

Il Duce was the title of which of the following leaders?

Benito Mussolini

Elima Triangle

Between Egypt and Sudan. No active dispute.

Cathars

Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle.

What African countries were never colonized?

Ethiopia and Liberia.

Northern China

Ethnic conflicts

Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides

1906: Joint agreement between England and France for cooperative government in the Pacific

Sparta/Athens

2 leading city states. Classical Mediterranean civilizations. Sparta military aristocracy culminating a slave population

Asiatic Huns

200-600CE. Lead to decline of all 3 classical civilizations

Partion of Poland

3 separate divisions of polish territory b/w Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Bronze Age

3500 to 1200 BCE - mixture of copper and tin to create bronze - developed in China and Middle East between 4000 and 3000 BCE - better quality and adaptibility than stone - signals end of Stone Age

National liberation movements

Movements that arise in developing nations to expel colonial powers.

When did the 100 years war take place?

Towards the end of the middle ages between France and England.

Huns

Tribe from Western Asia who conquered much of Europe during the 5th century.

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Sumeria

3500 to 2350 BCE - first society to develop written language - cuneiform - lower end of Tigris-Euphrates river system delta - highly developed society

Refugees in SW Asia

4 million have been displaced since the US invasion of Afghanistan. Pashtos have moved into western Pakistan.

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. (p. 658)

Cortez?

A spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs.

Pizarro?

A spanish explorer who conquered the Incas of Peru.

Chandragupta Maurya

A king who reigned (322-298BCE) who starved himself to death after becoming a Jainist monk.

Persian empire

Tried to conquor Greece in 5th Century, but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon.

Sahara

World's largest desert in the northern third of Africa

Thomas More

Wrote Utopia. Would not recognize Henry VIII as head of Chruch in England. Was beheaded for this, and later made a Saint.

Sophocles

Wrote the plays Oedipus the King and Antigone, he introduced the third actor into his plays

Niccolo Machiabelli

Wrote “the prince†which increased how to take and maintain power

What is Xenophobia?

Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of foreigners and the policies and objectives of other states.

Spanish America War

Between Spain and the US. US won, got Philippines and puerto rico and permitted american intervention in the caribean

What key factor led to th eformation of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entete?

Bismark's fear of France's army and Britain's fear of Germany's empire

How were France and Russia similar during the 1800's?

Both had policies that encouraged industrialization

How were the unifications of Italy and Germany similar?

Both use military to unify territories

How were the books Les Miserables and Frankenstein different?

Both were written by British authors

Shi'ite Islam

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Iconoclasm

Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration

polarity

refers to number of independent power centers in system

What event led to the War of the Spanish Succession?

Charles II made Louis XIV's grandson his heir, added to the Bourbon power

tariff

A tax, usually based on the percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad; also known as an important tax or import duty.

Confucianism

Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)

Why is Ram Mohun Roy considered the "father of modern india"?

He called for an end to traditional practices such as widow suicide

King Otto I

He led an army to support the Pope in the 960's against the Lombard Magnates and was crowned by the pope the First Holy Roman Emperor.

St. Benedict

He started an order of Monks and provided a set of regulations for them stressing poverty, chastity, and obedience.

King Alfred

He stopped the Norse/Viking invasion of England in the 800's.

What was Hitler's prime reason for wanting to take Poland?

He wanted the Polish Corridor and the port city of Danzig

Fourth Lateran Council

Identified the 7 sacraments and reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation

Aden

Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385)

What is Chauvinism?

Chauvinism is an extreme superpatriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, and an exaggerated sense of its glory.

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)

Which president decided to annex the republic of Hawaii?

President McKinley

Feudalism

Relationship among military elite during middle ages. Greater lords provided protection for lesser lords in return for military service

Banana republics

Term describing any of several small nations in Latin American that have economies based on a few agricultural crops.

What crucial lesson was learned in the Battle of Britain

That Hitler's advances could be blocked

Ashur

Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)

Tomas de Torquemada

Chief judge of the spanish inquisition, known for his severity.

What would an absolute monarch most likely say?

"I am the State"

cavalry warfare

"New skill of warfare developed by Assyrians.

Rig Vedas

Indo-Aryan work 1400-900BCE with 1028 hymns tot he gods.

Neutrality act

"1937 - a law that unsuccessfully attempted to keep the United States out of international conflicts, including civil wars. Major provisions included: a prohibition of exporting arms to belligerent nations, a ban on loans to belligerents, except short-term credits, American citizens were prohibited from travelling on belligerent vessels, American ships trading with belligerents were required to remain unarmed, American ships were forbidden from carrying arms to belligerents (see Cash and Carry), belligerent governments and rebels were forbidden from soliciting funds from American citizens, In addition, the President had the optional authority to: require all exports to belligerents be on a Cash and Carry basis ban the export of selected goods and raw material to belligerents, block American ports from use by belligerent warships, exclude belligerent submarines and armed merchant vessels from American waters."

Egypt (the Nile River)

"Agricultural settlement emerged 5500 bce.

early China (Yellow River)

"Also known as Huang Ho River.

Indus valley civilization (Indus River)

"Arose around 2600 bce.

history v. prehistory

"History goes back to a little more than 5000 years ago. Prehistory refers to the vast expanse of time that precedes the birth of civilized societies"

logic of appropriateness

"How should I behave in this situation?"

The Int'l. Court of Justice

"States must bring the contention to the ICJ. They pay for the costs of litigation. Both states must agree to abide by the ICJ decision."

Sundiata

"The Lion Prince" (1230-1255) who ruled Mali and made it into a great nation.

logic of consequences

"What will happen to me if I behave this way?"

Assyrians

"WorldÂ's first true empire (large state created by conquest of neighbors)

civilization

"complex forms of social and political organization; practice of agriculture; advanced tool use; and the rise of cities

Mesopotamia

"land between the rivers", located in between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

metallurgy

"science of extracting and refining metal from raw ore; began in Middle East and China between 4000 and 3000 b.c.e.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Theravada Buddhism

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)

Features of civilization

(1) Economic system able to make basic goods and services available; (2)Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, and protecting people from outside threats, (3) Moral code in the form of a shared religion, and (4) Intellectual tradition that includes a written language and encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science and the arts.

Zhou Dynasty

(1029-258 BCE) No strong central govt. Ruled by regional princes and royal families

Eleanor of Aquitane

(1122-1204) liberally supported romantic poets & entertainers. The most celebrated woman of her time supporting chivalry, good manners, refinement, and romantic love.

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

English Bill of Rights?

(1689): It is one of the basic documents of English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts.

Han Dynasty

(200BCE- 200CE) Strong centralized govt. Spread borders. Not as violent.

Qin Dynasty

(221-202 BCE) Very strong centralized govt. Spread boundaries to include Hong Kong. Started to build great wall

St. Augustine

(354-430CE) bishop of North Africa city of Hippo. Put Platonist, Manichaeanistc, and Hellenistic teachings into Christianity.

Sino-Japanese War?

(August 1, 1894 - April 1895) was a war fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan over control of Korea. The principal result was a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan. Faced with these repeated defeats, China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, 1895, agreeing to stay out of Korea and ceding a large portion of eastern Manchuria, including the Liaodong (literally: Eastern Liaoning) portion of the modern Liaoning province, to Japan. Additionally, the island of Taiwan (Formosa) was also ceded to the Japanese. Chinese defeat at the hands of Japan highlighted the failure of the Qing army to modernize and resulted in increased calls within China for accelerated reform. It also encouraged imperialist demands laid on the dynasty by western powers, particularly Britain, France, Germany, and Russia. For example, Russia, after the diplomatic slap in the face given to Japan in the Triple Intervention after the war, moved almost immediately to occupy the entire Liaodong Peninsula and, especially to fortify Port Arthur despite vigorous protests from China, Japan, and the United States — all three favoring an Open Door Policy in Manchuria.

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)

water wheel

A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)

Clovis

The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity.

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351) Chinggis Khan's grandson who consolidated Mongol rule all over China.

Colony

1. an ocean separates the colony from the sovereign 2. there is a racial, ethnic, or cultural difference 3. the people must have made an effort for self governent and elected the sovereign

Solutions to being land-locked

1. negotiate or take a secure land corridor 2. use an international river 3. negotiate transit rights with a coastal state

Panama Canal Construction Begins

1904 â€" Construction lasted until 1914 and thousands died of disease and injury.

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

1. territorial waters: 12 nautical miles 2. EEZ: 200 n.m., 350 with extension of continental shelf. 3. Rights of passage through straits and territorial waters 4. right of innocent passage 5. freedom of scientific research

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

1.Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy 2. GB, France, Russia

Manchu dynasty

17th century Chinese dynasty which greatly expanded China's control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 â€" Treaty negotiated by Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire between Russia and Japan, ending the Russo-Japanese War. Key was that it preserved the “Open Door†to China, a U.S. policy to allow free trade with that country.

subjects

--accept government, obey laws, don't often take time or effort to participate in government.

participants

--actively take a part in government

social movements

--collective political action by a section of society outside the realm of established parties, interest groups, and power elites. These goals are often adopted by parties and interest groups, and they can be co-opted by power elites.

parochials

--have little understanding of or concern for what is happening at a governmental level

coinciding cleavages (polarizing)

--occur when the factors composing one's social identity tend to pull in the same political direction.

crosscutting cleavages

--occur when the various factors that make up an individual's social identity tend to pull that person in different political directions.

Emperor Menelik

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)

Napoleon Bonaparte

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

Two main rivers in Mesopotamia

1) Tigris River 2)Euphrates River

Who were the two main gods of Zorostrianism?

1)Ahura 2)devil

What were the 3 holiest cities of Islam?

1)Mecca 2)Medina 3)Jerusalem

Five prophets of Islam

1)Noah 2)Abraham 3)Moses 4)Jesus 5)Mohammad(last and greatest prophet)

Two main architectural styles of this era:

1)Romanesque 2)Gothic

Mesolithic Era

10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Also called Middle Stone Age. Ancient cultural stage, or level of human development, that existed between the Paleolithic Period, with its chipped stone tools, and the Neolithic Period, with its polished stone tools. Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, and lasted until about 2700 BC. Although culturally and technologically continuous with Paleolithic peoples, Mesolithic cultures developed diverse local adaptations to special environments. The Mesolithic hunter achieved a greater efficiency than did the Paleolithic and was able to exploit a wider range of animal and vegetable food sources.

Dates of the Ottoman Empire?

1299-1922. Capital was Istanbul.

Commonwealth

1649 brief Republic established between Britain and Ireland. Later say resoration of the Monarchy.

Elizabeth I

16th-17th century queen of England during Renaissance. Shakespere and defeat of the Spanish Armada.

French revolution

1789 - 1799

When was the red cross founded?

1863

First geneva convention? The last?

1864. 1949. These conventions set norms for international law.

Meiji Restoration

1868 when last Shogun was overthrown in Japan and Emperor took over. Marked opening of Japan to the West.

Mustafa Kemal (ataturk)

1881-1938; founder of modern republic of Turkey, followed Western Ideals

Klondike gold rush

1890 rush for gold in Northwestern canada

Hague Conventions?

1899 and 1907 conventions were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law.

School of National Learning

18th century ideology which enforced Japans historical uniqueness and revived indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.

Platt Amendment

1901 â€" Amendment to the Cuban Constitution based on a clause in a bill drafted by Senator Orville H. Platt. It said the United States could intervene in Cuban affairs to keep order or maintain independence and could buy or lease sites for naval and coaling stations (the main one was Guantánamo Bay). The amendment also barred Cuba from making a treaty that gave another nation power over its affairs, going into debt, or stopping the United States from imposing a sanitation program on the island.

Venezuelan Crisis (vs. Britain)

1902-1903 â€" In December and January 1902-1903, “in an attempt to force payments on debts owed their nationals, Britain and Germany seized Venezuelan gunboats, bombarded some of its forts, and blockaded five ports,†according to Dallek. A public outcry against European intervention in Latin America convinced Teddy Roosevelt that he should try to prevent further interventions, leading eventually to the Roosevelt Corollary, announced in December 1904.

Panama Taken

1903 â€" After Columbia balked at the terms of the Hay-Herrán Treaty, which would have allowed the United States to take control of a Canal Zone across the Isthmus of Panama to construct a canal, Roosevelt found another way. He sent signals to Panamanian insurrectionists that the U.S. would support a revolt against Columbian rule of the province. When the insurrection came in November 1903, U.S. warships blocked Columbian troops from reinforcing a weak force on the Isthmus and Roosevelt hastily recognized the new country. The U.S. signed a more favorable treaty with the new Panama, giving the U.S. rights to a ten-mile wide Canal Zone “in perpetuity.â€

Lusitania

1915 â€" British liner sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. 1,198 people lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies.

Haiti occupied

1915 â€" Despite rhetoric opposing the interventionism of previous administrations, Wilson decided to try to restore order when revolutionary upheaval and bloodshed swept Haiti in the summer of 1915.

Pershing invades Mexico

1916 - A U.S. expeditionary force under Gen. John Pershing invaded Mexico in pursuit of Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa, who had raided the border town of Columbus, New Mexico.

He Kept Us Out of War

1916 â€" Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war.

Dominican Republic occupied

1916 â€" the collapse of the government in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U.S. intervention to restore order.

The Balfour Declaration

1917 - made in a letter dated November 2 1917, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation, a private Zionist organization, on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the World War I. The letter stated the position, agreed at a British Cabinet meeting on October 31 1917, that the British government supported Zionist plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine, with the condition that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of existing communities there. The document is kept at the British Library. Later declaration (26) of the same name established British commonwealth.

Cantigny

1918 â€" A village of northern France south of Amiens. It was the site of the first major U.S. offensive in World War I on May 28 1918.

Senate Rejects Versailles Treaty

1919 -- Republican Majority Leader and Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to the aspect of Wilson’s League of Nations proposal that would commit the United States to the defense of other members of the League, but Lodge did not oppose the League outright. With Wilson's refusal to compromise, the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Treaty by wide margins in two votes on November 19.

Paris Peace conference (1919)?

1919 conference at the end of WWI. The League of Nations was created. Can also refer to the 1947 treaty ending WWII.

Traety of Rapallo

1920 - treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), issued to solve the dispute over some territories in current Slovenia and Croatia. It was signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo near Genoa in Italy. Tension between the kingdoms of Italy and Yugoslavia arose at the end of World War I, when the Empire of Austria-Hungary dissolved and Italy wanted to implement the borders agreed upon in the London Pact. 1922 - Treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union, signed at Rapallo, Italy. Negotiated by Germany's Walther Rathenau and the Soviet Union's Georgy V. Chicherin, it reestablished normal relations between the two nations. The nations agreed to cancel all financial claims against each other, and the treaty strengthened their economic and military ties. As the first agreement concluded by Germany as an independent agent since World War I, it angered the Western Allies.

Locarno, Pact of

1925 - Multilateral treaty signed in Locarno, Switz., intended to guarantee peace in western Europe. Its signatories were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. Germany's borders with France and Belgium as set by the Treaty of Versailles were decreed inviolable, but its eastern borders were not. Britain promised to defend Belgium and France. Other provisions included mutual defense pacts between France and Poland and between France and Czechoslovakia. The treaty led to the Allied troops' departure from the Rhineland by 1930, five years ahead of schedule. See also Kellogg-Briand Pact.

London Naval Treaty

1930 - Two conferences in London sought to continue and extend naval armaments pacts initially agreed upon at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921â€"1922. At this conference, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed on ratios for battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage in a successful effort to halt what might have been an expensive arms race; the resulting treaty also allowed the British to let the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 terminate. Britain thus avoided being caught in a possible future Japanese-American conflict as an ally of each power.

Library of Ashurbanipal

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

Smoot Hawley Tariff

1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression. Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs.

Young Plan

1930 â€" program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. Under the previous Dawes plan (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. The Young Plan â€" which set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 581/2 years â€"was thus adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930,

Japanese occupation of Manchuria

1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931â€"32, when Chinese military resistance, sapped by civil war, was weak. The seizure of Manchuria was, in effect, an unofficial declaration of war on China. Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea. In 1932, under the aegis of Japan, Manchuria with Rehe prov. was constituted Manchukuo, a nominally independent state. During World War II the Japanese developed the Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang, and Harbin areas into a huge industrial complex of metallurgical, coal, petroleum, and chemical industries. Soviet forces, which occupied Manchuria from July, 1945, to May, 1946, dismantled and removed over half of the Manchurian industrial plant.

manchukou

1932 - Puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1895), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was seen as necessary for Japan's status as an emerging world power. In 1931 the Japanese army created an excuse to attack Chinese troops there, and in 1932 Manchukuo was proclaimed an “independent†state. The last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and made Manchukuo's ruler, but the state was actually rigidly controlled by the Japanese, who used it as their base for expansion into Asia. An underground guerrilla movement composed of Manchurian soldiers, armed civilians, and Chinese communists opposed the occupying Japanese, many of whom had come over to settle in the new colony. After Japan's defeat in 1945 the settlers were repatriated.

Hitler becomes chancellor

1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition and brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) and formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies and political opponents. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy precipitated World War II in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned. Hitler apparently committed suicide in an air-raid shelter in Berlin in 1945, after the Allied forces had invaded Germany.

Night of the long Knives

1934 - Purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Röhm. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived opponents of Hitler, including Kurt von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser.

Spanish Civil War

1936â€"39: Military revolt against the government of Spain. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan NegrÃn (1894â€"1956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaña y DÃaz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state.

Quarantine Speech

1937 â€" A response to Japanese actions in Manchuria and Italian actions in Abyssinia, in the face of which the League of Nations was impotent. In this speech in Chicago, FDR called for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" through economic pressure. This was an attempted alternative to American neutrality and isolationism, though it intensified America's isolationist mood.

Rape of Nanking

1937-1938 â€" describes Japanese treatment of the citizens of Nanking, China, during the Japanese occupation of China. A 1997 book by Iris Chang of the same name extensively documents Japanese conduct, which included the slaughter of more than 300,000 people and the rape of thousands of women and girls.

The Long Telegram

1946 - a cable sent by George Kennan while serving at the U.S. embassy to the Soviet Union in Moscow, in which he outlined the policy of containment that the US would adopt for most of the Cold War. Later, Kennan would anonymously publish a version of the telegram as the X Article in the journal Foreign Affairs.

Soviet-Finnish War

1939â€"40 - War waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the start of World War II, following the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. When Finland refused to grant the Soviets a naval base and other concessions, Soviet troops attacked on several fronts in November 1939. The heavily outnumbered Finns under Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim put up a skillful defense until February 1940, when heavy Russian bombardments breached the Finns' southern defenses. A peace treaty in March 1940 ceded western Karelia to Russia and allowed construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko peninsula.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis-occupied countries during World War II, in which puppet governments manipulated local populations and economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs and an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" (大æ±äºœ, Dai-tÅ-a) was a Japanese term (banned during the post-war occupation) referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia and surrounding areas.

Katyn forest massacre

1940 - Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) and Germany's defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government-in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located.

Annexation of Baltic States

1940 - The direct Soviet aggression against the Baltic countries occurred on 14-17 June 1940 when the world’s attention was focused on the military actions in Western Europe where Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June. Accusing Estonia of forming a conspiracy together with Latvia and Lithuania against the Soviet Union, the latter presented an ultimatum, demanding new concessions which included allowing more troops to enter the three countries. In the conditions of international isolation, the governments surrendered without offering any military resistance, and within a few days, the countries were invaded and occupied by several hundred thousand soldiers of the Red Army. A few days later days, led by Stalin’s close associates, the local communist supporters and those brought in from Russia, formally forced the Baltic governments to resign and proclaimed new "people's governments" in the three occupied countries.

Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.â€

1940 â€" Franklin Roosevelt campaign promise of 1940, though he had already begun some preparations for war.

First peacetime draft

1940 â€" The Selective Training and Service Act required men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five to register at local draft boards across the country on October 16, 1940. Over sixteen million men registered. Two weeks later, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt watched as Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson plucked the first number in the draft from a bowl. The number was one hundred fifty-eight; 6,175 men across the nation held that honor and were required to report for duty.

