WORLD OCEANS UNIT 1
Approximately ___ years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe.
13.8 billion
Approximately ______ years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe.
13.8 billion
The lunar month, whereby the Moon passes through all four phases, takes ______ days.
29 ½
A sidereal day is about ______ than the mean solar day.
4 minutes shorter
Which of the following is the scientifically accepted age of Earth?
4.5 to 4.6 billion years
Our solar system formed approximately ______ years ago.
5 billion
The epic voyages of the Chinese admiral Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433, included ______.
A fleet of over 300 ships Many large treasure ships
A chronometer is ______.
A high accuracy clock
Edward Forbes's contributions to oceanography include ______.
A systematic survey of marine life around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas A proposed system of ocean depth zones, each characterized by specific animal populations
Place the descriptions of Earth's mass extinction events in order, with the oldest event at the top and the most recent event at the bottom. About 50 % of Earth's species went extinct during this extinction event About 96 % of all life on Earth went extinct during this extinction event This event killed off Dinosaurs and many other species
About 96 % of all life on Earth went extinct during this extinction event About 50 % of Earth's species went extinct during this extinction event This event killed off Dinosaurs and many other species
Differentiate Between Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate, Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, and World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate: Measures sound waves over distances in the ocean to determine water temperature Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: A complex ocean biogeochemical research program World Ocean Circulation Experiment: Uses chemical tracers to model circulation in the ocean and to obtain data to help predict the response of seawater circulation to long-term changes in atmospheric circulation
Where did the seven epic voyages of the Chinese admiral Zheng He travel?
Across the Indian Ocean In the western Pacific Ocean To Africa
The Northwest Passage would have _____.
Allowed for a faster trading route from Europe to China
Amerigo Vespucci accepted South America as a new continent, not part of Asia as Columbus did, and a cartographer named the continent ______ in Vespucci's honor.
America
The Strait of Magellan was so named because Ferdinand Magellan was the first to lead ships ____.
Around the tip of South America
The methods of making scientific measurements of the ocean ______ from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries.
Became much more sophisticated
Which of the following were common navigation components used by early Polynesians?
Careful observation and recording of where prominent stars rise and set on the horizon Observations of waves and cloud formations
Magellan's crew was the first to _____
Circumnavigate the Earth
Galaxies are generally found in groups called ______.
Clusters
The most probable (original) sources of the water in Earth's ocean are ______. (Mark all that apply.)
Continual addition of water from outer space Earth's mantle, some of which is brought to the surface through volcanic activity
Differentiate Between Deep Sea Drilling Program/Ocean Drilling Program/Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
Deep Sea Drilling Program: The first international drilling venture, beginning in 1968 Ocean Drilling Program: The second international drilling partnership, beginning in 1983 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program: A successor international marine drilling program, beginning in 2003
Differentiate Between Deep Sea Drilling Program/Ocean Drilling Program/Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
Deep Sea Drilling Program: Utilized a specially built drilling ship, the Glomar Challenger, for sampling Earth's crust beneath the sea Ocean Drilling Program: Utilized a large research vessel called the JOIDES Resolution and started drilling operations in 1985 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program: Utilized the JOIDES Resolution and the Chikyu for scientific drilling cruises
The Vikings's accomplishments include ____.
Discovering and establishing a colony on Greenland Voyaging across the North Atlantic Ocean
Which of the following methods of making scientific measurements of the ocean was not available in the early nineteenth century?
Echo sounder Automated wave detectors
Seagoing ships are most likely derived from early ______ vessels.
Egyptian
Using geometry as shown in the figure, _____ was able to very accurately calculate Earth's circumference (c. 276-195 B.C.).
Eratosthenes
Portugal's Prince Henry sent out numerous expeditions along the west coast of Africa to _____.
Establish colonies Secure trade routes
A chronometer was useful in navigation because it ______.
Established a relationship between time and longitude
World War II caused the field of oceanography to _____.
Expand significantly in order to solve practical military problems
What did early (15th century) Arab navigators use to determine latitude?
