World Regional Geography Chapter 5 South America

Cerrado

Grassland (predominantly in Brazil)

How does oil figure in Guyana's future

some geologists believe that this offshore basin might hold more oil than Europe's North Sea, which would—if properly managed—be able to transform Guyana's economy. Exploratory drilling began in 2009 and the search continues today

Define state of insurgency

territorial embodiment of a successful guerrilla movement -the loss of central contrl

Who lives in clusters because of physiography

Colombia

Who had a state of insurgency and why?

Colombia because the drug cartels became the insurgents and the central government has lost control

What is the caricom

-"Caribbean community" -it is like NAFTA -CARICOM follows the model of the European Union and in 2009 even introduced a common passport. But economic change has been painfully slow, a reminder that the geography of the Middle American realm poses many formidable challenges. Clearly, these cannot be easily overcome even with the best political and economic intentions

Describe Hugo Chavez?

-A former colonel who in 1992 led a failed military coup -president from 2000-2012 -the poor really supported him -rewrote the constitution of Venezuela, so that it benefits himself and not the poor people (giving himself more power)

Describe the 1948 conflicts

-After WWII -focused on social order of people (rich vs poor) -social conflict

Name the four South American regions

-Caribbean north -Andean west -southern cone -Brazil

Which countries are in the Andean west

-Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, (northern half of Paraguay)

Describe the llanos area

-Plains -cattle grazing -Orinoco flood plain (good for commercial farming)

What is Chavez's relationship to Cuba, Russia, and iran

-They have a good relationship because they all dislike the US -Venezuela and Russia are trading partners and Russia promised them military support

Liberation theology

-Using your religion to justify you as a victim -liberates the impoverished masses from oppression -not just a victim of your circumstance, but you have someone who is looking out/taking care of you

Describe the Maracaibo lowlands

-at one time a disease infested swamp -now a functioning oil industry and has settlements -now leading petroleum industry in South America

Describe the interior region in Brazil

-called the central (location) west (model) -new capital city sits here (Brasilia) -Brasilia is a forward capital -location of Cerrado: fertile Savannas (called the Brazilian "Great Plains") -soybean production: -transportation was weak so created superhighway called soy highway (short distances), and then had a successful rail project known as Ferronorte (long distances)

Describe the São Paulo state in Brazil

-coffee plantations (known as "world's coffee pot") -they call these coffee plantations fazendas -world's largest exporter of orange juice (twice the amount exported by Florida) -modern processing plants -specialized equipment for transportation -industry is 1/2 of Brazil's GDP - the city of São Paulo is the largest port city in Brazil for imports and export products

Describe the southeast region in Brazil

-core area (creates greatest amount of wealth) -Rio de Janeiro (old capital city) -"gold trail" (gold prospectors looking for gold -entrepôt ---> site for immigration -metals for export (call it General mines ) -have variety and quantity of metals -developed an ultramodern industrial complex -European immigrants

Describe the northeast region in Brazil

-cultural hearth (greatest amount of population in the beginning) -plantation economy based on sugar cane -the sugar plantations started slavery (Africans) -home of Sertao- extreme poverty -Sertao is very dry land with poor farming from severe droughts caused by El Niño -receive federal funds for infrastructure, industry, and tourism -capital city sits just south of Sertao -Portuguese get started here

Describe the south region in Brazil

-depends on agriculture predominantly -largest European population (hold on to their "old world heritage", and discourage non-European migrants) -sections: -Portuguese: grow rice -German: grows grains and raise cattle -Italian: vineyards (make wine) -number 1 exporter of tobacco -newest industry is computer technology in Florinopolis

Subsistence agriculture

-for survival -very small, poor farms

What is the controversy centered around Surinamese tropical forests?

-foreign investors are seeking control, but conservationists are trying to stop this and created a preservation area, however, now you cannot use hardwoods for anything, so no more industry

Describe the north region in Brazil

-largest of all subregion -in this subregion is 7 states of the Amazon -city of Manaus sits here -Manaus is where the rubber trees were -one of the major issues is deforestation of the rainforest -the rainforest is a major oxygen provider -but they are creating settlements and trying to create agribusinesses -80% of their energy resources is renewable -grand Carajas project: iron ore mining (steel production) in the Guyana highlands -polonoreste plan: 1500 miles of roads to transport migrant workers and export products -population is aboriginal, so they are more tribal then the indigenous people, and they are there for survival with a more primitive existence

Describe farclandia

-most brutal and powerful -established its own schools and government -had their own businesses

What was the US role in Colombia's counteroffensive against illicit durgs

-put pressure on shutting down any abilities to move exports -tried to arrest the leaders -weaken or destroy any kind of ability to produce the product -broke up any connections that they had with any other groups

Dependencia theory

-there is always going to be poor and rich countries -rich countries need to focus on doing things to benefit the poor countries -poor countries need to realize that they need help

Describe the drug trade in Colombia

1. Cartels are infiltrating the government 2. Corrupted military and police (paying them off to not respond to government) 3. Created their own "mercenary" armies (people who fight for money) 4. Controlling territory within their state (establishing their own states) 5. Causing chaos and destruction to businesses (focus on redirecting government)

When were the la Violencia conflicts?