Lend Lease

1941 â€" arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War II. The Lend-Lease Act, passed (1941) by the U.S. Congress, gave the President power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease such war materials. Originally intended for China and Britain, though the USSR was added later.

Teheran Conference

1943 - From 28 November to 1 December 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Marshal Joseph Stalin met at Teheran, the capital of Iran, to coordinate Western military plans with those of the Soviet Union. Most important of all, the "big three" drew up the essential victory strategy in Europe, one based on a cross-channel invasion called Operation Overlord and scheduled for May 1944. The plan included a partition of Germany, but left all details to a three-power European Advisory Commission. It granted Stalin's request that Poland's new western border should be at the Oder River and that the eastern one follow the lines drafted by British diplomat Lord Curzon in 1919. The conference tacitly concurred in Stalin's conquests of 1939 and 1940, these being Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and a slice of Finland. Stalin reiterated his promise, made in October 1943 at Moscow, to enter the war against Japan upon the defeat of Germany, but he expected compensation in the form of tsarist territories taken by Japan in 1905. On 1 December 1943, the three powers issued a declaration that welcomed potential allies into "a world family of democratic nations" and signed a separate protocol recognizing the "independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity" of Iran.

The Bulge

1944 â€" The last major offensive by the German army in World War II. In late 1944, the invasion of Belgium by the Allies was temporarily stopped by a German counterattack in which the Germans broke through the Allied defenses, seizing territory that caused a large “bulge†in their lines. The Allies, led by General George Patton, drove the German forces back with heavy casualties on both sides.

What year was the UN founded?

1945 in San Francisco.

When did the Nuremburg Trials take place?

1945-1946. They were the first international war crimes trials.

Two Camps Doctrine (Zhdanov Doctrine)

1946 - was a Soviet cultural doctrine developed by the Central Committee secretary Andrei Zhdanov in 1946. It proposed that the world was divided into two camps: the imperialistic, headed by the United States and "democratic", headed by the Soviet Union. Zhdanovism soon became a Soviet cultural policy, meaning the injunction on all Soviet artists, writers and intelligentsia in general to conform to the party line and has been continued until the "thaw" under Khrushchev. Zhdanovism also penetrated and took thorough control of what was left of Albanian literature in the 1950's.

Cominform

1947 - Agency of international communism founded under Soviet auspices in 1947. Its original members were the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, and Italy, but Yugoslavia was expelled in 1948. The Cominform's activities consisted mainly of publishing propaganda to encourage international communist solidarity. It was dissolved by Soviet initiative in 1956 as part of a Soviet program of reconciliation with Yugoslavia.

Founding of Pakistan

1947 - British as part of India and became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi the largest city.

Rio Pact

1947 â€" the Inter-American Reciprocal Assistance Treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1947 by the United States and 19 Latin American countries. The Rio Pact, which served as a model for NATO, provides for collective defense against aggression from outside the region. Clearly aimed at the Soviet Union, the Rio Pact became the cornerstone of hemispheric security during the Cold War; 23 countries eventually became members.

What year was pakistan partitioned?

1947, immediately fought war with india overt kashmir.

Truman Doctrine

1947. To contain communism, Truman, in an address to Congress, said the U.S. would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.†Congress appropriate $400 million in economic assistance for Greece and Turkey.

Truman Doctrine

1947; Us would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by communist expansion

Berlin Blockade

1948-1949 â€" Instituted by the Soviet Union in the hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift, a massive effort to supply the 2 million West Berliners with food and fuel for heating began in June, 1948, and lasted until Sept., 1949, although the Russians lifted the blockade in May of that year. During the around-the-clock airlift some 277,000 flights were made delivering an average of 8,000 tons of supplies daily.

COMECON

1949 - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Organization founded in 1949 to facilitate and coordinate the economic development of Soviet-bloc countries. Its original members were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania; other members joined later, including Albania (1949) and the German Democratic Republic (1950). Its accomplishments included the organization of Eastern Europe's railroad grid, the creation of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, and the construction of the “Friendship†oil pipeline. After the political upheavals in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, it largely lost its purpose and power. In 1991 it was renamed the Organization for International Economic Cooperation.

Point Four

1949 - a foreign aid program to assist the poor in so-called underdeveloped countries. In his second inaugural address in 1949, President Harry S. Truman called for this "bold new program" as part of an overall effort to promote peace and freedom. Inviting other nations to participate, he called for the program to be a "worldwide effort" for the achievement of "peace, plenty, and freedom" through technical assistance, private foreign investment, and greater production. In the first phase of the Cold War, and in the wake of the TRUMAN DOCTRINE, the MARSHALL PLAN, and the creation of the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION, Point Four was designed as an offer to the emerging nations to decide against communismâ€"to become neutral or non-aligned.

Soviet Union explodes A bomb

1949 â€" On August 29, the Soviet Union became the second country to test an atomic bomb, ending the U.S. monopoly on the weapon.

NSC 68

1950 â€" A classified document written by Paul Nitze and issued by the Truman National Security Council on April 14, 1950. Inspired by Kennan’s Long Telegram, the report outlined a strategy of communist containment. NSC-68 would shape government actions in the Cold War for the next 20 years and has subsequently been labeled the "blueprint" for the Cold War.

Irish potato famine

19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US

Death of Stalin

1953 - He continued his repressive political measures to control internal dissent; increasingly paranoid, he was preparing to mount another purge after the so-called Doctors' Plot when he died. Noted for bringing the Soviet Union into world prominence, at terrible cost to his own people, he left a legacy of repression and fear as well as industrial and military power. In 1956 Stalin and his personality cult were denounced by Nikita Khrushchev.

Massive Retaliation

1954 â€" U.S. nuclear strategy under Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said in a speech on January 12, 1954, to the Council on Foreign Relations: 'Local defense must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power.'

Austrian State Treaty

1955 - 1955 in Vienna at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Austrian government and officially came into force on July 27, 1955.

CENTO

1955 - Central Treaty Organization: Mutual-security organization, originally composed of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Britain. It was formed in 1955, at the urging of the U.S. and Britain, to counter the threat of Soviet expansion into the Middle East. CENTO was never very effective. Iraq withdrew after its anti-Soviet monarchy was overthrown in 1959. In that same year the U.S. became an associate member, and CENTO's headquarters were moved to Ankara, Tur. After the fall of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979, Iran withdrew and CENTO was dissolved.

German Joins NATO

1955 â€" Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 and German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany.

SEATO

1955â€"77: comprising Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Britain, and the U.S. It was founded as part of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty in order to protect the region from communism. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not considered for membership, and other countries in the region preferred membership in the nonaligned movement. SEATO had no standing forces, but its members engaged in combined military exercises. Pakistan withdrew in 1968, and France suspended financial support in 1975. The organization was disbanded officially in 1977.

Suez Crisis

1956 - International crisis that arose when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal after Western countries withdrew promised financial aid to build the Aswan High Dam. The French and British, who had controlling interests in the company that owned the canal, sent troops to occupy the canal zone. Their ally Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula. International opposition quickly forced the French and British out, and Israel withdrew in 1957. The incident led to the resignation of Britain's prime minister, Anthony Eden, and was widely perceived as heralding the end of Britain as a major international power. Nasser's prestige, by contrast, soared within the developing world. See also Arab-Israeli Wars.

What year was Sputnik Launched?

1957

EEC - European Economic Community

1957 - Economic entity, also known as the Common Market, originally formed in 1957 to work toward the regulation of European international trade. The EEC is made up of 15 member nations composed of over 300 million people, including Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Its agreements call for the elimination of tariffs and other trade restrictions among members and the establishment of uniform tariffs for nonmembers. The EEC also encourages common standards for food additives, labeling, and packaging. The combined gross national product of the EEC is nearly equal to that of the United States. Direct marketers operating in the EEC countries must adhere to stricter privacy laws than in the United States. See also euro dollar.

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957 - U.S. foreign policy pronouncement by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1957). The Eisenhower Doctrine promised military and economic aid to anticommunist governments, at a time when communist countries were providing arms to Egypt and offering strong support to Arab states. Part of the Cold War policy developed by John Foster Dulles to contain expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence, the doctrine continued pledges made under the Truman Doctrine.

U-2 Incident

1960 - Confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. On May 1, 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane and called the flight an “aggressive act.†The U.S. denied Soviet claims that the pilot, F. Gary Powers, had stated that his mission was to collect Soviet intelligence data. Nikita Khrushchev declared that the Soviet Union would not take part in a scheduled summit conference with the U.S., Britain, and France unless the U.S. immediately stopped flights over Soviet territory, apologized, and punished those responsible. Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower agreed only to the first stipulation, and the conference was adjourned. Powers was tried in the Soviet Union and sentenced to 10 years in prison; in 1962 he was exchanged for the Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.

When did the Berlin Wall exist?

1961 to 1989.

Sino-Indian War

1962: Dispute over the Himalayan border between India and China.

When did the second war between india and pakistan begin?

1965

Sputnik

1st man made object sent into space; made by USSR; 1957; orbited Earth

Red Guards

1966-76: were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people, who were mobilized by Mao Zedong and his allies to defeat their enemies within the struggle for power officially called the Cultural Revolution, between 1966 and 1976. Initially under the control of the Cultural Revolution Group within the Communist Party leadership, led by Mao's principal allies, Vice-Chairman Lin Biao and Mao's wife Jiang Qing, the Red Guards soon got out of control and divided into many factions, some of which fought against each other, bringing the country to the brink of civil war by 1969.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 242

1967 - adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter. [1] The resolution was framed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg and British ambassador Lord Caradon. It calls for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict" (see semantic dispute) and the "[t]ermination of all claims or states of belligerency". It also calls for the recognition of all established states by belligerent parties (Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan) of each other and calls for the establishment of peace and secure and recognized boundaries for all parties.

Prague Spring

1968 - Brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubcek. In April 1968 he instituted agricultural and industrial reforms, a revised constitution to guarantee civil rights, autonomy for Slovakia, and democratization of the government and the Communist Party. By June, many Czechs were calling for more rapid progress toward real democracy. Although Dubcek believed he could control the situation, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, alarmed by the threat of a social-democratic Czechoslovakia, invaded the country in August, deposed Dubcek, and gradually restored control by reinstalling hard-line communists as leaders.

What year did the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty take effect? What countries had nues then and now?

1970. U.S., U.K., China, Russia, France had them then. Today Israel, Pakistan, and India do also.

What year did Bangladesh become independant?

1971, resulting in the third india - pakistan war.

Yom Kippur War

1973: Egypt & Syria attacked Israel. No changes in territory.

Communist takeover of Mozambique

1975 - In reaction to the independence agreement, a group of white rebels attempted to seize control of the Mozambique government but were quickly subdued by Portuguese and Frelimo troops. As black rule of Mozambique became a reality (with Machel as president) and as increased racial violence erupted, there was an exodus of Europeans from Mozambique. As the Portuguese left, they took their valuable skills and machinery, which had an adverse effect on the economy. Frelimo established a single-party Marxist state, nationalized all industry, and abolished private land ownership. Frelimo also instituted health and education reforms.

Communist takeover of Angola

1976 - Portugal granted Angola independence in 1975 and the MPLA assumed control of the government in Luanda; Agostinho Neto became president. The FNLA and UNITA, however, proclaimed a coaliton government in Nova Lisboa (now Huambo), but by early 1976 the MPLA had gained control of the whole country. Most of the European population fled the political and economic upheaval that followed independence, taking their investments and technical expertise with them. When Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as president. In the 1970s and 80s the MPLA government received large amounts of aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, while the United States supported first the FNLA and then UNITA

Communist takeover of Ethiopia

1977 - Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam became head of the PMAC, which soon diverted from its announced socialist course. A popular movement, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, began a campaign of urban guerrilla activity that was contained by government-organized urban militias in 1977. Under the Mengistu regime, thousands of political opponents were purged, property was confiscated, and defense spending was greatly increased.

Communist takeover of Grenada

1979 - a successful, bloodless coup established the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) under Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. This government's Marxist leanings and favorable stance toward Cuba and the Soviet Union strained relations with the United States and other nations in the region. In Oct., 1983, after Bishop and his associates were assassinated by more hard-line radicals within his own movement, the United States, with token forces from other Caribbean nations, invaded and occupied Grenada. A general election held in Dec., 1984, reestablished democratic government, with Herbert Blaize as prime minister.

Camp David Accords

1979 peace agreement between Israel and Egypt

Iran-Iraq War

1980-1988: Saddam Hussein attempted to gain more land. The US backed Iran.

Communist takeover of Nicaragua

1981 - Nicaragua was taken over by the Sandinista party after a popular revolt. The Sandinistas were then opposed by armed insurgents, the U.S.-backed Contras, from 1981. The Sandinista government nationalized several sectors of the economy but lost national elections in 1990. The new government reprivatized many public enterprises. Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega returned to power after winning the presidential election of 2006.

Collapse of Communism

1989-91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end.

What year did India and Pakistan become nuclear powers?

1998, nearly resulting in a war in 1999.

Neolithic Era

5,000 or 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. Also called New Stone Age. Final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans, it was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. Preceded the Bronze Age, or early period of metal tools.

Which was resulted in the beginning of the modern state system in Europe?

7 years war

Justinian

: period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive and when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east and the chalcedonia west became insurmountable.

Il-Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

Who is Desmond Tutu?

A South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.

What is a Capability Analysis?

A Capability Analysis is an evaluation by the state of its military, political, diplomatic, and economic abilities to see if it has the means to achieve national interest and foreign policy objectives.

Hannibal

A Carthage military commander. Marched troops through the alps and defeated many Roman armies. Returned to Carthage and failed as an administrator. Voluntary exiled himself to the Seleucid Court where he was a military adviser.

Yellow River

A Chinese river whose source is the high plateau of Tibet that is loaded with loess, a rich soil.

What is a Colony?

A Colony is a noncontiguous possession of a sovereign state, established by settlement, cession, and/or conquest.

Vishnu

A Hindu god that had its own devotional cult. The preserver of the world.

Ahisma

A Jainism principle: the non violence towards all living things.

Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)

What is the Latin American Integration Association?

A Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic and social development of the region. Its members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is the successor to LAFTA.

What is a Leasehold?

A Leasehold is an area used by a foreign state under an agreement with the sovereign state that owns the area.

nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)

What is a Nation?

A Nation is a social group that shares a common ideology, institutions, customs, and a sense of homogeneity. It may be a state, part of a state, or extend beyond the borders of a state.

What is a National Style?

A National Style is the behavior pattern of a state dealing with its foreign policy problems.

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388)

What is a Protectorate?

A Protectorate is a relationship between a strong sovereign state and a semisovereign state or an area not recognized as a state. Two traditional reasons for their establishment: -To thwart the interests of third states -To administer law in order in an area where no responsible government exists

What is the Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy?

A Revisionst approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage.

What is a Sphere of Influence?

A Sphere of Influence is an area dominated by the national interests of a foreign power.

Tamil Tigers

A Sri Lankan terrorist group fighting for an independent Tamil homeland.

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Polycentrism.

A balance of power situation involving multiple power centers and participants

US-Japanese Security Treaty

A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops.

UN Security Council

A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.

game theory

A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions.

Islam, Muslims

A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)

cost-benefit analysis

A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring.

crimes against humanity

A category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after World War II to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany).

world government

A centralized world governing body with strong enforcement powers.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

most-favored-nation status

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)

Chivalry

A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society.

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)

Consent of the governed

A condition urged by many as a requirement for a legitimate government.

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148)

Malay Peoples

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

conflict

A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation.

Shebaa Farms

A disputed area between Israel and Lebanon on the border of the Golan Heights and Lebanon

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

International Court of Justice

A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague.

Petition of Right?

A document produced by the English (pre-British) Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. It was addressed to Charles I of England in 1628 in an attempt to seek redress on the following points: forced loans, arbitrary arrest, imprisonment contrary to the Magna Carta, arbitrary interference with proeprty rights, lack of enforcement of habeas corpus, forced billetting of troops, imposition of martial law, exemption of officials from due process.

Stavisky Affair?

A financial and political scandal that shook France in 1934. Serge Alexandre Stavisky, a swindler associated with the municipal pawnshop of Bayonne, sold huge quantities of worthless bonds. Despite a shady past he had connections with many persons in responsible positions. Faced with exposure in Dec., 1933, he fled but was discovered by the police at Chamonix (Jan., 1934); he either committed suicide or was murdered by the police. Extremists, particularly of the right, accused the Radical Socialist government of Camille Chautemps of corrupt deals with Stavisky and forced its resignation. The rightists further alleged that Stavisky had been murdered to protect influential persons connected with him. Édouard Daladier, the new premier, used force to repress bloody riots staged (Feb. 6-7, 1934) in Paris by extremists (chiefly royalists), but he too had to resign. He was replaced by Gaston Doumergue and a national unity cabinet. After a long trial (1935-36) of 20 defendants, none of them politically important, 11 of the accused, including Stavisky's widow, were acquitted. Some of the politicians so wildly accused of corruption—notably Chautemps—were later cleared. The affair had the unfortunate effect of discrediting not only the Radical Socialist party but also parliamentary democracy in general.

Belleau Wood

A forested area of northern France. In June 1918, it was the site of a hard-fought and bloody American victory over the Germans. This battle was signicant in that it stopped a German advance toward Paris

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. (p. 701)

irredentism

A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts.

Balfour Declaration

A formal statement of policy by the British government in 1917 stating, among other things, that the Jewish plans for a national home for their people within Palestine‎ was supported by the Britain. So -- Jews thought they had the right to live there, Palestinians were already there and thought they had the right to stay. Conflict starts here.

Legitimate government

A government generally acknolwedged as being in control of a nation and deserving formal recognition by other countries.

tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)

Axum

A great Christian kingdom of Ethiopia about 400CE with a prominent sea port known for trade.

Salamis

A great naval victory by the Athenians over the Persians under Xerxes (480BCE) that some historians think saved Western Civilization.

Golden Horde

A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, and Hungary. (1237-1242).

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

Confederation

A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence.

nation

A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68)

VENONA project?

A long-running and highly secret collaboration between United States intelligence agencies and the United Kingdom's MI5 and GCHQ that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several Soviet intelligence agencies, starting in the 1940s.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

Borobodur

A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409)

corporatism

A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state.

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

First Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

constructivism

A movement in IR theory that examines how changing international norms help shape the content of state interests and the character of international institutions.

veto

A negative vote cast in the UNSC by one of the five permanent members that defeats the issue being voted on.

positive peace

A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a cease-fire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression.

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Renaissance (European)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445)

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

nonviolence/pacifism

A philosophy based on a unilateral commitment to refrain from using any violent forms of leverage. More specifically, pacifism refers to a principled opposition to war in general rather than simply to particular wars.

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)

Epicureanism

A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good.

Stoicism

A philosophy that stressed leading virtuous lives and not letting both good and bad things in life affect one too much.

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)

structural adjustment program

A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from the International Monetary Fund, often coming with conditions imposed.

Wye River Accords?

A political agreement negotiated to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 28 September, 1995 brokered by the United States between Israel and the Palestine Authority completed on October 23, 1998. It was signed by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat. It was negotiated at Wye River, MD (at the Wye River Conference Center) and signed at the White House with President Bill Clinton playing a key role as the official witness. On November 17, 1998, Israel's 120 member parliament, the Knesset, approved the Wye River Memorandum by a vote of 75-19. With the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in September of 2000, and the counter-attacks by the Israel Defense Forces, the Wye River's understandings and goals remain un-implemented.

conservatism

A political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order.

fascism

A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state.

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)

liberal democracy

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

Demagogue

A politician who seeks to win and hold office by appeals to mass prejudice.

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)

Zimbabwe

A powerful kingdom in East Africa with a magnificent stone complex from (900-1200CE)

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)

clientism

A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support.

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)

What is Imperialism?

A relationship in which an area and its people are made subject to the will of a foreign state.

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)

city-state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. (p. 396)

What would Metternich most likely not agree with?

A ruler should never violate the constitution of his or her country

English Civil War?