Fingerwidths A kamal
Rank the following ways in which early human societies interacted with the oceans from the oldest ways at the top to the most modern ways at the bottom. - BOATS - SPEAR TO STRING - NETS
Fishing with the use of a barbed spear or gorge (a double-pointed stick) attached to a string -> Fishing with the use of nets -> Use of rafts or boats for fishing, exploring, and trading dried fish
Which of the following are considered sub-disciplines of oceanography?
Geological oceanography Chemical oceanography Marine meteorology
Differentiate between Geological/Physical/Chemical Oceanography
Geological oceanography: Studies Earth at the sea's edge and below its surface, and the history of the processes that form the ocean basins Physical oceanography: Investigates the causes and characteristics of water movements such as waves, currents, and tides, and how they affect the marine environment Chemical oceanography: Studies the composition and history of the water, its processes, and its interactions
The objective of establishing the ______ was to enhance understanding of ocean phenomena such as El Niño events to better predict such events, provide greater accuracy in understanding their potential impact, and to give a greater lead time to those who might be impacted.
Global Ocean Observing System
if a(n) _______ is supported consistently, it may be advanced to the level of a theory.
Hypothesis
The objectives of the ______ includes providing up to thirty years of continuous ocean data on topics such as climate variability, ocean circulation, ecosystem dynamics, air-sea interaction, seafloor process, and plate tectonics.
Ocean Observatories Initiative
A satellite sensor for oceanography called the Coastal Zone Color Scanner provides data on the ______.
Ocean's chlorophyll distributions and productivity
A light-year is equal to the distance light travels in _______
One year
Approximately 5 billions years ago, ______ was formed.
Our solar system
Edward Forbes made a theoretical mistake regarding the ______.
Presence of an azoic, or lifeless, zone in the ocean below 1800 ft
The accomplishments of Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury include ______.
Publishing the first atlas of sea conditions and sailing directions Initiating a systematic collection of wind and current data from both U.S. and international ships' logs
The Sun is directly over the two tropics, Cancer and Capricorn, at two times during the solar year. These two dates are called ______.
Solstices
For navigation purposes, Polynesians used careful observation and recording of where ______ rose and set on the horizon.
Stars
The major changes in the state of the universe that occurred immediately after the Big Bang were in ______ and ______.
Temperature, size
The ______ chart of the Gulf stream current aimed to expedite sea travel between England and America.
The 1769 Franklin-Folger Chart
What was discovered during the voyage of the Fram?
The Arctic Ocean is a deep-ocean basin, not a shallow sea. Great plankton blooms occur in the Arctic Ocean.
The Austronesians were the first to populate ______.
The Pacific Ocean basin
The boundaries of the various units of geologic time were established mainly by which two methods?
The appearance or disappearance of certain fossils and radiometric dating
Which of the following of Earth's radii is greater?
The equatorial radius is greater than the polar radius.
Ptolemy produced ________.
The first world atlas
William Dittmar's findings, from the information collected during the Challenger expedition, include ______.
The identification of the major elements present in seawater Confirmation that the relative proportions of the major dissolved elements in seawater are constant
Austronesian populations expanded southeast through the Philippines, and this movement was aided by ____.
The short distances between islands and Because the Austronesians could readily travel
A satellite sensor for oceanography called the TOPEX/Poseidon, launched jointly by the United States and France, collects information on ____.
The surface height of the ocean (that is, sea surface elevation
If Earth's axis were not tilted, what would happen to the seasons?
There would be no perceived seasons on Earth and global day lengths and temperatures would be uniform.
Which of the following are findings of the Challenger expedition (1872-1876)?
They found one of the deepest depth soundings in the Marianas Trench They found Bathybius haeckelii was a chemical precipitate produced by the reaction of the sediment with alcohol
How did early Arab navigators determine latitude with the use of a kamal?
They held a specific knot between their teeth and aligned the device with the horizon and the Pole Star.
Captain James Cook is known for his ______.
Three great voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean between 1768 and 1779
Which of the following are objectives of the Ocean Observatories Initiative?
To collect data on climate variability, ocean circulation, and plate tectonics To provide up to 30 years of continuous ocean measurements
How was knowledge of oceanography useful during World War II?
To move personnel and materials by sea to remote locations To chart beaches and harbors from aerial reconnaissance To predict ocean and shore conditions for amphibious landings
Which of the following are objectives of the Global Ocean Observing System?