1948 and 1970

Triple frontier

A front shared by 3 countries (Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay)

Insurgent state

A group of people coming in uninvited who are trying to take control (government is still there and operating)

Which countries are in the Caribbean north

Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana

Who has one language and one religion

Colomnia

Describe the west of colombia

Agriculture (farming and cartels)

What is in Brazil that gives us a lot of the oxygen we breathe?

Amazon rainforest

Land alienation

Annexed land (one population taking over land from another)

Describe the Andean west

Anything with relative connection to the Andes mountains -indigenous and native oriented

Buffer state

Borders two states, becomes the separation between conflicting countries

Are barrios Brazilian or Portuguese?

Brazilian

What is Sranan tongo

Common standard language (not the official language)

Describe the 1970 conflicts

Campaign of terror (drug cartels)

Commercial agriculture

Cash crops

Elongation

Chile is most elongated country in South America (stretching it out, and climates different on each ends)

Which countries are in the southern cone

Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, (southern half of Paraguay)

Where is farclandia

Colombia

Where was la Violencia

Colombia

Who had a drug trade?

Colombia

Who had a number one drug of Cocaine

Colombia

Who has cultural uniformity

Colombia

Who has had difficulty developing a strong economy

Colombia

Who has no social cohesion or connections

Colombia

Who introduced illicit drugs

Colombia

Who is dependent on one crop (coffee)?

Colombia

Who has a French legacy

French guiana

Who is a French dependency and considered an overseas department of France

French guiana

Describe the southern cone

European imprint

What is farclandia

Farclandia is an insurgent state named after the initials of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). This was one of the most brutal insurgent states and by far the most powerful among Colombia's insurgent groups. At the end of 1999, FARC had the Colombian government on the ropes, forcing it to demilitarize its area south of Bogotá (about the size of Switzerland) and announcing plans for a second insurgent state centered on the remote south eastern town of Mitú. -insurgent state within colombia

Who has a European space agency (launch site) at Kourou

French Guiana

Rural-to-urban migration

Grows or buy ------> movement after the industrial revolution from farms into the city

BRIC

Growth (Brazil, Russia, India, and China)

Who has all its reserves sitting between Guyana and suriname

Guayan

Who appealed to the UN and by 2009, the UN granted them rights to oil

Guyana

Who gained independence in 1966

Guyana

Who has a British legacy

Guyana

Who has a drug distribution center ("staging")

Guyana

Who has a neighboring drug trade affecting them

Guyana

Who has their core members of their population of South Asian (Indian) and African

Guyana

Who is dived ethnically and culturslly

Guyana

Who is the least urbanized

Guyana

Why is the Tierra templada area important

Has the climate best for growing crops

What is Chavez's relationship to other South America and Latin American countries

He alienated many South American governments, however he did receive support from Brazil and Argentina to formally join Mercosur in 2012

Who was the champion of urban poor?

Hugo Chavez

Where is the llanos area

In the Venezuelan highlands

Where do most of Colombia's population sit

In the west and north

Cultural plurism

Many cultures in each country

Indigenous

Native people

Uneven development

Not everybody has the same resources, therefore not everybody will have the same amount of wealth

Describe the north of colombia

Oil (government, jobs, industry)

Are favelas Brazilian or Portuguese

Portuguese

What does farclandia stand for

Revolutionary armed forces of colombia

Failed state

Says the insurgent is successful and government is no longer there

Describe the Caribbean north

Site of most of colonization

Who tends to have a lot of gold mines

South America

Where is Caricom

Suriname

Where is a Sranan tongo

Suriname

Who gained independence in 1975

Suriname

Who has a Dutch (Netherlands) legacy

Suriname

Who has aluminum as their #1 export

Suriname

Who has controversy centered around their tropical forests

Suriname

Who has rice farms

Suriname

Altiplano

The highest flatland point (plateau) in the Andes where they could grow food (terrace farming)

Describe brazil

The internal east -emerging superpower BRIC

Why was the production of "oil" not beneficial to the Venezuelan population? What were the consequences of Venezuela's oil policies?

The production of oil was not beneficial to the Venezuelan population because the government unwisely acquired the habit of living off oil profits, forcing the country to suffer the consequences of the prolonged global oil depression that began in the early 1980s. The consequences of Venezuela's oil policies include Venezuela found itself heavily burdened by a huge foreign debt it had incurred through borrowing against future oil revenues that were not materializing fast enough. By the mid-1990s, the government was required to sharply devalue the currency, and a political crisis ensued that resulted in a severe recession and widespread social unrest.

Barrio (favela)

The slums, a lot of crime, and no infrastructure

El nino

The winds across the pacific

Informal sector

Unreported, unrecorded, untaxed

Where was Hugo Chavez from

Venezual

Where are the Maracaibo lowlands

Venezuela

Who had oil production that was not beneficial to them

Venezuela

What are the sites of colombia

West and north

Growthpole

Where sites with technology become dominant

How did the drug trade affect affect Colombia's growth (progress)

their economic development is hampered by extreme inequality that has only worsened over time, particularly in the countryside. In 1954, 3 percent of landowners controlled 55 percent of the land; in 2005, a half-century later, less than half of 1 percent of the landowners held a whopping 63 percent of all agricultural lands. If the government wants to restore belief in the political system among the rural poor (many of whom have turned to employment in the cocaine industry and/or have been engaged by the rebels), land reform is a vital necessity