A series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between English Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642 - 1645) and the second (1648) Unlike other civil wars in England which focused on who ruled, this war also concerned itself with the manner of governing the British isles. Accordingly, historians also refer to the English Civil War as the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell was leader of the Parlimentarians.

international regime

A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy).

maroon

A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (p. 834)

What is the International Labour Organization (ILO)?

A specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a UN body after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. The organization seeks to strengthen worker rights, improve working conditions and living conditions, create employment, and provide information and training opportunities.

Appeal of June 18?

A speech on June 18th, 1940 by Charles de Gaulle, calling on the French to resist Germany.

Mohica

A state around (300-700CE) leaving a large artistic legacy, depicting a complex and diverse society.

Srivijaya

A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)

secular (state)

A state created apart from religious establishments and in which there is a high degree of separation between religious and political organizations.

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

A structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals.

Medici's

A succesful family who owned Medici bank in Florence (like Fuggers in England)

rule of law

A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power and authority.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)

bureaucratic authoritarianism

A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation.

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)

neocorporatism

A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy.

What is the Andean community?

A trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The trade bloc was formerly called the Andean Pact and came into existence with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement in 1969. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru. The Andean Community has 120 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$260 billion in 2002. The Andean Community together with Mercosur comprises the two main trading blocs of South America. In 1999 these organizations began negotiating a merger with a view to creating a South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA). On December 8, 2004 it signed a cooperation agreement with Mercosur and they published a joint letter of intention for future negotiations towards integrating all of South America in the context of the South American Community of Nations, patterned after the European Union.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)

Age of enlightenment?

A trend in the 18th century in European philosophy, often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, "The Enlightenment." This movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as courageous and elite, and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny (which they believed began during a historical period they called the "Dark Ages"). This movement also provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, the Latin American independence movement, and the Polish Constitution of May 3, and also led to the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)

neorealism

A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system’s structure, especially the international distribution of power.

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)

contract of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)

nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)

nonstate actors

Actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders.

Sedition

Acts that incite rebellion or civil disorder against an established government.

Rashid al-Din

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. (p. 334)

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)

recaptives

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. (p. 655)

Leonid Brezhnev

After Khrushchev until 1982. Invaded Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Iron Age

After the bronze age, used iron to make tools around 2000 BC

Peace of Galilee

Agreement between Israel and Lebanon that was successful until 2000

primary products

Agricultural products and raw materials, such as minerals.

Liancourt Rocks

Aka Dokdo. Disputed between Japan and South Korea in the Sea of Japan.

Which of the following events occurred after the US joined the war?

The bulgarians and turks surrendered

The Edict of Emancipation was issued by?

Alexander II

What are Alliances?

Alliances are groups of states in opposition to other groups of states. Each alliance is developed to help the member states promote their national interests and achieve foreign policy objectives.

keiretsu

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

What caused the japanese emperor to have reduced power after the war?

Allies' insistence

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)

Hunting and gathering societies

Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area.

Charlemagne?

Also known as Charles the Great, he was king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Europe and is today regarded as the founding father of both France and Germany and sometimes as the Father of Europe. His was the first truly imperial power in the West since the fall of Rome.

Arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

Bantu

An African people who migrated throughout Africa (2000-1000BCE) spreading agriculture while displacing hunter gatherers.

Indus

An Indian River whose source is the Himalayas an is known for its wildness.

Bhakti

An Indian movement that sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam.

Raja

An Indo-Aryan Chief

Sinn Fein

An Irish political party that has long combatted Britains' influence in Ireland

reprisal

An act by which a nation seeks, short of war, to redress a wrong committed against it another nation.

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Sparta

An ancient Greek city-state, rival of Athens. Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian war.

postmodernism

An approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality, and pays special attention to texts and to discourses -- that is, to how people talk and write about a subject.

idealism

An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations.

Ferghana Valley

An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences.

Lucy

An australopithecus female skeleton found in Ethiopia.

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)

Mary shelley wrote

An early gothic horror story about a monster created from corpses

postmodern feminism

An effort to combine feminist and postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influences of gender in IR and showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is.

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)

liberalism

An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

escalation

An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation.

Mediterranean Sea

An intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization.

What is the OECD?

An international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re-construction of Europe after World War II. Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Members include most of rich european nations, Japan, South Korea, Australia, NAFTA members, and Turkey. It is based in Paris.

seasoning

An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)

United Nations (UN)

An organization of nearly all world states, created after World War II to promote collective security.

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

patron/client relationship

Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons (149

Paleolithic Era

Ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools, 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago. Use of fire and tools for making shelters.

Wari

Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314)

mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)

ayllu

Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

What nations are still part of the British Commonwealth?

Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Soloman Islands, Tuvalu, the U.K.

What is Apartheid?

Apartheid is South Africa's FORMER racial segregation policy which was designed to keep the white European minority in power over the African majority and other racial minorities.

When was the renaissance?

Approx. 1300 to 1600. It was preceded by the Middle (or Dark) ages and preceded the Modern age.

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)

Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)

Oman

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury. Defended Church against interference from the King. Murdered.

Gothic

Architectural developed in the Middle age in Western Europe/ Flying Buttress

Tulip Period

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)

States with claims in Antarctica

Argentina, Australia, Britain, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)

Seven continents

Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia, in order of size. Asia also being the most populous.

What is APEC?

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a group of Pacific Rim countries who meet with the purpose of improving economic and political ties. It holds annual meetings in each of the member countries and has standing committees on a wide range of issues, from communications to fisheries. Currently, most countries with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean are members of the organization, with the exception of Colombia and Ecuador in South America, the six Central American countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama, Cambodia and North Korea in Asia and the Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. Guam has also been actively requesting a separate membership, citing the example of Hong Kong and Taiwan, but the request is objected by USA, which currently represents Guam. The heads of government of all APEC members meet annually in a summit.

What were the results of Eisenhower's 1955 "Open Skies" proposal?

At a Geneva Conference meeting with Soviet Premier Bulganin in 1955, President Eisenhower proposed that the United States and Soviet Union conduct surveillance overflights of each other's territory to reassure each country that the other was not preparing to attack. The fears and suspicions of the Cold War led Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khruschev to reject Eisenhower's proposal. Thirty-four years later, the Open Skies concept was reintroduced by President George H. W. Bush as a means to build confidence and security between all North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Warsaw Pact countries. In September 1989, an international Open Skies conference involving all NATO and Warsaw Pact countries opened in Ottawa, Canada. Subsequent rounds of negotiations over the next three years were held in Budapest, Hungary, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland. On March 24, 1992, the Open Skies Treaty was signed in Helsinki by Secretary of State James Baker and foreign ministers from 23 other countries. The treaty entered into force on January 2, 2002, after Russia and Belarus completed ratification procedures.

Fredrick Nietesche

Athiest German philosopher, known as a existentialist

Diego Garcia

Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US and Indian navies use for drills.

What statement summarizes the Schlieffan plan that Germany created to prepare for a 2 front war?

Attack France first, then Russia

What event occurred on the day described as "a day which will live in infamy"?

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Which of the following was the location of a Nazi extermination camp?

Auschwitz

What country suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy?

Austria

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)

What is Authoritarianism?

Authoritarianism describes a form of government characterized by strict obedience to the authority of the state, which often maintains and enforces social control through the use of oppressive measures. In an authoritarian state, citizens are subject to state authority in many aspects of their lives, including many that other political philosophies would see as matters of personal choice. There are various degrees of authoritarianism; even very democratic and liberal states will show authoritarianism to some extent, for example in areas of national security.

Azerbaijan & Armenia

Azerbaijan holds Naxcivan in Armenia and Armenia holds Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan

reconquest of Iberia

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)

What is the Belgium War Crimes Law?

Belgium's War Crimes Law invokes the concept of universal jurisdiction to allow anyone to bring war crime charges in Belgian courts, regardless of where the alleged crimes have taken place. The law took effect in 1993 and was expanded the following year after 10 Belgian soldiers were killed in Rwanda. The law reached prominence after the Rwandan Genocide. According to the Washington Post, the process of prosecution of Rwandans in Belgium for crimes committed in the violence were set in motion by Martine Beckers, a Brussels resident, whose sister Claire called her to tell her of being attacked by soldiers, who soon after killed her, her family, and 10 other villagers who were unable to reach a United Nations peacekeepers' compound.

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. (p. 215)

Ethiopia

Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN

Socrates

Born 1460BCE. Greek philosopher. One of the founders of western philosophy. Duty to improve soul.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)

How did the Allies respond to Wilson's vision for peace? (3)

Briatin and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war-making power

Benjamin Disraeli

British PM who expanded rule over colonies.

Afghanistan and Bhutan

British buffer states for India

Cecil Rhodes Asante

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Vietminh

COMMUNIST DOMINATED VIETNAMESE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, OPERATE OUT OF CHINA IN WWII, GUERILLA TACTICS

Chan Buddhism

Called “Zen†, meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty, popular among the rich.

Preah Vihear Temple

Cambodia & Thailand disputed ownership of the temple; it was awarded to Cambodia

Which countires are part of French Indo China?

Cambodia Laos and Vietnam NOT singapore

Moche

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)

Western Sahara

Claims itself as independent from Morocco; not widely recognized.

Hans Island

Canada and Denmark dispute this island near Greenland. Canada claims all NW passages as territorial waters.

Pierre Trudeau

Canadian PM who made French an official language to appease Quebecois secessionists.

high culture

Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Mero?

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

Silk Road

Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. (p. 203)

Who can participate in cases at the ICJ?

Cases can only be between states, both of whom have to accept the jurisdiction of the court to try the case.

What is the oldest branch of christianity?

Catholicism.

Delhi Sulatanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

"Let one hundred flowers bloom"

Chairman Mao Zedong's "Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend". This slogan was used during the period of approximately six weeks in the summer of 1957 when the Chinese intelligentsia were invited to criticize the political system then obtaining in Communist China. It is sometimes suggested that the initiative was a deliberate attempt to flush out dissidents by encouraging them to show themselves as critical of the regime. Whether or not it was a deliberate trap isn't clear but it is the case that many of those who put forward views that were unwelcome to Mao were executed.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

postmodern voters

Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations.

What is Charismatic Leadership?

Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state and generates widespread and emotional popular support.

What was the first european empire after the fall of the Romans?

Charlemagne, who ruled a very weak, decentralized empire, with no taxes. After his death, the empire was split under the treaty of Verdun, and eventually dissolved.

Charles Martel

Charles "The Hammer" Martel this Frank established the Carolingian Empire and defeated the Gaul's in the Battle of Tours.

Who were realist writers? (3)

Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Honore de Balzac

Fall of Rome

Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476

What is Collective Security?

Collective Security is a power system in which each state would guarantee the security and independence of every other state.

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)

What country did Confucianismism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

China by Confucius. Social harmony, importance of families.

What country did Taoism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

China by Lao-Tzu. Harmony with Nature.

What is the oldest ongoing country in the world?

China.

Sui Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty (589-618CE) that reunified China under Yang Jian and built the Grand Canal.

Tang Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty (618-907CE) that developed the equal field system and believed that it was the center of civilization.

Xia Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty by legendary king Yu in 2200BCE

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen. (p. 768)

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

What is Christian Democracy?

Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognized workers' misery and agreed that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of the socialist and trade-union movements. Though the Christian Democratic movement is very heterogeneous, there is general agreement on certain issues. The proposed design of the Christian Democratic state is decentralized, made up by various bodies, but having an unquestionable capacity. Christian Democracy sees the economy as being at the service of humanity; however, most Christian Democratic Parties do not call capitalism itself into question. The duty of the state to care for its citizens is of some importance for Christian Democrats, but they generally oppose Christian socialism. In recent decades, Christian Democratic parties in Europe have shifted more towards a right-wing policy of economic liberalism, based on reducing the role of the state in the economy. Meanwhile, Christian Democratic parties in Latin America are generally more inclined to support left-wing economic views than their European counterparts. On issues of public morality and tradition, Christian Democrats are conservative, and often tend to follow the views of the Vatican on such issues as abortion and same-sex marriage. However, most of them have accepted separation of church and state and divorce.

Nestorians

Christian Sect cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions

Indulgence

Church selling freedom from purgatory. Attack by Martin Luther of this practice began the reformation.

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)

Chang'an

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Aleandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

What is Colonialism?

Colonialism is the rule of an area and its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types: -The transportation of emigrants from the mother country to form a new political entity at a distant location -The imposition of rule over technologically lesser-developed peoples

What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america?

Colonization of America.

Kiev

Comercial city in Uklraine established by Scandonavians in the 9th century. Bemace the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12 centuryl

Khmer Rouge

Communist movement in Cambodia led by Pol Pot that killed 2-4 million.

UN General Assembly

Comprised of representatives of all states, it allocates UN funds, passes non-binding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)

During the 19th century, what happened in Europe? (3)

Conflict between conservative and liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, and the decline of established empires

Cameroon vs. Nigeria

Conflict over the Bakasi Peninsula; the ICJ ruled in favor of Cameroon.

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)

By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the ?

Conservatives

Norway vs. Russia

Continental shelf dispute, Norway claims fishing areas around Svalbard Islands.

Free Association with New Zealand

Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process)

CITs

Countries in transition - a nation that is in a state of transition, whether it be social, economic, political or otherwise. Transitions can be very different in nature. Ex) Bolshevik revolution, American revolution, Chinese Revolution.

Inquisition

Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain.

What did Klemens von Metternich Not want to accomplish at the Congress of Vienna?

Create beginnings of European democracy

What event best illustrates geopolitics?

Crimean War

Napoleon's invasion of Russia was motivated by?

Czar Alexanders resumed trade with England

Balkan independence

Croatia first, then Serbia. Bosnia in 1992 from Yugoslavia. Kosovo last.

How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War?

Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists and the Puritans held the King Prisoner

Nero

Cruel Roman emperor. Killed his mother, wife and mistress. Persecuted Christians, blamed them for the Fire (which he may have started). Put Peter and Paul to death.

Mithraism

Cult dedicated to the god Mithras. Adopted by soldiers, it focused on Sun & light, divine sanction of human life, and and purposeful moral behavior.

What is Cultural Imperialism?

Cultural Imperialism is the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society.

Hard currency

Currencies, such as dollars, euros, and yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int'l economics.

Donut Hole

Disputed area between Russia and the US in the Bering Strait

Louisa Reef

Disputed between Malaysia and Brunei; Brunei claims an EEZ around the reef.

Bystroe Canal & Serpent Island

Disputed by Romania and Ukraine. ICJ split Serpent Island in 2009. **Mouth of the Danube at issue**

By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was

Czechoslovakia

Gabon vs. Equatorial Guinea

Disputes over continental shelf and mineral deposits.

issue areas

Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation.

Sudan

Darfur region: oil potential causes conflict in this region. Chadian rebels near the border also cause problems.

Indira Ghandi

Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980-84. Focused on helping poor and independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards.

Theodora

Daughter of a bear keeper and was married to Justinian.

Roosevelt Corollary

December 1904 â€" Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in which the U.S. declared its right to exercise an international police power when Western Hemisphere countries, by not keeping their debts or other affairs in order, invited foreign aggression.

universities

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407)

Border distinctions

Delimited borders are described; demarcated borders are surveyed and marked.

Balkanization

Division of a place or country into several small political units, often unfriendly to one another.

Maoism

Doctrine of Mao calling for continuous revolution

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

Normans

Descendants of Vikings, living on the peninsula of Normandy in France. Served Carolinians and later Capetians. Constructed centralized rule with Dukes.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)

Ptolemies

Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)

Manichaenism

Developed by Prophet Mani, "the elect" were especially holy abstaining from pleasures. "the hearers" led conventional lives while supporting the elect. All looked towards personal salvation.

Andrei Sakharov

Developed soviet H-bomb. Later became critic of Soviets, exiled and awarded Nobel.

nonaligned Nations

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

How did the French govern the people of French Indochina?

Direct Colonial Control

Lost generation

Disillusioned youth after WWI in Europe and America that refused to integrate into the mainstream.

Iran & Iraq (Gulf)

Dispute over access to the Gulf. In the Algiers Accord, Iraq gave up the territory to Iran.

Oman vs. UAE

Dispute over islands in the strait of Hormuz

Bahrain vs. Qatar

Dispute over the Hawar Islands

Pastoralism

Domestication and raising of animals for companionship, security, help in hunting, and food. Allowed humans to manipulate environment to greater degree

Agriculture

Domestication of plants. Because agriculture required great effort and organization, it encouraged closer social ties and formation of long-lasting settlements.

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)

Congress of Vienna

Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years.

Free French?

During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy and liberated Paris.

State of Chu

During the Zhou dynasty, in the central region of the Yangzi river, and challenged them for supremacy.

Boers

Dutch and other European settlers 19th century, British occupations

Boer Wars

Dutch people fighting independence of boer republic. British won. (1899-1902)

European Economic Community

EEC - The regional trade and economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market.

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)

Oracle Bones

Early Shang writing was found on these.

Homo sapiens - Neanderthal

Early form of Homo sapiens that inhabited much of Europe and the Mediterranean lands during the late Pleistocene Epoch, about 100,000 to 30,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains have also been found in the Middle East, North Africa, and western Central Asia. Name derives from the discovery in 1856 of the first remains of the type in a cave above the Neander Valley in Germany, not far from Düsseldorf. Advanced tools, clothing, semi or permanent dwellings and social groups.

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' (p. 383)

Why ddi the Maji Maji Rebellion fail?

East Africans believed that magic water would protect them from bullets

What is Economic Imperialism?

Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired.

free-trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

WHich 2 countires worked together to build the Suez canal?

Egypt and France

Why did Britain take control of the Suez Canal?

Egypt could not pay its foreign debt

Amon

Egyptian god related to the creator god.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian leader who took Suez Canal in 1956. Also launched unsuccessful 6 day war against Israel.

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)

Yuan Empire

Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349)

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)

Song Empire

Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277)

By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except

England

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English King who fought in the Crusades. Robin Hood was loyal to him.

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)

Rothschilds

English banking family the financed Britian's efforts against Napolean. Still functioning today.

Captain James Cook

English explorer of Australia, New Zealand Hawaii, antarctica and West Coast of North America.

Sir Walter Raleigh

English explorer to americas, introduced tobacco and potato from American to England.

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

Henry VIII

English king who made himself head of the Church of England when Pope would not recognize his divorce. Since then, England has been Protestant.

Edward 1

English monarch, issued the Statues of Realm (1301), it set a precedent for changing law by legislation rather than administrative decision

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

Edmund Burke

English politician who supported American revolutionary war, but opposed French Revolution.

Gibraltar

English will never relinquish this piece of Spain.

Biological Weapons Convention

Entered into force in 1975, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) had 151 member states in 2006. It provides that members of the Convention should "never in any circumstances...develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain...Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes." The Convention also imparts responsibilities on member nations to destroy all such weapons and their means of delivery.

popular culture

Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal. (p. 897)

Missi Dominici

Envoys Charlamagne sent to oversee local rulers.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man guaranteed everything except?

Equal rights for women

tropics

Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370)

Mughals

Established by Turkish invaders in 1520 lasted until mid 19th century

Durand Line

Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan and Pakistan (then India)

The Congo, Burundi, & Rwanda

Ethnic violence between Huutus and Tutsis in Burundi in the 1980s pushes Tutsi refugees into Rwanda. Tensions rose in Rwanda, where 800,000 Tutsis were killed in 1994. The Huutu militants fled to the DRC, causing more unrest and civil war there.

Somalia

Ethnicities overlap across regions and cause conflict.

What is Ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group and culture is superior to all others.

Volga River

European continent's longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic, and has immense economic, cultural, and historic importance.

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)

What caused low food supplies in Africa during European colonization?

Europeans insisted on the growth of cash crops, such as cotton

Chauvinism

Exaggerated belief in the supremecy of one's nation.

Cro-Magnon

Existed 40,000 years ago and is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art and existed in Europe.

Legitimate Trade

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)

Monsoon

Extensive rains in the spring and summer in India. Governing trade routes on the Red Sea ports.