To provide detailed temperature and salinity data of the upper 2000 m of the ocean To better predict events such as El Niño
What was Fridtjof Nansen's objective for the voyage of the Fram?
To test his ideas about the direction of ice drift in the Arctic
During the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun is directly overhead at which of the following locations?
Tropic of Capricorn
The ______ project collects real-time data from a massive array of nearly seventy moored buoys stretching across the tropical Pacific Ocean basin.
Tropical Atmosphere Ocean
The Big Bang is the currently accepted theory about the origin of the ______.
Universe
Fridtjof Nansen discovered that the ________ was a deep-ocean basin and not a shallow sea.
arctic ocean
The two natural periods of time caused by the movement of Earth are the _____ and the _____.
day, year
Geologic time is divided into four major ___: the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic.
eons
The evolution of photosynthetic organisms on the early Earth resulted in an increase in the levels of the gas in its ____.
free or "pure" form
______ are generally found in groups called clusters.
galaxies
A(n) _____ is composed of clumps of stars, and one example is the Milky Way.
galaxy
The Milky Way is a(n) ____ composed of about 200 billion stars.
galaxy
The Milky Way is our ______.
galaxy
The four eons: the Hadean, the Archean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic, collectively make up what scientists refer to as ______ time.
geologic
A scientific method used for determining the age of Earth is based upon the radioactive decay of _____.
isotopes
The age of dinosaurs, the Mesozoic, began and ended with ______ ________ events.
mass extinction
Which of the following time periods is based upon the lunar cycle?
month
A rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust is referred to as a _____.
nebula
The origin of our solar system is attributed to the collapse of a single, rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust known as a(n)
nebula
Amerigo Vespucci is known for his explorations of the ______.
new world
In the latter half of the sixteenth century, many crews sought a trading shortcut to China around North America called the _______ Passage.
northwestern
The most important gaseous element to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere, which had to await the evolution of photosynthesis in order to exceed its loss to space, is ______.
oxygen
The process of _________ involves organisms converting carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and free oxygen.
photosynthesis
Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees as it orbits the Sun is responsible for the ________, which occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at opposite times of the solar year.
seasons
A galaxy is composed of clumps of ______.
stars
Lord Kelvin based his estimate of Earth's age on ______, but his results were way off compared to modern-day methods of dating.
temperature
This image (b&w map) depicts ____
the 1769 Franklin-Folger chart of the Gulf Stream current
The boundaries of geologic time units were first established by ______, and now a more accurate method, ______, is common.
the appearance and disappearance of fossil types; radiometric dating
If our galaxy has a thickness of about 1000 light-years, this is equal to _____
the distance that light can travel in a single year multiplied by 1000
If a hypothesis is supported consistently by different observations or experiments, it may be advanced to the level of a(n) ____.
theory
The ______ were highly accomplished seamen who engaged in extensive exploration, trade, and colonization for nearly three centuries from about 793 to 1066.
vikings
Two potential sources of the ______ on Earth include the mantle and continual addition from outer space by icy comets.
water
Eratosthenes's achievements include ____.
Inventing a system of latitude and longitude Inventing the study of geography Calculating Earth's circumference
What did Nansen discover about the depth of the Arctic Ocean?
It was a deep ocean basin
Which of the following statements are true regarding Ptolemy's world atlas?
It was the first documented world atlas His atlas listed more than 8000 places by latitude and longitude.
The Meteor expedition is best known for _____.
Its first use of the echo sounder
In 1855, ____ published The Physical Geography of the Sea, which documents the atmosphere, currents, depths, winds, climates, and storms of the oceans and is often considered the first oceanography textbook.
Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury
Captain James Cook is known for being one of history's greatest navigators as well as a fine scientist because he _____.
Made soundings to depths of 1200 ft Carefully observed wind, currents, and water temperature, making him a founder of oceanography
What challenges faced Portugal's expeditions to find new and faster routes to obtain spices and silks of the East?
Mariners believed that sea monsters would engulf the ships Mariners believed that the water temperatures at the equator were at the boiling point.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration combined which of the following entities?
National Marine Fisheries Service National Ocean Survey National Weather Service
NOAA stands for the U.S. government's ______.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