Homo habilis

Extinct species of early hominid that inhabited parts of sub-Saharan Africa about 2 million to 1.5 million years ago, and generally accepted as the earliest member of the genus Homo, following Australopithecus and preceding H. erectus. Remains of H. habilis were first discovered in 1959 and 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. Name, by Leakey, refers to able or "handy" man.

Homo erectus

Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H.erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin and furs, and larger brain than H. erectus

Jingoism

Extreme and emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war.

Francisco Franco

Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32)

Romanovs

Family that ruled Russia from 17th century until Russian revolution.

Captain William Kidd

Famous English pirate in 17th-18th century.

Philip 2

Father of Alexander the Great, conquered Greece

Gender division of labor

Feature of Stone Age society. Due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Did not necessarily mean men's roles were superior to women. Over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.

Yalta

Feb. 1945 â€" Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met face-to-face at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. to plan for the end of World War II. It was at this conference that Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to the Soviet occupation of much of Eastern Europe. Although the agreements provided for eventual free elections in the countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets did not comply with that portion of the agreement.

Czech Coup

Feb. 1948 â€" A Soviet supported coup in which the government of Czechoslavkia, the last independent government in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union.

Free Assocation with the US

Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas

Manchus

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

The nobility's main source of income was?

Feudal dues collected from peasants

Sir Francis Drake

First English explorer to travel around the world. Participated in destruction of the Spanish Armada.

William and Mary

First Protestant kings of England.

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232)

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)

Pope John Paul II

First non-Italian pope in long time, travelled extensively, loved by millions.

Nocolaus Copernicus

First to argue that the Earth moves around the sun

What are Foreign Policy Objectives?

Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state.

FPI

Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks and the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock-issuing company or the bond-issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations.

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

Fascism?

Form of government characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, and a oneparty dictatorship.

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)

Batavi

Fort established ca.1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 543)

America First

Founded in 1939 after Germany’s invasion of Poland, America First was an isolationist group that opposed U.S. involvement in World War II. Many prominent Americans were members, including aviator Charles Lindbergh. At its peak, America First had 800,000 members. The organization disbanded shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

St. Francis

Founded order of mendicant (beggars) friars. (1182-1226) who preached for alms (money) to live holy lifestyles.

supranational organization

Founded/operates on the idea that international organizations can or should have authority higher than individual states and that those states should be subordinate to the supranational organization (EU? UN? disputed)

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)

The Popular Front helped preserve democracy in ?

France

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

gens de couleur

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L'Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

Jean Calvin

French Protestant who stress the doctrine of free destination. Establish Central of group in Geneva Switzerland

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Georges Clemenceau

French leader at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles and compenate France.

What was the immediate results of the French Revolution in 1789?

French middle class had increased power

Huguenots

French protestants of the 16th-17th century persecuted by Roman Catholic Church. Louis XIV banned them, and many fled to America.

Marie Antoinette

French queen beheaded with her Husband Louis XVI in French Revoltuion

Georges Danton

French revolutionary who called for execution of the king and others. Later considered not radical enough and was himself killed by other revolutionaries.

Moinchus

From North East of China and took power and created Qing dynasty after collapse on the Ming,

Who was behind the group known as Young Italy?

Garibaldi

particularistic party

a political party that deos not attempt to appeal to voters beyond an identifiable group within a population

Homo sapiens sapiens

Genus and species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong and to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, and perhaps as much as 400,000 years old.

australopithecines

Genus of extinct hominids that lived in Africa from the early Pliocene Epoch (beginning about 5.3 million years ago) to the beginning of the Pleistocene (about 1.6 million years ago), and believe to be ancestral to modern human beings. The australopithecines were distinguished from early apes by their upright posture and bipedal gait.

What was the pen name of a woman writer?

George sand

Catherine the Great

German born, Russian Zarina. Combined ideas with a strong policy. Converted nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them the power over the peasants.

What event caused ITaly to refuse to support its ally Germany?

German invasion of Belgium

What prompted Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany?

German invasion of Poland

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)

Kaiser

German word for emperor.

During the global depression, war debts caused great suffereing in?

Germany

Which nation's actions caused the US to fight in WWI?

Germany

Who was forced to assume the sole responsibility for the war under the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)

In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was?

Give more power to elected parliaments

Central Powers

Germany and its allies in WWI.

What did the Central Powers gain over Russia at the battle near Tannenberg? (3)

Germany drove the Russians into full retreat, G regained East Prussia, G seized numerous guns and horses

What did the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare refer to?

Germany's policy to sink any ship in Britain's water without warning

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)

Dictatorship

Government by a singl person or bya junta or other group that is not responsible to thepeople or their elected representatives.

Kubla Khan

Grandson of Ghengis. Concurred China. Established the Yaun Dynasty in 1271.

In the late 1800's, who competed for industrial domination of Europe?

Great Britain and Germany

Magna Carta?

Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility. It was the first step in a long historical process leading to the rule of constitutional law.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)

Which was a part of the transformation of the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state? (3)

Great purge, 5year plans, establishment of collective farms

The english poet Lord Byron fought in the war for the Independence of?

Greece

What was the dominant language of the Roman Empire?

Greek

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132)

classical antiquity

Greek and Roman times

Ptolemy

Greek astronomer who said planets and sun rotate around Earth. Dominated astronomy until Copernicus.

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)

Why did Hitler blame the Jewish population for all of Germany's troubles?

Hatred of Jews, or anti-semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology

Greek fire

Greek fire (also called Byzantine fire, wildfire and liquid fire, Greek Υγρό Πυρ, igró pir) was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, and was very effective both on sea and land. However, it was used primarily at sea. It is rumored that the key to Greek fire's effectiveness was that it could continue burning under almost any conditions, even under water. It was known to the Byzantines' enemies as a "wet, dark, sticky fire" because it stuck to the unfortunate object it hit and was impossible to extinguish. Enemy ships were often afraid to come too near to the Byzantine fleet, because, once within range, the fire gave the Byzantines a strong military advantage. The last testimony of Greek Fire usage was in the Siege of Constantinople, where the secret itself was destroyed in the flames of the Ottoman torches.

Herodotus

Greek scholar, nickname was the "father of history", wrote "The Histories" (about Persian War vs. Greek city states)

G77

Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N-S trade. Now includes 133 members and represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)

What was most likely NOT influenced by nationalism during the 1800's?

Groups of accepting a long establish form of government.

Clans

Groups of extended families which tended to cluster together, bound together by ties of kinship

chartered Company

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

percussion cap

Gunpowder-filled capsules that, when struck by the hammer of a gun, ignite the explosive charge in a gun. Their use meant that guns no longer needed to be ignited by hand. (p. 681)

Who supported Caesar?

He was greatly supported by the lower classes, but fought constantly with the Senate.

Heinrich Himmler

Head of SS and Gestapo. Also supervised holocaust.

Hermann Goering

Head of luftwaffe during Battle of Britain.

Grigori Rasputin

Healer for czar Nicolas during WWI, gave advice on how to run the government. Later killed by jealous noblemen.

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

Yahweh

Hebrew name for God

Bannermen

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)

What was an immediate economic cause of the french revolution?

High government spending with low tax collection from the nobles.

Alfred Dreyfus

Highest ranking jewish officer in the french army around 1894. Falsly accused of being a spy.

Sati

Hindu ritual for burning widows with there dead husbands.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Latin West

Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col

new monarchies

Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

How were the Holocaust and Hitler's final solution related?

Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the "final solution"

naturalist school of law

Humans, by nature, have certain rights and obligations. Lockian thought.

What trait did Napoleon Not possess?

Humility

When was Mercosur founded?

In 1991. It is a trading block of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Venezuela and Bolivia will become members soon.

Ibn;Rushdi

Iberian Muslim philosopher. Helped to make works done by Plato and Aristotle become well known.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

What was the farthest west that the Ottoman Empire reached?

In 1529, it lay siege to Vienna. It was unsucessful, and never went farther west.

UN Earth Summit?

In 1992, a meeting of 172 nations in Rio de Janeiro. It was unprecedented for a United Nations conference, in terms of both its size and the scope of its concerns. The issues addressed included: systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste, alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change, new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smog, the growing scarcity of water, An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.

When did Christianity get it's big break?

In 313, Roman emporer constantine I adopted it as his and the empire's religion, resulting of its spread westward from palestine.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

yin/yang

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. (p. 63)

Edwardian period

In England prior to WWI, known for its extravagance and unpreparedness for the 20th Century.

mansabs

In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Oceans of the world

In order of size, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean also being the deepest.

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

When did Islam begin?

In the 7th century, stated by Muhammed in Mecca.

plantocracy

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)

Kush

Independent kingdom. 1000 BCE. Had own writing. Used iron. Affected other cultures in the region

What country did Buddhism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

India by Buddha. Meditation, individual enlightenment.

What country did Hinduism originate in? What are it's beliefs?

India. Reincarnation and levels of spirituality and society.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)

Jawaharial Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)

How did indirect control compare to direct control?

Indirect control allowed limited self-rule

Ambalat

Indonesia & Malaysia dispute this oil-rich sea area

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Caligula

Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate.

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704)

What is Integral Nationalism?

Integral Nationalism glorifies the state as the highest focus of individual loyalties.

What is Intelligence?

Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities and intentions.

functionalism & functional relations

International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Reflected in specialized agencies like the World Health Organization. Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)

Inca Socialism

Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

William the Conqueror

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066. Established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the first typewriter. Gutenberg bible first book printed from it.

Sasanid Empire

Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. (p. 204)

30 years war?

It was fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive.

Class A Mandates

Iraq, Palestine, Syria

What is Irredentism?

Irredentism is the desire of the people of a state to annex the contiguous territories of another state that are inhabited by mostly members of linguistic and/or cultural minorities of the first state.

Sufis

Islamic mystics who felt Muslims should worship in their own way and not trust reason.

What was the goal of Hitler's final solution

It was genocide of people the Nazis considered inferior

Six Day War

Israel captured golan heights, West Bank and Sinai. Later traded Sinai back to Egypt in exchange for recognition.

Israel vs. Lebanon

Israel has invaded Lebanon 3 times, most recently in 2006

Meir Golda

Israeli PM 1969-74, tried to lesson Arab-Israeli conflicts through diplomacy. Surprise attacked by Arabs 1973.

humanism?

It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual's potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc...

What was the 1975 Helsinki Conference?

It founded the The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

lateral pressure (theory of)

It holds that the economic and population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders, which in turn leads to conflicts and sometimes to war.

How did zoroastrianism influence judaism and christianity?

It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, and afterlife.

What is the European Investment Bank?

It is the EU's financing institution, founded in 1957. Located in Luxembourg, its goal is to further the economic goals and carry out the agreements of the EU within, and with other nations.

Edict of Milan?

It was a policy under Constantine the great under the Roman empire to end persecution of the christians in the eastern Roman empire, which became the Byzantine empire after Constantine's death.

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)

Yalta conference?

It was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. The delegations were headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, respectively. They discussed houw Germany would be occupied, how europe would be rebuilt, and Russia pledged to enter the war against Japan soon after Germany was defeated. They also set the date for the UN charter conference, which would be held in San Francisco.

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)

weak state

a state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which teh extent of any part of the state is limited

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

failed state

a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services

international security

a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war and peace

Potsdam

Jul.-Aug. 1945 -- A city of northeast Germany on the Havel River near Berlin. The city was the site of the Potsdam Conference, at which American, British, and Soviet leaders drew up preliminary plans for the postwar administration of Germany and assigned various captured territories to Poland.

Stimson Doctrine

January 1932 â€" a U.S. policy enunciated in a note to Japan and China from U.S. Secretary of State Henry Stimson following Japan’s unilateral seizure of Manchuria in Northeast China. The note said the United States did not recognize territorial changes effected by force.

Four Freedoms

January 1941: FDR freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of physical aggression. He called for the last freedom to be achieved through a “worldwide reduction in armaments.†In August 1941 he and Winston Churchill included the four freedoms in the Atlantic Charter.

Which of the following motivated Japan to build an empire?

Japan was overcrowded and faced shortages of raw materials, Japan wanted the rich European colonies of Southeast Asia, Japan took over Manchuria and later fought for the heartland of China (NOT the emperor wanted a larger empire to suit his divine status)

Shoguns

Japanese military leaders who ruled from 12th-19th century.

Who embraced fascism? (3)

Juan Peron, Hitler, Mussolini

Pact of Paris (Kellog-Briand Treaty)

June 1927 â€" Pact condemning “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.†Aristide Briand foreign minister of France, proposed to the U.S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries. Frank B. Kellogg, the U.S. Secretary of State, returned a proposal for a general pact against war, and after prolonged negotiations the Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations.

Battle of Britain

June 1940â€"April 1941: Series of intense raids directed against Britain by the German air force in World War II. The air attacks, intended to prepare the way for a German invasion, were directed against British ports and RAF bases. In September 1940 the attacks turned to London and other cities in a “blitz†of bombings for 57 consecutive nights, which was followed by intermittent raids until April 1941. The RAF was outnumbered but succeeded in blocking the German air force through superior tactics, advanced air defenses, and the penetration of German secret codes.

Bryan resigns

June 9, 1915 â€" Believing the strong language in Wilson’s note to Germany after the sinking of the British ship Lusitania would lead the U.S. into an unnecessary war; Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned his post.

Supreme Roman God

Jupiter

What was the title given to teh ruler of the new unified German empire?

Kaiser

Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800's and most of WWI?

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who was not included in the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference?

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Louis XVI

Last king of France before French Revolution. Tried to compromise with constitutional monarchy. Later fled, but was captured and beheaded.

Boxer Rebellion

Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)

Sargon

King of Kish who conquered other city states to start his empire.

Alexander

King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)

Korean Air Flight 007?

Korean Air Flight 007, was a Korean Air civilian airliner shot down with all on board by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. KAL 007 carried 269 passengers and crew, including a U.S. congressman. There were no survivors. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian, and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities. The shoot-down attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly the United States.

Koryo

Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)

Panama isthmus and canal

Land link extending east-west about 400 miles from the border of Costa Rica to the border of Colombia. It connects North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) from the Gulf of Panama

Sanskrit

Language of Vedas

Guptas

Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)

ethnic groups

Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity.

clipper ship

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)

Great Purge

Late 30's - The name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, both occurring within a period characterized by omnipresent police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", show trials, imprisonment, and killings. In the West the term "the Great Terror" was popularized after the title of Robert Conquest's The Great Terror. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago is also devoted to this period of Soviet history.

Pacta sunta servanda

Latin - "agreements must be kept." The oldest principle of international law. Without it, no int'l agreement would be binding or enforceable. Directly referred to in many int'l agreements governing treaties.

What region of the world receives the most immigrant visas to the US?

Latin America, then Asia, then Europe.

Lawrence of Arabia

Lead Arab rebellion against the Turks in WWI.

Hapsburgs

Lead Austrian empire 13th - 20th century

Jean-Paul Marat

Leader of Jacobins in French Revolution

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of Pan-African movement in Ghana.

Khruscher

Leader of SU, followed melankov; attacked Stalins method of rule. Lost power because of conservative opposition

Francois Toussanit Loveture

Leader of slave rebellion on french island of St. Dominique. Created independent republic of Haiti 1804

William Pitt

Led British government in 7 years war. Worked to change George III's harsh policies towards American colonies.

Henan Curfs

Led to Expeditions to Mexico in 1519 defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule.

rational-legal legitimacy

Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized.

charismatic legitimacy

Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader.

traditional legitimacy

Legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time.

Who was the major leader of the Bolsheviks?

Lenin

What is Liberal Nationalism?

Liberal Nationalism is the aspiration of a group to achieve statehood based on popular sovereignty. It emphasizes freedom from foreign domination.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)

Sumura

Literally “retainers†Similar to European knights

What novel is considered realism?

Little Dorrit

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)

Footbinding

Male imposed practice to mutilate women’s feet in order to reduce size, produce pain, and restrict movement. Confined women to household

division of labor

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

Russian Provisional Government

Mar 1917 - The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the tsar's abdication. When the authority of the Tsar's government began disintegrating in the February Revolution of 1917, two rival institutions, the Duma and the Petrograd Soviet, competed for power. When Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on March 15 and his brother, Grand Duke Michael refused the throne the next day. According to the will of the Grand Duke, the provisional government should rule until the Constituent Assembly determines the form of government in Russia. Provisional government should provide elections to the Assembly. Its power was effectively limited by the Petrograd Soviet's growing authority. The Soviet controlled the army, factories and railways and had the support of the workers, so this was a period of dual authority, although at first the Soviet had given support to the Provisional Government.

Olmecs

Mesoamerican "rubber people" arose about 1200BCE. Excess amounts of rainfall called for irrigation to avoid flooding.

In the first practical process of making photographs, on what were photographs printed?

Metal

French Overseas Departments

Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future)

subtext

Meanings that are implicit or hidden in a text rather than explicitly addressed.

Hippocrates

Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. (p. 537)

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

Villa Pancho

Mexican revolutionary leader. He attacked New Mexico, which almost caused war.

constitution

a supreme law that defines the structure of a nation-state's regime and the legal processes governments must follow

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)

NICs

Newly industrialized countries - Less developed countries whose economies and whose trade now include significant amounts of manufactured products. As a result, these countries have a per capita GDP significantly higher than the average per capita GDP for less developed countries.

limited war

Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy

Red guards

Militias who attacked Mao's foes during Cultural Revolution.

Fracis Xavier

Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast and lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan

peace movements

Movements against specific wars or against war and militarism in general, usually involving large numbers of people and forms of direct action such as street protests.

Was diplomacy after WWI more or less open / democratic?

More.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Liberal Democrats

Most disadvantaged party because of the British FPTP/SMD

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)

How did Cardinal Richelieu work to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy?

Moved against the Huguenots and weakened the power of the nobles

nonaligned movement

Movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

Which leaders used modernization to keep their countries independent?

Muhammad Ali and King mongkut

Hijra

Muhammad's emigration from Mecca to Yathrib

Moguls

Muslim dynasty that ruled India in 16th-17th century. Built Taj Mahal.

Acheh Sultanate

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541)

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225)

Tiwanaku

Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315)

Suez Canal crisis

Nassar nationalized Canal. Britain and France got Israel to attack, prompting British and French intervention. US denounced plan. Severely damaged Anglo-american relations

What is National Self-Determination?

National Self-Determination is the idea that a group of people who consider themselves seperate and distinct from others have the right to determine the state in which they will live and the form of government it will have.

immigration law

National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel and visit within a state’s territory, work within the state, and sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization).

What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is the popular will that seeks to preserve the identity of a gropu by institutionalizing it in the form of a state.

Kwame Nkrumah

Nationalist leader and president of Ghana (1960â€"66). Nkrumah worked as a teacher before going to the U.S. to study literature and socialism (1935â€"45). In 1949 he formed the Convention People's Party, which advocated nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British authorities. Elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (1952â€"60) and then president of independent Ghana, Nkrumah advanced a policy of Africanization and built new roads, schools, and health facilities. After 1960 he devoted much of his time to the Pan-African movement, at the expense of Ghana's economy. Following an attempted coup in 1962, he increased authoritarian controls, withdrew from public life, increased contacts with communist countries, and wrote works on political philosophy. With the country facing economic ruin, he was deposed in 1966 while visiting Beijing.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)

What was one important effect resulting from the political changes made at the Congress of Vienna?

Nationalistic feelings grew in countries under foreign rule

Which German political party sought to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism?

Nazi

Adolf Eichmann

Nazi architect of holocaust. Escaped after WWII to Argentina, but Israel hunted him down.

How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews?

Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business and synagogues

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

Neoorthodoxy?

Neo-orthodoxy is an approach to theology that was developed in the aftermath of the First World War (1914-1918). It is primarily associated with the Swiss Protestant Karl Barth (1886-1968) and theologian Emil Brunner (1899-1966). The neo-orthodox thinkers had strong disagreements between themselves and so neo-orthodoxy cannot be considered to be a unified system. Nevertheless, this type of theology has a number of distinctive traits: Revelation, Transcendence of God, Existentialism, Sin.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

Class C Mandates

New Guinea, Nauru, Western Samoa, Southwest Africa

Revalations is in what part of the bible?

New Testament.

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic invaders from central Asia.

Bedouin

Nomadic tribes originally from Northern Arabia who became important traders after the domestication of the camel during the first millennium. Early Converts to Islam, their values and practitioners included Bernini, Rubens, Handel, and Bach.

What excuses do jewish and islamic men need to divorce their wives?

None. They can divorce with no explanation. Women can only divorce in a few circumstances.

What are North-South relations?

North-South relations are the relationship between industrialized, developed countries (the North) and mostly poor, developing countries (the South). Most developed countries are geographically north of Lesser Developed Countries

Vidkun Quisling

Norwegian collaborator during WWII. Made had of government under German control.

Washington Naval Disarmament Conference

November 1921-February 1922 â€" U.S., China, Japan and the powers of Europe attended. Three treaties resulted. The Five-Powers Treaty, adopted by France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States, established a ratio for the size of each navy, placed a ten-year ban on the building of warships, put restrictions on submarine warfare, and outlawed poisonous gas. The other treaties dealt with issues in the Pacific, including the Open Door Policy and China’s territorial integrity.

What natural resource does Azerbaijan mainly export?

OIL.

Wilson Suffers Stroke

Oct. 3, 1919 -- Wilson suffered a catastrophic, disabling stroke while campaigning for passage of the Versailles Treaty. The campaign was cut short and Wilson was never the same. This doomed any chance of passage of the treaty as Wilson, in this disabled state, withdrew from negotiations with Senate Republicans and refused to entertain any amendments to the treaty.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

October 1944 - at an estate in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C. Four powers participated: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. Because of Soviet neutrality in the Asian conflict, China only attended beginning 29 September, the day the Russians departed. The conference had the task of preparing a charter for a "general international organization," as stipulated in the Moscow Declaration of 30 October 1943. The conference chose the name of the wartime alliance, the United Nations (UN), for the new body. In imitation of the League of Nations, the new UN would possess a Security Council, a General Assembly, a Secretariat, and an International Court of Justice. To avoid, however, the pitfalls of the League of Nations, the conferees concluded that unanimous votes should not be mandatory to reach decisions in the Security Councilor the General Assembly; all signatories must agree in advance to act on the Security Council's findings; contingents of the armed forces of member states must be at Security Council disposal; and that the creation of an Economic and Social Council was necessary.

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)

Law of the Sea Convention

Officially known as the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), this agreement was opened for signature in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. As of June 2006, 149 countries had signed on to the Convention. Seeking to govern the peaceful use of the seas, the measure covers deep sea drilling, straits used for international navigation, the oceanic rights of landlocked nations and many other aspects of international oceanic interaction. The United States is not an official signatory to the Law of the Sea Convention, but adheres to most of its provisions. The main point of disagreement heretofore has been the limits on deep sea drilling. However, with support from both the White House and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in 2006 the United States appeared close to acceding to UNCLOS.

Talmud?

One of the Jewish Holy Books. It is a compilation of oral tradition.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)

Marco Polo

One of the first Europeans to travel to Asia.

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)

Yamagata Arimoto

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. (p. 722)

Which African countries are not part of the African Union?

Only Morocco. The African Union (abbreviated AU) was founded in July 2002. The AU is a federation consisting of 53 states. It was formed as a successor to the amalgamated African Economic Community (AEC) and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Eventually, the AU aims to have a single currency and a single integrated defense force, as well as other institutions of state, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the federation is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.

Guilds

Organizations of artisans in the Middle Ages

civil society

Organizations outside the state that help people define and advance their own interests

How does Osama bin Laden translate?

Osama, son of Laden.

South Ossetia

Ossetia is split between Russia (north) and Georgia (south). Many ethnic Russians live in South Ossetia.

In the 1860's, the expansion of Prussia was achieved under the leadership of who?

Otto von Bismark

Pope John XXIII

Oversaw Vatican II, which liberalized church.

fidel Castro

Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism.

Norman conquest

Overthrow of England by the French in 1066 by William the conqueror.

Russian revolution

Overthrow of the Czar that brought Communists to poer under Lenin.

David Lloyd George

PM of Britain at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles.

Lorenzo de Medici

Patron of great renaissance artists, including Botticelli, Michelangelo and da Vinci.

Lockerbie bombing?

Pan Am Flight 103 was from Heathrow to JFK. On December 21, 1988, the aircraft was blown up as it flew over Lockerbie, Scotland. It was widely regarded as an assault on a symbol of the United States, and with 189 of the victims being Americans, it stood as the deadliest attack on American civilians until September 11, 2001. United Nations sanctions against Libya and protracted negotiations with the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi secured the handover of the accused on April 5, 1999.

Treaty of Paris? 1947

Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland

the Indus and Ganges Rivers

Part of network of rivers running through lush forest and jungles of Indian subcontinent. Indus, in modern Pakistan, gave birth to world's first civilized societies. Ganges is not longest of India's rivers, but has tremendous cultural and religious significance.

Mayotte

Part of the Comoros Islands. It is the only Catholic island; recently voted to become the 5th overseas department of France.

dissidents

Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political and social values.

Indo-Europeans

People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia and imposed their rule and language on the people.

Cossaks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

In 1907, Russia and Britain agreed to Spheres of Influence in..?

Persia

Darius

Persian King who led first invasion of Greece, expanded Persia and built a canal from the Red Sea to the Meditteranian

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)

Which society etablished the first formal alphabet?

Phoenicians

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

Who greatly westernized imperial Russia?

Peter the great.

The most powerful ruler in Spanish History was?

Philip II

utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616

economic liberalization

Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.

Phoenicians

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plains of what are now Lebanon and Syria. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC.

schlieffen Plan

Plan of attack used by the German armies at the outbreak of World War I. It was named after its developer, Count Alfred von Schlieffen (1833â€"1913), former chief of the German general staff. To meet the possibility of Germany's facing a war against France in the west and Russia in the east, Schlieffen proposed that, instead of aiming the first strike against Russia, Germany should aim a rapid, decisive blow with a large force at France's flank through Belgium, then sweep around and crush the French armies against a smaller German force in the south. The plan used at the beginning of World War I had been modified by Helmuth von Moltke, who reduced the size of the attacking army and was blamed for Germany's failure to win a quick victory.

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

How are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle related?

Plato was Socrates' student. Aristotle was Plato's student. The three worked with the rationalizing and linearalizing of thought and ideas.

brinkmanship

Policy of a nation that pushes a dangerous situation to the limits of safety before pulling back.

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)

Greek City States

Polis. Has a government. A city that has its own country. Has Council.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jos? Antonio P?ez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)

Congress party

Political party of Ghandi and Nehru during Indian independence.

dominance disadvantage

stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower-ranking members in the status hierachy

Post WWII dollar shortage?

Postwar world capitalism suffered from a huge dollar shortage. The United States was running huge balance of trade surpluses, and the U.S. reserves were immense and growing. It was necessary to reverse this flow. Dollars had to leave the United States and become available for international use. In other words, the United States would have to reverse the natural economic processes and run a balance of payments deficit. The modest credit facilities of the IMF were clearly insufficient to deal with Western Europe's huge balance of payments deficits. The problem was further aggravated by the reaffirmation by the IMF Board of Governors in the provision in the Bretton Woods Articles of Agreement that the IMF could make loans only for current account deficits and not for capital and reconstruction purposes. Only the United States contribution of $570 million was actually available for IBRD lending. In addition, because the only available market for IBRD bonds was the conservative Wall Street banking market, the IBRD was forced to adopt a conservative lending policy, granting loans only when repayment was assured. Given these problems, by 1947 the IMF and the IBRD themselves were admitting that they could not deal with the international monetary system's economic problems. Thus, the much looser Marshall Plan—the European Recovery Program—was set up to provide U.S. finance to rebuild Europe largely through grants rather than loans. The Marshall Plan was the program of massive economic aid given by the United States to favored countries in Western Europe for the rebuilding of capitalism. From 1947 until 1958, the United States deliberately encouraged an outflow of dollars, and, from 1950 on, the United States ran a balance of payments deficit with the intent of providing liquidity for the international economy. Dollars flowed out through various U.S. aid programs: the Truman Doctrine entailing aid to the pro-U.S. Greek and Turkish regimes, which were struggling to suppress socialist revolution, aid to various pro-U.S. regimes in the Third World, and most important, the Marshall Plan. From 1948 to 1954 the United States gave sixteen Western European countries $17 billion in outright grants.

What is Power?

Power is influence and control excercised by one nation over others.

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Toltecs

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Louis XIV

Practiced Absolute monarchy in France. L'etat, c'est moi.

Stone Age

Prehistoric cultural stage, or level of human development, characterized by the creation and use of stone tools. The Stone Age is usually divided into three separate periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period—based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820

Hafaz Assad

President of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard-liner against Israel and Islamic fundamentalism.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. (p. 762)

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of GB in WWII. Kept brittain moral going during german aieral assults

The Austrian chief minister who presided over the Congress of Vienna was?

Prince Kelemens von Metternich

Alexander Nevski

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)

The Edict of Nantes decreed that

Protestants could worship only in careas where they were majority

Under Maria Theresa, Austria's greatest enemy was..?

Prussia

Who's work did Galileo contradict?

Ptolemy.

revolution

Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Queen victoria

Queen 19th-early 20th century during British industrial revolution and height of empire's power. Also highly moral, leading to Victorian Age

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)

newly industrialized economies

Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)

The Thirty Years War was triggered by?

Rebellion of Czech protestants against Catholic Ferdinand

fourth world

Refers to a sub-population subjected to social exclusion in global society, but since the 1974 publication of The Fourth World: An Indian Reality of George Manuel, Cheif of the National Indian Brotherhood - Assembly of First Nations, fourth world has come to be known as a synonym for stateless nations

gender gap

Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues and candidates).

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711)

Robespierre's execution marked the end of the..?

Reign of terror

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355)

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

Francis Bacon

Renaissance leader in England.

Ming Dynasty

Replaced Yaun Dynasty in China 1363-0664. Focused on internal development.

The Tennis Court oath was made by?

Representatives of the 3rd estate

Rerum Novarum?

Rerum Novarum is an encyclical issued in 1891. It was an open letter passed to all the bishops that addressed the condition of the working classes. It supported the rights of labor to form unions, but rejected socialism and affirmed private property rights. It discussed the relationships between government, business, labor, and the church proposing a social and economic structure that was later called corporatist. Rerum Novarum is generally accepted to be the founding document of Christian Democracy. While individual positions or statements have been debated, the work was remarkable as a summary of many issues raised by the industrial revolution and modern democratic societies. It began by describing many of the grievances of the working class. But it refuted as false the theories of Marxist socialists and defended private ownership. It stated that solutions would come from the combined actions of the Church, the State, the employer and the employee. It set out principles that should be used in seeking justice in industrial, social, and economic life. One profound effect was to push the Catholic Church and its hierarchy into the modern world. At the time his support for unions and a living wage were viewed as radically leftist.

Soviet New Economic Policy

Restored private ownership to small parts of the economy, loosened trade restrictions, and tried to regain alliances with foreign countries. Succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastating effects of WWI.

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819

The fall of the Bastille led quickly to the formation of?

Revolutionary government in Paris

human rights

Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political and civil rights), and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights).

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Rivers that run from Turkey through Iraq and to the Persian Gulf. They irrigate the desert reaches of the Middle East, and allowed the emergence of the oldest civilizations.

What did the Roman empire contribute to the world?

Roads, bridges, aqueducts, and a codified legal system. It lasted 800 years.

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)

in 1920, a dictatorship ruled

Russia

Cato

Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage.

Brutus

Roman politician who assassinated Caesar.

Spartacus

Roman slave who lead slave revolt against Rome in 1st century BC

Kuril Islands

Russia took posession of the islands after the Russo-Japanese War but they are still in dispute.

What was the main reson for the Crimean War?

Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain access to the Mediterranean

How did life change for Russians after the sucess of the Bolshevik revolution?

Russia was organized into several self-governing republics

What is an accurate description for Goethe, Chopin, Coleridge, and Constable?

Romantic

What city became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of the papal states?

Rome

Leon Trotsky

Rose with Lenin, opposed to Stalin. Stalin exiled and later assassinated him.

Court of St. James

Royal court of Britain.

The thory of divine right proposed that ?

Ruler derived absolute monarch to rule from God

Mansa Kankan Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)

Sudanic States

Rulers supported Islam by building mosques

Bourbons

Ruling family of France until the French Revolution.

Lenin

Russian Bolshevik Leader who was responsible for turning Russia to communism

Muscovy

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)

Ivan the Terrible

Russian czar of 16th century, who battled with his nobles and was known for his cruelty.

What combination led to the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad?

Russian troops and the Russian winter

Mikhail Romanov

Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)

What political trends helped lead to the formation of the Second Reich?

Ruthless leadership

Class B Mandates

Rwanda & Burundi, Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togoland

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

The greatest threat to England during Elizabeth's reign were

Scotland and Spain

Stuarts

Scottish family that ruled England from 17th-18th century. Afterwards went to the House of Hanover.

How did civilians join the war effort?

Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing

Viking

Sea going Scandinavian raiders who devastated coastal areas of Europe. From the 8th to the 11trh century. Cross Atlantic to Iceland to Greenland to North American.

Caribbean Sea

Sea that is point of connection between North and South America, resource rich, and first territories reached by European settlers in 15th and 16th centuries

Danube River

Second longest river in Europe after the Volga, which rises in the Black Forest mountains of western Germany and flows for some 1,770 miles to its mouth on the Black Sea. Along its course, it passes through nine countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine.

Mata Hari

Seductive female Double Agent of France and Germany in WWI.

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)

Chechnya

Separatist movement from Russia; terrorist acts by Chechens have spurred Russian intervention. Oil in the area exacerbates it.

Transdniester Republic

Separatist movement in Moldova

House of Hanover

Series of English kings and queens who strengthened parliament.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413) (1337-1453) France vs. England, France won, lasted 116 yrs-a series of conflicts

Dharma

Set of laws

Constantinople

Set up by ruler Constantine. 312-337CE. Se up his capital city to regulate Eastern Roman Empire

Fertile Crescent (Tigris-Euphrates river system)

Settlement began as early as 8000 BCE. Large scale agriculture by 5000 BCE. Sumerian-Babylonian civilizations

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Why did American sugar planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani?

She wanted to restore the political power of the native Hawaiians

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

neoliberalism

Shorthand for “neoliberal institutionalismâ€, an approach that stresses the importance of international institutions in reducing the inherent conflict that realists assume in an international system; the reasoning is based on the core liberal idea that seeking long-term mutual gains is often more rational than maximizing individual short-term gains.

Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of Genocide

Signed in 1948, the Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of Genocide states that genocide ". . .whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they [the signatories] undertake to prevent and to punish." The treaty defines genocide as actions ". . .committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." Article III specifically outlines those international crimes that include genocide, such as genocide itself, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, the attempt to commit genocide and complicity in genocide.

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)

Name some elements of national power.

Size, location, climate, topography of a national territory, natural resources and production, population and demographics, size and efficiency of industry, extent/effectiveness of transportation and the media, science and technology, military, political economic and social system, quality of diplomacy, policies/attitudes of leadership, national character/moale.

Where do the majority of UN troops come from?

Smaller countries. The top 5 troop donating nations are India, Nigeria, Jordan, Bangladesh, and Australia. The US is the top money donator to the UN, but it donates few troops.

Bands or tribes

Social group which resulted from clans becoming larger and mixing with neighboring groups

Herding societies

Social groups that domesticated animals, but not plants. Had to move from place to place on constant basis, in order to obtain grass or fodder. Herding societies were less likely to develop into civilized societies.

Family unit

Social unit resulting from ability to choose sexual partners, emotional bonding, and length of time needed to raise human offspring.

Andrei Gromyko

Soviet foreign minister (1957â€"85) and president (1985â€"88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Though never strongly identified with any political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman. He was ambassador to the U.S. (1943â€"46), Soviet representative to the UN Security Council (1946â€"48), and ambassador to Britain (1952â€"53). In 1957 he began his long tenure as foreign minister and became renowned for his negotiating skills. In 1985 he was promoted to the presidency, with great prestige but little power, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power.

As a result of the defeat of the Spanish Armada...?

Spain decreased as a European power

Ceuta

Spanish city on the tip of Morocco. Illegal immigration is an issue here.

Shinto

State religion in Japan. Derived from beliefs in natural spirits and until recently linked with belief in divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish conquistador of 15th-16th century, who conquered Puerto Rico and Florida.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific and claimed it for Spain.

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

During Spain's civil war, Franco was the leader of ?

Spanish rebel groups

SDRs

Special drawing rights - Reserves held by the IMF that central banks of member-countries can draw on to help manage the values of the currencies. SDR value is based on a "market-base" of currencies, and SDRs are acceptable in transactions between central banks.

Kievan Russia

State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)

What was the major cause of the collapse of the stock market?

Stocks sold for more than they were worth

The attack on the Paris prison by enraged citizens was called?

Storming the Bastille

Qualitative method/analysis

Study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases.

scramble for africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)

Whyd id some US business leasders want to US to annex Hawaii?

Sugar could be old for higher profits

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)

The German Blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depened on what advantage?

Surprise and overwhelming force

Name some countries with a federalist system of government.

Switzerland, US, Belgium, Germany, Canada.

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)

Caste System

System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific “ranksâ€

What came first, Alexander the Great, The Roman Empire, The Greek Empire, Plato?

THe Greek Empire, then Plato, then Alexander, Then The Romans.

Taiwan (Quemoy)

Taiwan occupes Quemoy, 3 miles from the Chinese mainland, which heightens tensions

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)

The Eastern Question?

Term that applies to a host of problems surrounding the decay of the Ottoman empire. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question went forward in disregard, and often ignorance, of the wishes of the Balkan peoples. Because of its traditions and structures, old-style diplomacy was poorly equipped to deal with popular movements like nationalism. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question began in the Early Modern Period, before modern nationalism or representative governments. Economic and social change, international rivalry and unsolved problems combined to unsettle the Balkans. Neither local states nor Great Powers could control the situation. The result was a succession of Balkan crises, some of which had serious consequences for Europe as a whole.

What country used to be known as Siam?

Thailand. The name was changed in 1949. The Thais are very proud that they were never colonized by a European power. There are two main reasons for this: it was left as a buffer state between parts of Asia that were colonised by the French and the British and Thailand had a series of very able rulers in the 1800s.

American Convention on Human Rights

The American Convention on Human Rights, which entered into force in 1978, defines the human rights that the ratifying states of the Western Hemisphere have agreed to foster through the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States (OAS) headquartered in Washington, D.C. The IACHR meets frequently, considers cases brought before it and gives priority to stimulating public awareness in such areas as judicial independence, activities of irregular armed groups and the human rights of minors, women and indigenous peoples. The Convention also established the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, located in San Jose, Costa Rica.

What was The Antarctic Treaty?

The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate the international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only uninhabited continent. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of the southern 60th parallel. The treaty was signed by 12 countries, including the Soviet Union and the United States, and set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.

1986 Berlin discotheque bombing?

The April 5, 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing was a terrorist attack on the West Berlin La Belle discotheque that was frequented by U.S. soldiers. A bomb placed under a table near the DJ booth exploded at the club, killing a Turkish woman and two U.S. servicemen and injuring 230 people, including more than 50 American servicemen. Libya was blamed for the bombing after telex messages had been intercepted from Libya's East Berlin embassy, and the then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan retaliated by ordering airstrikes against the Libyan capital of Tripoli and city of Benghazi—see Operation El Dorado Canyon. At least 15 people died in the U.S. airstrikes on Libya - including a 15-month-old girl said to have been adopted by leader Colonel Gaddafi - and more than 100 were injured.

What is the Asian Development Bank?

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. It was founded in 1966 with 31 members states and has now grown to include 64, including the US, many europen nations, and all asian nations, including the stans. Headquartered in Philippines.

What is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political, economic, and cultural organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. Formed on August 8, 1967, by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, as a non-provocative display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. Following the Bali Summit of 1976, the organization embarked on a programme of economic cooperation, which floundered in the mid-1980's only to be revived around a 1991 Thai proposal for a regional "free trade area".

What is ANZUS?

The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the military alliance which binds Australia and the United States, and separately Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area, though today the treaty is understood to relate to attacks in any area. The treaty came about following the close cooperation of the United States, Australia and New Zealand during World War II, during which time Australia had come perilously close to invasion by Japan. Following the end of World War II, the United States was eager to normalize relations with Japan, particularly as the Korean War was still raging a short distance from Japan. With the involvement of China and possibly the Soviet Union in Korea, the Cold War was threatening to become a full-scale war. However, Australia and New Zealand in particular were extremely reluctant to finalize a peace treaty with Japan which would allow for Japanese rearmament. Both countries relented only when an Australian and New Zealand proposal for a three-way security treaty was accepted by the United States. The resulting treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1 September 1951, and entered into force on 29 April 1952.

Battle of Waterloo?

The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. After his exile to Elba, he had reinstalled himself on the throne of France for a Hundred Days. During this time, the forces of the rest of Europe converged on him, commanded by the United Kingdom's Duke of Wellington, and Prussia's Gebhard von Blücher.The battlefield is in present day Belgium, about 12 km (7.5 miles) SSE of Brussels, and 2 km (1.2 miles) from the town of Waterloo. As far back as 13 March, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Napoleon knew that, once his attempts at dissuading one or more of the allies from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the Allies put together an overwhelming force. If he could destroy the existing Allied forces in Belgium before they were reinforced, he might be able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. He failed, and died in exile 6 years later.

What empire controlled the most territory in human history?

The British Empire was, at one time, the foremost global power, and the most extensive empire in the history of the world. It was a product of the European Age of Discovery that began with the global maritime explorations of Portugal and Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921 the British Empire held sway over a population of about 470-570 million people; roughly a quarter of the world's population. It covered about 14.3 million square miles (more than 37 million km²), about a quarter of the world's total land are

Burlingame Treaty?

The Burlingame Treaty, between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in 1868. Importantly, Chinese immigration to the United States was encouraged. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

What is the Central American Common Market?

The Central American Common Market (abbreviated CACM - in Spanish: Mercado Común Centroamericano, abbreviated MCCA) is an economic trade organization between five nations of Central America. It was established on December 13, 1960 between the nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua in a conference in Managua. These nations ratified the treaties of membership the following year. Costa Rica joined the CACM in 1963. The organization collapsed in 1969 with the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador, but was then reinstated in 1991. The CACM has succeeded in removing duties on most products moving among the member countries, and has largely unified external tariffs and increased trade within the member nations. However, it has not achieved the further goals of greater economic and political unification that were hoped for at the organization's founding, mainly caused by the CACM's inability and lack of reliable means to settle trade disputes. With the proposal of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, it is possible that this new organization will replace the CACM.

Chemical Weapons Convention

The Chemical Weapons Convention entered into force in 1997. The Convention prohibits all development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer and use of chemical weapons. It imposes reporting requirements, as well as inspections on chemical weapons sites located inside participating states. In 2006, 179 states were parties to the Convention. The Organization for the Prevention of Chemical Weapons was created by the United Nations to provide oversight for the compliance of participants.

What is the european Common Agricultural Policy?

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies which represents about 44% of the EU's budget (€43 billion scheduled spend for 2005 [1]). These subsidies work by guaranteeing a minimum price to producers and by direct payment of a subsidy for crops planted. This provides some economic certainty for EU farmers and production of a certain quantity of agricultural goods. Reforms of the system are currently underway including a phased transfer of subsidy to land stewardship rather than specific crop production from 2005 to 2012. The OECD countries' total agricultural subsidies amount to more than the GDP of the whole of Africa. CAP price intervention causes artificially high food prices throughout the EU. Some have suggested that Europeans pay about 25% higher prices for food than they would without the CAP.

What is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation, or alliance, consisting of 11 former Soviet Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Turkmenistan discontinued permanent membership as of August 26, 2005 and is now an associate member. The creation of CIS signaled the dissolution of the Soviet Union and, according to leaders of Russia, its purpose was to "allow a civilized divorce" between the Soviet Republics. However, many observers have seen the CIS as a tool that would allow Russia to keep its influence over the post-Soviet states. Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed a large number of documents concerning integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense and foreign policy.

Agricultural Revolution (ancient)

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (p. 17)

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear weapons tests. Since the Treaty was opened for signature in 1996, some 170 states have become members. Seen as an important step toward reducing the proliferation of nuclear weapons capabilities and promoting progress toward the ideal of nuclear disarmament, the CTBT provides for on-site inspections and periodic reporting by participating states.

What was the first treaty to recognize and regulate diplomacy?

The Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Convention Against Torture

The Convention Against Torture, which entered into force in 1987, places an absolute prohibition on the use of torture as state policy. It requires parties to "take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction" (Article 2). The Convention explicitly states that "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture," nor can "an order from a superior officer or a public authority." Considered a codification of the customary prohibition of torture in international law, the Convention also prohibits returning a person to a state in circumstances where he or she is likely to be tortured.

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees establishes the basic rights of protection for refugees who are forced to leave their country of origin out of a well-founded fear of persecution. The Convention guarantees rights to those seeking asylum and states that refugees will not be forcibly returned to their state of origin as long as the threat of persecution continues. Entered into force in 1954, the Convention had 140 parties as of 2006. Although the United States is not a state party to the Convention, it is a party to its Protocol, which incorporates all the Convention provisions subject to some limitations.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which entered into force in 1981, is an "international bill of rights for women." The Convention aims to "ensure an immediate end to torture and other forms of degrading treatment and to prosecute and punish those responsible for such practices." With 176 parties as of March 2004, the Convention aims to increase political social, and economic freedoms and opportunities for women throughout the world. The Convention also has provisions against trafficking of women and requires states to take specific measures to prevent their exploitation. In 2006, the United States was one of the 185 state parties to the Convention, but it has expressed objections over provisions relating to family planning.

Convention on the Rights of the Child

The Convention on the Rights of the Child entered into force in 1990, and is one of the primary human rights treaties. It requires States Parties to take "all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members." (Article 2). The Convention protects children's' rights through the juvenile justice system and calls for states to adhere to policies that accord with the best interests of children. The Convention has been ratified by 192 countries. The United States is not a party to this Convention.

What is the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf?

The Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf, formerly named and still commonly called Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional organization involving the six Persian Gulf Arab States with many economic and social objectives in mind. Created May 25, 1981, the Council is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

What is the Council of Europe?

The Council of Europe is an international organisation of 46 member states in the European region. The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. Membership is open to all European states which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms to their citizens. One of the main successes of the Council was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights. The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. The Council of Europe was founded following a speech given by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946 calling for a "United States of Europe", similar to the United States of America, in the wake of the events of World War II. The Council was officially founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London agreed to by the ten original members. This treaty is now known as the Statute of the Council of Europe.

Crimean war?

The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856 and was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, The Piedmont-Sardinia, and (to some extent) the Ottoman Empire on the other. The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea. Cigarettes were invented during the war. First war to have tactical use of railways. First war to have live reporting (via telegraph). Russia lost.

Dreyfus Affair?

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s. It involved the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason. The Dreyfus Affair split France into Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards. The sometimes-violent quarrel involved controversial issues in a heated political climate. To some extent, the division was between right-wing anti-Dreyfusards supportive of a return to monarchy and clericalism (the involvement of the Roman Catholic Church in public policy) and left-wing Dreyfusards supportive of the Republic and angry with the Church. However, some right-wingers supported Dreyfus for his courage and some left-wingers opposed him for his bourgeois background. The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades afterwards. The far right remained a potent force, as did the moderate liberals. The liberal victory played an important role in pushing the far right to the fringes of French politics. It also prompted legislation such as a 1905 enactment separating church and state.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference?

The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (or Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization), held beginning in August 1944 in a Washington, DC mansion (Dumbarton Oaks), was where the United Nations was formulated and negotiated. Discussions on the make-up of the UN included which states would be invited as members. The conference was attended by representatives of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China. Discussions included the formation of the Security Council and the right of veto that would be given to its permanent members. The conference was followed up by a San Francisco Conference, where the Security Council veto powers were established.

Russian Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian communion in the world with an estimated 300 million members worldwide.[1] It is considered by its adherents to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles nearly 2000 years ago

What is the Eurasian Economic Community?

The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC or EAEC) was put into motion on 10 October 2000 when Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the treaty. EurAsEC was formally created when the treaty was finally ratified by all five member states in May 2001. EurAsEC grew out of the CIS Customs Union. All the members of EurAsEC are also members of the older Commonwealth of Independent States and the relationship between the two organisations is ambiguous.

What is the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council?

The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European pheriphary. The member states meet to cooperate and consult on a range of political and security issues. It was formed on May 29, 1997 as the successor to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC).

What is the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area?

The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Middle East by 2010. Eventually it will integrate free trade with the EU.

What was the European Defence Community?

The European Defence Community (EDC) was a plan proposed by René Pleven, the French foreign minister at the time, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. Its intention was to form a pan-European defence force as an alternative to Germany's proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc. The plan included the countries of France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg). A treaty was signed in May 1952, but the plan never went into effect. Because of the failure to obtain a majority in the French Parliament, due to Gaullist fears that it threatened France's national sovereignty, constitutional concerns about the indivisibility of the French Republic, and fears about Germany's remilitarization, the EDC was never ratified and the initiative collapsed on the 30 of August, 1954.

What was the Great Turkish War?

The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. It marked the end of the Ottoman incursion into Europe. 1683-1699. The Ottomans ceded most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to Austria while Podolia passed to Poland. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula).

What were the Helinski Accords?

The Helsinki Accords is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975 between the United States and Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe, including Turkey but not Albania and Andorra. The civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis for the work of Helsinki Watch, an independent NGO created to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords (which evolved into several regional committees to finally form Human Rights Watch). While these provisions applied to all signatories the focus of attention was on their application to the Soviet Union and its associates, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)

What was the first empire after the death of the Charlemagne?

The Holy Roman Empire, started by Otto the Great.

What is the Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.

Japanese Instrument of Surrender?

The Instrument of Surrender of Japan was the armistice ending World War II. It was signed by representatives of Japan, US, China, UK, USSR, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, and New Zealand on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, and which thereby ended the Pacific War and with it World War II.

What is the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights?

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or, in the three other official languages - Spanish, French, and Portuguese - CIDH) is one of the two bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.

What is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution based in the city of San José, Costa Rica. Together with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, it makes up the human rights protection system of the Organization of American States (OAS), which serves to uphold and promote basic rights and freedoms in the Americas.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, another of the primary international human rights treaties, provides that states parties shall avoid the practice or sponsorship of racial discrimination including "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin" which has the effect of nullifying or impairing the exercise of basic human rights in any field of public life (Article 1). The Convention also establishes the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to monitor and report on state compliance. Entered into force in 1969, the Convention had 170 state parties in 2006.

What empire controlled the highest percentage of world population in human history?

The Roman Empire.

Statute of the International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice, created in 1945 as the judicial arm of the United Nations, was designed to provide a forum for hearing disputes under international law between member states. It functions as an independent court, and also issues advisory opinions on various questions of law. Article 38 (1) of the Statute establishes the sources of international law that it applies: international conventions or treaties, customary international law, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations, judicial decisions and distinguished scholarly writings.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights, along with its two optional Protocols (which provide for a complaints mechanism to address violations and for elimination of the death penalty, neither of which have been ratified by the United States). The ICCPR enumerates the core principles that underlie legal rights and the rights of due process for accused persons. It specifies that individuals have on an equal basis the right to life, freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, freedom of movement and freedom of religion and expression, among many others. The Convention established the Human Rights Committee to monitor state compliance. Entered into force in 1976, it had 156 state parties as of 2006.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that "All peoples have the right of self-determination, including the right to determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development." The Convenant also affirms individuals' rights to food, work, housing and education. The Covenant, entered into force in 1976, does not count the United States as a signatory.

What is the difference between the ICC and the ICJ in the Hague?

The International Criminal Court is a permanant war crimes tribunal. The International Court of Justice rules on disputes between states.

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)

What is LAFTA?

The Latin American Free Trade Association was created in 1960 by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America. By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In 1980, LAFTA reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association. Membership remained unchanged until Cuba joined in 1999.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (1997 Mine Ban Treaty)

The Mine Ban Treaty prohibits the production, use and transfer of antipersonnel landmines, and calls on parties to eliminate existing stockpiles and take measures to remove existing landmines from affected countries. States are also called on to raise awareness about mines and ensure that mine victims are cared for, rehabilitated and reintegrated into their communities. The Convention, entered into force in 1999, had more than 150 signatories by 2006. The United States is not a party to the Convention because of concerns about its impact on the landmines that defend South Korea from a possible attack from the North.

North American Free Trade Agreement

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ratified by Canada, Mexico and the United States in 1992, is a regional trade accord within the WTO structure. It facilitates the cross-border movement of goods and services by reducing tariffs, duties and transportation costs, as well as by easing investment restrictions and the movement of workers within the free-trade zone.

During the cold war, who was India mainly allied with?

The USSR.

Austronesean

The earliest inhabitants of New Guinea that led seafaring lives. In 3000BCE established themselves on many islands.

What was the Organisation of African Unity?

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine (OUA) was established on May 25, 1963. It was disbanded July 9, 2002 by its last chairman, South African Thabo Mbeki and replaced by the African Union. Its intended purpose was to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States and act as a collective voice for the continent. It was also dedicated to the eradication of colonialism and established a Liberation Committee to aid independence movements. Its headquarters were established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the invitation of its emperor, Haile Selassie I. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states. At the time of its disbanding, 53 out of the 54 countries in Africa were members; Morocco left in 1985 following the admission of Western Sahara in 1982. Though widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking shop" with little power, Ghanaian United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan praised the OAU for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, in its 39 years of existence critics argue that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it "The Dictators Club".

Convention on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD Convention)

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), founded in 1961 and comprising 30 member countries, is dedicated to promoting increased economic development among its members and with 70 partner countries. It produces international agreements, standards and regulations that promote guidelines to facilitate economic development, trade and good governance. The OECD also publishes authoritative statistics and documents on macroeconomics, education, development and technology issues.

What is the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe?

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. In its region, it is concerned with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe has 55 participating states from Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America. The OSCE's Secretariat (headquarters) is located in Vienna, Austria. The Organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague and Warsaw. The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).

What is the Organization of American States?

The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. Founded in 1948. Members include every free nation in the western hemisphere, except cuba, which is suspended. From its creation up until, at the least, the mid-1980s, the OAS was a frequent target for critics, particularly those on the left of the political spectrum, who accused it of being a mere arm of U.S. foreign policy - "Washington's colonial office", it was scornfully labeled (this is sometimes attributed to Fidel Castro, but is not verified; see [5]). This interpretation was borne out by the alacrity with which the Organization moved, at Washington's bidding, to expel Cuba in 1962; in contrast, the OAS never took steps to suspend the membership of the various dictatorships that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and were disrepectful of human rights and democracy - Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala - but that differed from Cuba in their political orientation. The return to democracy that took place in the 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of new trends within the OAS. The Organization's new direction has taken it into areas of greater direct relevance to the peoples of the continent: for example, its highly successful demining programs in Central America and the Andean region. Perhaps more importantly, the Organization's other member states (particularly the South Americans) now appear to be reasserting their political independence and assuming positions that are much less subservient to U.S. interests.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)

What event signified the formal end of the Byzantine Empire?

The Ottomons attacked the city of Constantinople (shocked the Christian world)

What is the Pacific Islands Forum?

The Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental consultative organ which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum; the name was changed in 2000 to better reflect the correct geographic locations of its member states both in the north and south Pacific. Member states are: Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

European Union

The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC and EURATOM.

Bombing of the Panay?

The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937, immediately preceeding the Rape of Nanking. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and reports of the Nanking Massacre caused US opinion to turn sharply against the Japanese. In spite of this outrage, American isolationism kept them out of war, even when it was clear that the act was intentional.

Pearson Commission on International Development?

The Pearson Commission on International Development investigated the effectiveness of the World Bank's development assistance in the 20 years to 1968 and made recommendations for future operation of the organization. In August 1968 Robert S. McNamara, then President of the World Bank, formed the commission, asking former Canadian Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize winner Lester Bowles Pearson to head the commission. On September 15, 1969 Pearson and seven colleagues on the Commission on International Development delivered their report, Partners in Development.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth?

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, actually called the "Republic of the Two Nations" or "Commonwealth of Both Nations" was a federal monarchic republic that was formed in 1569 by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and lasted until its final partition in 1795. The state covered not only the territories of what is now Poland and Lithuania, but also the entire territory of Belarus, a large part of Ukraine and Latvia and the most western part of today's Russia. The Commonwealth was an extension of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, a personal union between those two states that had existed from 1386. The Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous states in Europe and for over two centuries successfully withstood wars with the Teutonic Order, the Russians, the Ottomans, and the Swedes. The Commonwealth's political system, often called the Noble's democracy or Golden Freedom, was characterized by the sovereign's power being reduced by laws and the legislature controlled by the nobility. This system was a precursor of the modern concepts of broader democracy, and constitutional monarchy, as well as federation.

Potsdam conference?

The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the three largest and most powerful of the victorious Allies that defeated the Axis Powers in World War II. Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Truman—as well as Clement Attlee, who replaced Churchill after the Labour Party's defeat of the Conservatives in the 1945 general election—had gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

Prague Spring?

The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, and running until August 20 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invaded the country.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

The Rome Statute created the International Criminal Court (ICC), located at the Hague, Netherlands. The ICC states that it is "a permanent institution and shall have the power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern, as referred to in this Statute, and shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions." The court's jurisdiction covers four specific areas of international law: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes (violations of international law, such as the Geneva conventions) and crimes of aggression. The Court, which was entered into force in 2002, has 120 participants. The United States, which was committed to the Treaty under President Bill Clinton, "unsigned" the treaty early in the Administration of George W. Bush, because of expressed concerns over the possibility that American military service members and political officials could be indicted on unfair charges based on political motivations.

Boyar

The Russian Nobility

Who was defeated in the Crimean War?

The Russians

Russo-Japanese War?

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. Japan won.

What is the South Asia Free Trade Agreement?

The South Asia Free Trade Agreement is an agreement reached at the 12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives.The seven foreign ministers of the region signed a framework agreement on SAFTA with zero customs duty on the trade of practically all products in the region by end 2012.

What is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation?

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, or SAARC, proposed by Ziaur Rahman, the then-president of Bangladesh, was established on December 8, 1985. SAARC is an association of eight countries of South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and most recently admitted, Afghanistan. These countries comprise an area of 5,127,500 km2 and a fifth of the world's population. SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism. In 1993, SAARC countries signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region. Nine years later, at the 12th SAARC summit at Islamabad, SAARC countries devised the South Asia Free Trade Agreement which created a framework for the establishment of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people. This agreement went into force on January 1, 2006.

What was the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)?

The Southeast Atlantic Treaty Organization (SEATO), also known as the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila Pact, was an international organisation for defence collaboration established on September 8, 1954. The organization's headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand. It was dissolved in 1977. Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Great Britain, U.S.

What is the Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy?

The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state.

Tehran conference?

The Tehran Conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 that took place in Tehran, Iran. It was the first war conference among the three world powers (the USSR, the U.S. and the UK) in which Stalin was present. It succeeded the Cairo Conference and was followed by Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. The chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. At the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize Iran's independence.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 1.36 million km² (525,000 square miles) to the United States in exchange for USD$15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.

Treaty of San Francisco?

The Treaty of Peace with Japan between the Allied Powers and Japan, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California. The treaty served to officially end World War II, to formally end Japan's position as an imperial power and allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. The Treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals.

What is the Treaty on Open Skies?

The Treaty on Open Skies entered into force on January 1, 2002, and currently has 34 States Parties. It establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. Open Skies is one of the most wide-ranging international efforts to date promoting openness and transparency of military forces and activities. The concept of "mutual aerial observation" was initially proposed by President Eisenhower in 1955; the treaty eventually signed was an initiative of President (and former Director of Central Intelligence) George H. W. Bush in 1989. Negotiated by the then-members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the agreement was signed in Helsinki, Finland, on March 24, 1992. The United States ratified it in 1993. The 34 States Parties to the Open Skies Treaty are: Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, and United States.

UN Secretariat

The UN’s executive branch, led by the secretary-general.

Who did Libya side with during the cold war?

The US

During the cold war, who was pakistan mainly allied with?

The US.

Who is brazil's biggest trading partner?

The US.

United Nations Charter

The United Nations Charter, which entered into force in 1945, is the founding document of the United Nations. Its preamble states that the goals of the organization are "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom." In 2006, the United Nations had 192 member states.

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, signed in Vienna on April 24, 1963, was created by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities to further the development of friendly relations among nations. The treaty states that consular relations between nations take place by mutual consent. It also states that consular functions consist of protecting the interests of a country's nationals in the receiving state, furthering the development of relations and ascertaining the conditions of the receiving state. The consul will also issue passports, travel documents and visas, as well as safeguard its nationals in the event of war or other crisis. The treaty provides for the exemption of the consular officer from municipal, state and federal taxes of the host state. It also forbids the prosecution of an officer except in cases of grave criminal misconduct.

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which was signed and entered into force in 1961, establishes the rights, privileges and roles of a diplomatic officer of a sending state in a host state. The Convention covers such areas as diplomatic immunity, exemptions from local, state and federal taxes, and the establishment of diplomatic posts. Essentially, the Convention establishes a framework for the protection of each state's sovereignty in diplomatic relations.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations was signed in 1986, but has not yet entered into force. It sets forth the rules for the agreements, modifications and revocations of treaties between states and international organizations. This treaty therefore acts in parallel with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which applies only to state contracting parties.

Wars of the Roses?

The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) is the name generally given to the intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses was not used at the time, but has its origins in the badges chosen by the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster, whose retainers tended to favour red coats or red roses as their symbol, and the White Rose of York, whose men often sported white coats, or white rose insignia. The Wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers. The House of Lancaster found most of its support in the south and west of the country, while support for the House of York came mainly from the north and east. The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, would usher in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England and ironically lead to the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty. The period would see the decline of English influence on the Continent, a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and by default a strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centralized monarchy under the Tudors. It arguably heralded the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance.

What is the Western European Union?

The Western European Union (WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization, established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 with the accession of West Germany and Italy in 1954. Its two stated aims were: to afford assistance to each other inr sisting any policy of aggression, to promote unity and integration of Europe. Currently being merged into EU.

Yi Kingdom

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. (p. 362)

power

The ability or potential to influence others’ behavior, as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics.

sustainable development

The ability to continue to improve the quality of life of those in the industrialized countries and, particularly, those in the less developed countries while simultaneously protecting the Earth's biosphere.

What was the Allies plan for victory over the Nazis?

The allies would fight Germany on two fronts to weaken it

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

cultural imperialism

The attempt to impose your own value system on others, including judging others by how closely they conform to your norms. Relativists accuse universalists of doing this.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

Operation Overlord?

The codename for the Normany Invasion in 1944 (WWII).

technology transfer

The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. (p. 358)

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)

What event was strongly influenced by economic problems?

The declaration of war by France on Prussia

conflict resolution

The development and implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts.

North-South gap

The disparity in resources (income, wealth, and power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia and Latin America.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)

monetary relations

The entire scope of int'l money issues, such as exchange rates, interest rates, loan policies, balance of payments and regulating institutions (for example, the IMF).

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)

international norms

The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states.

Siberia

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

What started the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

The failed 1689 battle of Vienna.

Nile River

The father of African rivers and the longest river in the world. It rises south of the equator in Uganda and flows northward through Sudan to Egypt, where it drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It has a length of about 4,132 miles.

Chav?n

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chav?n de Hu?ntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chav?n became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)

Siddhartha Guatmaa

The founder of Buddhism.

Zarathustra

The founder of Zarathustrianism.

UN Charter

The founding document of the United Nations; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure and methods of the UN.

regime

The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power.

Belisarius

The general who reconquered the Western Roman Empire.

militarism

The glorification of war, military force, and violence.

Osiris

The god associated with life, and rebirth due to his story of being cut up and put back together.

satrap

The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power. (pg118)

hegemony

The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted.

Which of the following was addressed by the Nuremberg Trials?

The holocaust

Caesaropapism

The idea that a king's rule has an aura of divinity and is sanctioned by God.

merchandise trade

The import and export of tangible manufactured goods and raw materials.

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)

national interest

The interests of a state overall (as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state).

World Court (International Court of Justice)

The judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states.

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. (185)

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)

papyrus

The main Egyptian writing material

Tories?

The majority party in the British Parliament during the American Revolution; also the name for American colonists still loyal to the crown.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

When did the Black Plague affect europe?

The mid to late 14th century, killing 1/4 of europe.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)

Maastricht Treaty

The most significant agreement in the recent history of the EU - signed by leaders of the EU's 12 member countries in 1991 and outlines steps toward further political-economic integration.

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Atlantic System

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

neocolonialism

The notion that EDCs continue to control and exploit LDCs through indirect means, such as economic dominance and co-opting the local elite.

carrying capacity

The number of people that an environment, such as the Earth, can feed, provide water for, and otherwise sustain

Five Pillars

The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: Confession of faith, Prayer, Fasting during Mamadan, Zakat, Hajj

Foreign Policy.

The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations.

Mesetizo

The offspring of intermarriage between Europeans(Spanish) and Native AMericans

What was the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE)?

The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Finlandia Hall in Helsinki began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist Bloc. The collapse of Communism required a change of role for the CSCE. The Charter of Paris for a New Europe which was signed on November 21, 1990 marked the beginning of this change. With the changes capped by the re-naming of the CSCE to the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) on January 1, 1995.

Napoleonic code?

The original Napoleonic Code was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system, it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries. It dealt only with civil law issues

settlement

The outcome of a bargaining process.

Alhambra Palace

The palace was in Granada, Spain and it reflects Islamic-Spanish civilization

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

Urban II

The pope that launched the crusades in 1095. Called for Christian kings to take back the holy land, Jerusalem.

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)

negotiation

The process of formal bargaining, usually with the parties talking back and forth across a table.

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 464)

What are islam's three holy books?

The quran, hadith, and sunna. Respectively gods words to Muhammed, Muhammed's sayings, and Muhammed's deeds.

Civil disobedience

The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King.

international relations (IR)

The relationships among the world’s state governments and the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the United Nations, multinational corporations, and individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, and domestic politics), and with geographic and historical influences.

rehabilitation

The restoration to favor of a political leader whose views or actions were formally considered unacceptable.

What was Wilson's stated reason the US declared war on germany in 1917?

The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in the atlantic.

Restoration

The return of constitutional monarcy in Britain in the late 17th century.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)

British raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659)

Shang Dynasty

The ruling elite of this dynasty (1766-1122BCE) monopolized bronze metallurgy to maintain power.

Ashikaga Shogunate

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

simony

The selling of church offices to the highest bidder

Taiku Reforms

The seventh century “Great change†reform that established the centralized Japanese state.

norms (of behavior)

The shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper.

airspace

The space above a state that is considered its territory, in contrast to outer space, which is considered international territory.

What was one part of Roosevelt's New Deal program to fight the Depression?

The stock market and banking system created their own reform council, gov. agencies took over businesses and farms, large publick works projects helped to provide jobs

What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?

The stock market crash of 1929

supranationalism

The subordination of state authority or national identity to larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union.

Shogunate

The system of govt. in Japan in which the emperor exercised only tutylar authority whiles the shogun.

variolation

The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. (p. 559)

ethnocentrism (in-group bias)

The tendency to see one’s own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms.

England's Glorious Revolution?

The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. The event is sometimes referred to as the Bloodless Revolution but this name is a misnomer as there was much fighting, with loss of life, in Ireland and to a lesser degree in Scotland. The Glorious Revolution was one of the most important events in the long evolution of powers possessed by Parliament and by the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out any final possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards monarchical absolutism in the British Isles by circumscribing the monarch's powers. The King's powers were greatly restricted; he could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's permission. Since 1689, England, and later the United Kingdom, has been governed under a system of constitutional monarchy, which has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament has gained more and more power, and the Crown has progressively lost it.

What is the Open skies agreement?

The term open skies refers to either to a bilateral or multilateral Air Transport Agreement which: liberalises the rules for international aviation markets and minimises government intervention — the provisions apply to passenger, all-cargo and combination air transportation and encompass both scheduled and charter services; or adjusts the regime under which military and other state-based flights may be permitted.

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)

Schism

The term used to describe the split between the Roman Catholic Church in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople.

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

autocracy

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)

absolution

The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452)

agricultural revolution (18th Century)

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599

conflict and cooperation

The types of actions that states take towards each other through time.

What is the difference between Unitary and federal systems of government?

The unitary system gives the main powers to the central government. State, provincial, and local governments are all created by the central government. The non-central governments have only the powers that are appointed by the central government. Countries such as France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom, along with other democratic nations use the unitary system of government. Although, not every country uses the same rules in the centralization and decentralization of powers. China, North Korea, Cuba, and other Communist-based governments have unitary systems too. Unlike the unitary system, the federal system develops when a number of states or providences federate, or form a union, eventually in order to establish a nation. In a government using the federal system, the powers of the governments are jointly shared between the central government and the more local (or regional) governments (state, providential, district, etc.). Both of the national and regional governments are directly tied to the people, who are the source of a democratic government's authority. The United States and Canada have federal systems. Other countries that use the federal plan include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, and Switzerland. It is more difficult for nation-wide communism or totalitarianism to exist in a Federation, for true federalism requires decentralization and cannot coexist with totalitarianism.

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)

mediation

The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution.

compellence

The use of force to make another actor take some action (rather than, as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action).

geopolitics

The use of geography as an element of power, and the ideas about it held by political leaders and scholars.

state-sponsored terrorism

The use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of a state’s intelligence agency, to achieve political aims.

real dollars

The value of dollars expressed in terms of a base year. This is determined by taking current value and subtracting the amount of inflation between the base year and the year being reported. Sometimes called uninflated dollars. Any currency can be valued in real terms.

current dollars

The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value.

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China. (p. 355)

territorial waters

The waters near states’ shores generally treated as part of national territory. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for a 12-mile territorial sea (exclusive national jurisdiction over shipping and navigation) and a 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covering exclusive fishing and mineral rights (but allowing for free navigation by all).

What is Intelsat?

The world's largest commercial satellite communications services provider. On July 18, 2001, Intelsat became a private company, 37 years after being formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT), an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites (Intelsats) to provide international broadcast services. The consortium began on August 20, 1964, with 11 participating countries. On April 6, 1965, Intelsat's first satellite, the Early Bird, was placed in geostationary orbit above the Atlantic Ocean by a Delta D rocket. In 1973, the name was changed and there were 80 signatories. Intelsat provides service to over 600 Earth stations in more than 149 countries, territories and dependencies. By 2001, INTELSAT had over 100 members.

Multiregional thesis

Theory, held by a minority of scholars, that modern humans appeared simultaneously throughout world, descending from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa.

Out of Africa thesis

Theory, which most scientists believe, that H. sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and migrated outward. Implies that Africa is source of features of human behavior such as complex social networks, economic strategies, personal adornment, and use of symbols and rituals in daily life.

Caspian Sea Access

There are crucial gas pipelines from Uzbekistan in this area. The Caspian is the most successful example of the UN Law of the Sea

Why did coastal nations gain in power during the age of Exploration?

They became very rich and influential due to increased trade. Inland states such as Germany declined in power.

How did the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II help pave the way for revolution?

They both upheld an autocratic government without reforms

Seleucids

They controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals.

Why did millions of Germans turn against the leaders of the Weimar Repulblic?

They had signed the Treaty of Versailles

Significance of the writing systems

They helped codify laws, keep records, transmit knowledge

Why were thousands of U.S citizens put in internment camps during the war?

They were of Japanese descent and falsely labeled as enemies

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

This Convention codifies customary international law with regard to the entry, modification, revocation and enforcement of international agreements. It entered into force in 1980. The United States is not a party to this Convention, but does recognize its principles as a restatement of customary international law.

United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents

This Convention was adopted in response to an increase in the number of kidnappings and attacks on diplomats, state officials and representatives of international organizations, and provides for enhanced criminal penalties for such crimes. It requires states to adopt strict national laws against attacks on diplomats and to either try perpetrators or agree to their extradition. The Convention entered into force in 1977.

positivist school of law

Those who believe that law reflects society and the way that people want the society to operate.

What is the goal of Sinn Fein?

To unite Ireland and kick out the british. The IRA is Sinn Fein's militant wing.

What is the UN convention on the law of the sea?

Took effect in 1994. Establishes 12 mile barrier around nations, and 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones. The us has signed, but not ratified it.

services trade

Trade based on the purchase (import) from or sale (export) to another country of intangibles such as architectural fees, insurance premiums, royalties on movies, books, patents and other intellectual properties, shipping services, advertising fees, and educational programs.

Hansaetic League

Trade network in the Baltic and North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, and banking growth.

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)

Treaty of Paris? (1259)

Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France

Treaty of Paris? 1763

Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended Seven Years' War

Treaty of Paris? 1783

Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended American Revolutionary War

Treaty of Paris? 1810

Treaty of Paris (1810) - ended war between France and Sweden

Treaty of Paris? 1814

Treaty of Paris (1814) - ended war between France and the Sixth Coalition

Treaty of Paris? 1815

Treaty of Paris (1815) - followed defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo

Treaty of Paris? 1856

Treaty of Paris (1856) or Congress of Paris - signed March 30 - ended Crimean War

Treaty of Paris? 1898

Treaty of Paris (1898) - ended Spanish-American War

Treaty of Paris? 1920

Treaty of Paris (1920) - united Bessarabia and Romania

Treaty of Paris? 1951

Treaty of Paris (1951) - established European Coal and Steel Community

Treaty of Tientsin?

Treaty signed in Tianjin in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856-1860). France, UK, Russia, and the United States were party. These treaties opened eleven more Chinese ports (see Treaty of Nanjing) to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity, and legalised the import of opium. They were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Beijing Convention in 1860, after the end of the war.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)

steppe

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to mongol military. (326)

Tartars

Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan

Ottoman Empire

Turkish Empire established in Asia Minor. Expanding through Middle East and balkins. Concurred Constantinople. In 1453 it ended the Byzantine Empire.

Ottomans

Turkish people who settled in Asia minor during the 14th century, established empire in the middle east, North Africa, and eastern Europe lasted until just after WWI

What was significant about the Battle of Midway?

Turned the tide of the war against the Japanese

varna/jati

Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)

Yangtze and Yellow (Huang Ho) Rivers

Two giant rivers that are crucial for movement of goods and people through China. Huang Ho was where China's first civilized societies emerged. Both rivers are joined by human-made Grand Canal not far from Pacific Ocean.

Qemony & Matsu

Two islands remained a Chinese Nationalist outpost after the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949. The People's Republic of China began bombarding the island again in 1958, but the deployment of the U.S. 7th Fleet prevented an escalation of the hostilities. After 1990 Taiwan reduced the military forces stationed on Matsu, civilian rule was restored in 1993, and restrictions on travel to the island were ended in 1994. Limited direct travel to and trade with the mainland has been permitted since Jan., 2001.

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)

UNCPD

UN Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt in 1994. Called for a program of action to foster family planning and improve the access of women in such areas of education.

Dag Hammarskjold

UN Secretary General during Cold War and oversaw decolonization.

UNSC

UN Security Coucil - main peacekeeping organ of the UN. Made up of 15 members, 5 of which are permanent: China, France, Russia, US and UK.

George Keenan "Containment"

US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was and not to let it spread

What nations oppose the ICC?

US, China, Israel, Zimbabwe.

realism

theory in terms of power, competition, self-interest, individuals turn to animalistic behavior in absence of government

Panthalassa

Under Wegener's theory, the rest of the globe was covered by Panthalassa, an enormous world ocean that stretched from pole to pole and extended to about twice the width of the present-day Pacific Ocean at the Equator.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Qanat

Underground canals that crisscrossed the Persian empire.

During the mid 1800's, count Camillo di Cavour expanded the Piedmont-Sardinia's power and also..?

Unified Italy

King Menes

Unified rule came from this conquerer in 3100BCE and founded Memphis.

What is Unilateralism?

Unilaterialism is a state's dependence on its own power to maxime security and achieve national interests.

Despotism

Unlimited political rule by one person.

League of Nations Mandate System

Used to categorize states after WWI based on their readiness for independence

Khmerstams

Vietnamese people defeated by Northern govt. of Hanoy

war crimes

Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating prisoners of war or unnecessarily targeting civilians.

What was the major reason the US declared war on germany in 1917?

WWI was disrupting US trade with France and Britain.

Spanish Civil War

War Between authoritarian/military leaders (facists) vs. Communist. facist won

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

Seven Years' War

War between Prussia and Britain on one side and Austria, France and Russia on the other. Prussia and Britian won. Britian got Canada, India. Fought also in US called the French and Indian War.

hegemonic war

War for control of the entire world order -- the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war.

Reconquista

War in Spain; the military reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian rulers

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)

guerilla war

Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations.

Rhine River

Waterway of western Europe, which is culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world.

cottage industries

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)

Battle of Zama

When Marcipial beat Hannabal in Africa

catch-all party

a political party whose aim is ot gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, and marketing

Battle of Hastings

When William the Conqueror of Normandy takes the English Crown

rational choice theory

When making political decisions or voting, people calculate the expected gains and costs of a particular action and choose accordingly.

Dienbienphu

Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal.

Russia, Nigeria, Mexico

Which of the states we have studied are federal systems.

Britain, China, Iran

Which of the states we have studied are unitary governments.

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)

WHat did the Glorious Revolution bring to England's throne?

William of Orange

acllas

Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants. (p. 318)

Who said "The world must be made safe for democracy" ?

Woodrow Wilson in 1917 upon entering WWI.

structural adjustment

World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint

What is World Government?

World Government is a theoretical power system in which all states would surrender their sovereignty and create a supranational state to govern the affairs of the entire world.

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)

What is Zionism?

Zionism is a movement which promotes political, economic, financial, and military support for Israel.

intervening variable

a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable

social democracy

a political philosophy centered on electoral politics, egalitarian social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems

republic

a political regime in which government citizens choose leaders directly or indirectly

Duverget's law

a 2-party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single-member districts; a multi-party system is created in proportional representation

What fear added to the appeal of fascism in Italy and Germany?

a Communist revolution

What did the war become once the participating countries began devoting all of their resources to the war effort?

total war

Aristophanes

a comedic writer, was the author of The Clouds

trabadour

a composer and performer of songs; traveling ballad singer

Domesday Book

a comprehensive survey of the lands of england

causation

a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others

compromise

a decision-making (policy-making, law-making) process in which all parties concede some of their goals in order to reach other of their goals through agreements with other political actors

civic culture

a political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime and a trust in the government; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the government

Sapphos of Lesbos

a female lyrical poet

state corporatism

a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state (Wikipedia)

constitutional monarchy

a form of national government in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom.

industrial policy

a government's decisions and actions, which define goals and methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy

parastatal

a government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or a railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations)

faction

a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or government

bureaucracy

a hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out the policies determined by those with political authority

military-industrial complex

a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutions, working together to supply a nation's military forces

The American Revolution was different from the French Revolution in that it produced what?

a lasting constitution

summit meeting

a meeting between heads of state, often referring to leaders of great powers, as in Cold War superpower summits between the US & Soviet Union or today's meetings of the Group of 8 on economic coordination

citizen

a member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights and is legally obliged to perform defined public duties

Knight

a mounted warrior in Europe in the Middle Ages.

gypsies

a nomadic people who originated in the region between India and Iran who migrated to Europe in the 14th century.

what was common to both fascism and communism? (3)

a one-party system, a disregard for individual rights, supremacy of the state

neo-imperialism

a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power and wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich and powerful nations

Middle Ages

a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance

Thales of Miletus

a philosopher who taught that everything was made of water

What were the Fourteen Points?

a plan for postwar world

socialism

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

dominance "status hierarchy"

a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below

Under the post war constitution of Japan, who was the head of government?

a prime minister selected by the diet

identity

a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community

rent seeking

a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their own patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner.

protectorate

a relationship between a strong sovereign nation and a weak one. The strong then controls the weak.

What is a totalitarian state?

a state in which the government controls every aspect of public and private life

welfare state

a state which provides a wide array of social services to its members

strong state

a state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state

Open Door Policy

a series of letter sent in 1899 by US secratery of state John Hay to britain, france, germany, italy, japan, and russia calling for equal economic access to the chinese market for all states and for the maintence of the territorial and administrative integrity of the chinese.

realignment

a significant change in the party or policy loyalties of substantial groups within a nation-state

security dilemma

a situation in which actions states take to ensure their own security (such as deploying more military forces) are perceived as threats to the security of other states

security community

a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation-as for example, among NATO members

interdependence

a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation-states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, and services and political assets such as security and stability

civil service

a system of carefully describing the tasks involved in performing government jobs, evaluating applicants for these jobs, and hiring people from among those applicants based on skills and experience rather than political factors; civil service also protects incumbents in civil service positions from politically based retribution

oligarchy

a system of governance dominated by a small powerful group in the state

autocracy

a system of governance in which a small group has absolute power

fusion of powers

a system of governance in which the authority of government is concentrated in one body

Gulag

a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps.

Linear B

a system of writing used to record an early form of Greek

patron-client relationships

a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people; the powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support

vote of confidence

a vote in a parliament expressing support for a government; a government losing a vote of confidence is expected to resign

plebiscite

a vote of an entier nation or other large political unit on an issue of great importance.

The great aim of Louis XIV was to

acquire territories up to France boundaries

critical theory

addresses how to overcome "exclusion" & seeks to understand the underlying conditions in which emancipation is possible

formal alliances

alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat and related issues of internatl security, and that endure across a range of lives and period of time

fluid alliances

alliances that shift as national interests change

Meroitic Script

alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs, used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Kush. Developed 700â€"300 BCE. Appeared in the 2nd Century.

Coalition

an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal.

prospect theory

an alternative explanation of decisions made under risk or uncertainty

What action on November 11, 1918 brought an end to WWI?

an armistice was signed

plurality system

an electoral system in which election winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received)

single-member district

an electoral system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district (also called "first past the post" if the winner is chosen by a plurality)

run-off elections

an electoral system that requires winners to earn a majority of votes cast; in cases where no candidate wins a majority in the election, least successful candidates are removed form the ballot and another election is held

peak association

an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests and goals; frequently a nationwide organization of specialized or localized smaller organizations

negative correlation

an inverse association between two variables. As one variable become larger, the other one becomes smaller.

public structure

an organization or process by which a government carries out its public policies

political party

an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to government office (alternatively, some parties exist to represent and promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes)

subsidiarity

an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority (Wikipedia definition)

post-materialist values

beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest (e.g. environmentalism and cultural diversity) as well as one's prosperity and security; sometimes labeled "post-modern values"

In what way did the Bourgeoisie differ from other members of the Third Estate?

believed in enlightenment ideas

winner take all

another term for first past the post.

interest group

any organization that seeks to influence government policy making to better serve the self-perceived wants and needs of its members

Stephen Langton

archbishop of Canterbury during late 1100s

mosaic

artwork, images made with small pieces of glass

What is the most probable link between militarism and imperialism?

as a country gains colonies, its military grows to protect them

What did the Allies' strategy of island hopping in the pacific involve?

attacks on only islands that were not well defended

What increased during the Great depression? (3)

bank closings, unemployment, business failures

interventionist

describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, and social arenas

Why were Germany and Austria-Hungary known as the Central PowerS?

because of their location in the heart of Europe

Why did westen nations desire lands in the Pacific Rim?

because of their natural resources and strategic location

post-industrial

describing an economy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector

Merchants of Death

book of the 1930s which attributed U.S. entry into World War I to the influence of northeastern business interests who wanted to sell Britain arms.

Hitlers main method for achieving lebensraum was to ?

conquer other countries

normative analysis

consideration based upon preferences and values about what things should be like

The soviet government decided to eliminate Kulaks because of their strong resistance to ?

collective farming

Oceania

collective name for the islands scattered throughout most of the Pacific Ocean. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas.

Triangle of Trade

common pattern linking Africa, The Americas, and Europe

Viet Cong

communist guerilla movement in vietnam

imperium

consuls could take military power and authority

investiture (popes)

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)

graft

corruption/ill-gotten money

According to Ram Mohun Roy, in order to successfully move towards independence, Indians had to...?

change some of their cultural and religious practices

Hagia Sophia

church rebuilt by Justinian. The model for churches all over the empire

How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire?

by taking over US British and French territories

Great Canal

canal system began by Yangdi Sui Dynasty around 600, joined yellow and yantze river.

tophet

cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)

investiture (feudal)

ceremony where the lord gave his vassal a clod of earth or sprig of leaves as a symbol of the land the vassal was receiving

metalworking

craft of shaping refined metal into tools; like metallurgy, a highly advanced skill

What was the US response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid-1941

cut oil supplies to Japan

inputs

demands and support by individuals and groups upon the policymaking process of government

What reflects the chronological order of events in English history?

english civil war, restoration, glorious revolution

Pythagoras

discovered the harmonic intervals within the musical scale and states the Pythagorean Theorum

How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French-Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar?

divided French fleet into small groups and attacked

Balkanization

dividing up of territory into different states

The theory used to justify absolutist rule in Europe was called

divine right

Cuneiform

earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer

What was the purpose of the Soviet state's Five-year Plans?

economic development

counterinsurgency

effort to combat guerillas, often including programs to "win the hearts & minds" of rural populations so they stop sheltering guerillas

centrifugal forces

forces that divide and fragment societies

How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states?

elect governments whose power depends on landowners and merchants

Liberal feminism

emphasizes gender equality & views the "essential" differences in men's & women's abilities/perspectives as trivial or nonexistent

civil servants

employees of the government who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any and all governments

writing

enabled people to keep records, pass on learning and transfer information - allowed people to keep historical records of themselves - developed by Sumerians between 3500 and 3000 BCE

Aristotle

established The Lyceum, pupil of Plato, wrote The Politics

What led to the economic downfall of Spain? (3)

expensive war, Jew and Muslim expulsion, english raids on Spanish ships

cleavage

factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc.; the wider and deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups

What did Frederick the great believe a ruler should be?

father to his people

loess

fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)

centripetal forces

forces that pull societies closer together

government bargaining model

foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various government agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome

System of mandates

followed WWI. Part of league of nations; Grant countries independence after being involved

Zero of Cybrus

founded Stoicism

variable sum games

games in which the outcome can at times be beneficial for all or most of the players.

What is identified with romanticism?

gothic novel

Under Stalin's command economy, all economic decisions were made by

government officials alone

regulatory policies

government policies designed to control practices and behavior of citizens and organizations and prevent harmful results and/or ensure civic benefits of those behaviors

distributive policies

government policies that allocate valuable resources

redistributive policies

government policies that take valuable resources from one or more groups in society and allocate them to other groups

separation of powers

government power is divided into several bodies with the ability to check the power of other bodies.

police powers

government powers to regulate public safety and enforce laws

The main difference between European colonies and protectorates in Africa had to do with their?

governments

Why did strong states form more slowly in central Europe than in western Europe ?

had weak empires and poor economies without a middle class

How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia?

he exploited European rivalries and built a modern army

Why did Parliament remove James II of England?

he was a devout catholic

Thucydides

historian writer, wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars

Cicero

historian, wrote On The Republic

What issue arose after the king called for the Estates General to meet?

how many votes each estate gets

foreign policy process

how policies are arrived and implemented

collective goods problem

how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it

Pangaea

hypothetical protocontinent proposed by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 as a part of his theory of continental drift

soft power

if a state's values become widely shared among other states, it will easily influence others

collective responsibility

in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions and that all will be responsible for the results

cabinet

in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) and make up the government, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the president

The new deal involved attempts to stimulate the American economy by ?

increasing government spending

sovereignty

independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy

Johannes Gutenburg

introduced movable type to W Europe in the 15th century

Stateless Society

is need-based, self protecting, self regulated. To be goverened is to be coerced and violated

From the 1200's to the early 1700's, Russia can best be described as...?

isolated

What impact did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk have on Germany?

it allowed Germany to focus all their efforts on the Western front

What was teh American public's opinion about joining the League of Nations?

it believed that the US should stay out of European affairs

What impact did the war have on the economy of Europe?

it drained the treasuries of Europe

How did the Lend-Lease act benefit the US?

it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany?

it left a legacy of bitterness in the hearts of the German people

What was significant in the Allied victory as the First Battle of the Marne?

it resulted in Germany's having to fight on two fronts

What impact did Russia's involvement in WWI have on the Russian gov?

it revealed the weaknesses of czarist rule and military leadership

What effect did the Dawes Plan have on the economy of Postwar Germany?

it saved Germany from an inflationary crisis and stabilized the economy

What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter both during and after the war?

it upheld rights of free trade and choice of government, and it became the plan for postwar peace

Why was india considered the "jewel in the crown"?

it was the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies

Ethnocentrism

judging foreigners by standards of ones own group

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 651)

What did Sergey Witte do to finance Russian industries?

launched a program of higher taxes and foreign investments

Gilgamesh

legendary king who was half man and half god. He went on a journey to find eternal youth with his friend Eucles. He died in the end.

dominance advantage

like a government, it forces members of a group to contribute to the common good

Hellenistic

literally “To imitate the Greeks†The era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the near east and blended with the cultures of that region.

grassroots politics

locally-organized activism; as opposed to top-down, hierarchical organizing

What was the significance of the English Bill of Rights?

made clear limits of royal power

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. (p. 37)

What is an accurate description of the tax system in France in the years preceding the French Revolution

members of the 3rd estate paid all taxes

In the first falf of the 1800's, a political liberal was most likely to be

middle class merchant

What is the policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war?

militarism

Suharto

military President of Indonesia from 1968-98.

Delian League

military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism

misperceptions

mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways-along with affective & cognitive bias-in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model

absolute majority

more than 50% of all votes cast

Virgil

most famous Latin poet

iron triangle

mutually beneficial relationships between private interests, bureaucrats, and legislators--sometimes called an "integrated elite"

newly-industrializing countries

nation-states that began developing economic industrial sectors relatively recently

What does fascism stress?

nationalism

NTB

non-tariff barrier - a non-monetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine and inspection procedures.

Demak

on the north coast of central Java province, on the island of java, Indonesia

What was true about nationalism?

one's greatest loyalty is not to the king but to the nation of people and the people who ahve common culture

Between 1934 & 1939, the great purge was a campaign to eliminate?

opposition to Stalin's power

supranational

organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (e.g. the European Union or global warming)

snap elections

parliamentary elections that take place before the expiration of the legislature's full term. (Also called "anticipated elections."

Which of the following was the basis of direct control?

paternalism

Is islamic society patriarchal, or matriarchal?

patriarchal.

refugees

people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution. International law distinguishes them from migrants

optimizing

picking the very best option; contrasts with satisficing, or finding a satisfactory but less than best solution to a problem. The model of "bounded rationality" postulates that decision makers generally "satisfice" rather than optimize

power strategies

plans actors use to develop & deploy power capabilities to achieve their goals

The man installed by the radicals to lead a temporary French gov. was a leading French?

poet

Homer

poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

coercive participation

political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups

identity politics

political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

third century crisis

political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce. (157)

What person would most likely have been a radical in the 1800's?

poor student reading about democracy

Features of the "city"

protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, and cultural values

city

protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs and cultural values; specialization of labor

What actions led to teh formation of new nations out of the Central Powers?

provisions of peace treaties signed with teh Central Powers

What ere the goals of the five year plans? (3)

rapid industrial growth, stronger national defense, modernization of the Soviet economy

relative power

ratio of the power that 2 states can bring to bear against each other

political economy

refers broadly to the relationship between politics and economics. How are economic resources dealt with through political processes. How much of a role does the government have in the economy.

During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia ...?

rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land

reciprocity

rewarding behavior that contributes to the group & punishing behavior that pursues self-interest at the expense of the group

illiberal regime

rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy.

What strategy did czar Alexander I use to defeat Napoleon?

scorched earth policy

Treaty of Brest-litovsk

signed between russia and germany to stop wwI for them, Russia gave Germany finland, poland, ukraine, and baltic proividences

host country

state in which a foreign multinational corporation operates

theater-state

state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. (186)

Knossos

site of the most majestic Cretan palace

Montaigne stated that "all that is certain is that nothing is certain" this was and example of ..?

skepticism

bandwagoning

smaller states join forces with larger states to gain power

prophet

someone who is an interpreter of the will of God

great power

states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia)

nation-states

states whose population share a sense of national identity, usually including a language & culture

comparative foreign policy

study of foreign policy in various states in order to discover whether similar types of societies/governments consistently have similar types of foreign policies

national debt or surplus

the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state

publican

tax collector

tithe

taxes (money) given to the church

groupthink

tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately assessing their consequences, because individual members tend to go along with ideas they think the others support

Despite its unification as a nation, Italy suffered from which of the following problems?

tension between industrial N and agricultural south

agricultural sector

that part of a country's economy that is involved in the production of farm products

industrial sector

that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products

service sector

that part of the economy which organizes and provides services at an economic cost

What gamble did Germany make before the United States entered the war?

that their blockade would defeat Britain before US troops arrived

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

the 5 Pillars of Islam are: 1. Profession of faith, 2. Fasting during Ramadan, 3. Praying 5 times a day, 4. giving alms to the poor, 5. Doing the Hajj

What region was referred to as the "powder keg" of Europe?

the Balkan Peninsula

in 1588, the Spanish Armada met defeat at the hands of?

the English

Why did the British style of gov. in Nigeria work better with the Hausa-Fulani than the Igbo and Yoruba?

the Hausa-Fulani were accustomed to a strong central gov.

political participation

the actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies

unitary actor assumption

the actor exercising power is a single entity that can "think" about its actions coherently & make choices

What was the concept of wergeld?

the amount of compensation defined in money for loss of a persons life

statecraft

the art of managing state affairs & effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states

What event in Sarajevo ignited the Great War?

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

reductivism

the attempt to explain complex correlations and causations using a single independent variable; oversimplification

Euripides

the author of Medea and other tragedies

social contract

the basic agreement between group members and the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, and costs; often partially explicit in a constitution; usually implicit, in part, in the history and politics of a group

legitimacy

the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority

Domino Theory

the belief that if the communist succeed in vietnam other countries is SE and E asia would also fall to communism

transparency

the full, accurate, and timely disclosure of information (dictionary.com definition)

The national boundaries that existed in Africa at the end of the 19th century can best be described as ...?

unnaturally imposed

What happened as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny?

the british gov. took direct command of India

governance

the characteristics of a regime or government

political culture

the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state

Syncretism

the combining of different forms of belief or practice

plebians

the common people (lower classes)

Beism

the concept of god during the scientific revolution. The role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws of motion.

accountability

the concept that government officials are responsible to and serve at the pleasure of constituents or elected officials (and that they may be removed from office by those electors or officials)

capacity

the degree to which a government or state is able to implement its policies

autonomy

the degree to which a state can implement policies independent of the populace or the amount of sovereignty a nation-state can exercise in the global environment

alliance cohesion

the ease with which the members hold together an alliance; tends to be high when national interests converge & when cooperation among allies become institutionalized

Which of the following factors led to the fall of France to the Nazis?

the fall of dunkirk, evacuation of the British forces, Italy's attack on France from the South

political communication

the flow of information from and about government to its constituents and feedback from constituents to people in government

prebendalism

the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers

Zeno

the founder of Stoicism on the island of Cyprus

The Blck Death

the great plague, it killed 1/3 of Europeans (1347)

political socialization

the institutions and methods of developing and reinforcing significant public beliefs, attitudes, and practices (how does a culture get its people to be good political citizens or subjects?)

power transition theory

the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing the most powerful state

adjudication

the legal process of deciding an issue through the courts

social welfare

the material condition of the members of a group; may also refer to the group-supplied material benefits in a society (e.g. health care)

interest articulation

the methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (e.g., political participation, lobbying, protest, etc.)

attentive public

the minority of the population that stays informed about international issues

Gaul

the modern day nation of France

imperialism

the practice of one nation-state taking control of nations and territory of other countries

simple majority

the most votes cast (does not have to be a majority of all votes cast)

state

the organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory

government

the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time

executive

the people and agencies which implement or execute government policy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucracies)

Imperialism

the policy of extending one countries power over onother by conquest of by establishing direct enviorment, economy, or culture over another

nationalization

the process of making the government the owner of productive resources

political integration

the process of promoting loyalty to and identity with the nation-state over more parochial loyalties

lobbying

the process of talking with legislators or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues

political recruitment

the processes by which people become public participants and leaders

politics

the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority

international system

the set of relationships among the world's states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction

multiple causality

the simultaneous effects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables

theology

the study of religion

international political economy

the study of the politics of trade, monetary, & other economic relations among nations, & their connection to other transnational forces

information screens

the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them

patricians

the upper classes

Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany after invading Poland?

they had promised to uphold the independence of Poland

How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies?

they provided for colonial peoples' needs but did not give them full rights

What does the use of kamikaze pilots show about Japanese culture?

they valued national honor more than individual life

Why did coalition governments usually prove unstable?

they were alliances of several parties who disagreed on many policies

Why did thousands of Boers move north in the Great Trek?

to escape the British

Why did Bismark seek alliances that later became the Triple Alliance?

to isolate France

What was the main purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

to prevent fighting of European nations over the division of Africa

What was trench warfare intended to accomplish?

to protect soldiers from enemy gun fire on the front lines

adjudicate

to resolve a matter in dispute; when backed up by the authority of government the decision can be enforced

codify

to write down a law in formal language

Nationalism was a force that (3)

tore apart century-old empiress, rise to nation-states, opposed by conservatives

Gueranica

town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens

What contributed to the weakness of the Weimar Republic? (3)

uncontrollable inflation, a lack of democratic tradition, a large number of political parties

What was stressed by socialist realism? (3)

value of hard work, glory of soviet life, achievements of Stalin

difference feminism

values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men

latifundia

vast plantations

What did the pogroms that occurred in the late 19th century Russia do?

violently persecute Jews

What does the word Plebiscite mean?

vote of the people

interest aggregation

ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e.g., leadership, political parties, etc.

subinfeudation

when the lords regranted protions of their fiefs to other vassals

Absolute Monarchy

where the king or queen has absolute power over all aspects of his/her subjects' lives

What is the South American Community of Nations?

will be a continent-wide free trade zone that will unite two existing free-trade organizations—Mercosur and the Andean Community—eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019. The headquarters of this new organization will be in Lima while the South American Bank will be in Brasilia according to the agreements during the meetings. Complete integration between the Andean Community and Mercosur into the South American Community of Nations is expected by 2007. At the Third South American Summit, on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent, announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama attended the signing ceremony as observer. Leaders announced their intention to model the new community after the European Union, including a common currency, parliament, and passport. According to Allan Wagner, Secretary General of the Andean Community, a complete union like that of the EU should be possible by 2019.

Scriptoria

writing rooms in monestary

Augustine

wrote City of God, it showed there was order in history

Dante Alighieri

wrote Divine Comedy (1313-1321), it describes the poets journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven

Ovid

wrote The Art of Love

Plato

wrote The Republic, pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle

Giovanni Boccacio

wrote the Decameron, recounts how a group of young Florentines fled during the Black Death