Writer's Craft: Parts of Speech

What are Conjunctions?

Join words, phrases, or clauses, and they indicate the relationship between the elements joined

Why are prepositional phrases subordinate?

Lack both of Subject and verb

What are Linking Verbs?

Link SUBJECT with a noun or an adjective in the rest of. the sentence. These are state of BEING VERBS. ex. (be, am, are, was, were, been, being, become, appear, feel, grow, look, recall, smell, sound, taste, turn, stay)

What are correlative conjunctions? How many are there, and what are they?

Paired w/ connective words that link single words, phrases, and clauses that are equal to one another. there are five; both...and; neither... nor; whether... or; either.... or; not only....but also "She has met neither Polly nor Renee"

What are prepositions?

Show relationship between noun or pronoun, and another word or element in a sentence. ALWAYS in prepositional phrase Can also function as adjectives or adverbs

What are verbs?

Tell what the subject is or does. ex. fish | SWIM dogs | BARK

What are subjects?

Tell whom or what the sentence is about. FISH | swim DOGS | bark

What are Verb Phrases?

Two or more verbs acting together as one verb. Made from one main verb (mv) and one or more help verbs (hv). Students | WILL LEARN (learn = mv, will - hv) She | MIGHT HAVE SAID (said = mv, hv = might have)

What are Nouns?

Words that name people, places, things, or ideas. ex. Student, Joe, Paris, classroom, pencil

What are Pronouns? What are they? (examples)

Words that take place of nouns. can do same work as nouns. ex. it, he, she, them, they, we

How do you diagram adverbs and adjectives in sentences?

If they modify the noun, a branch goes diagonally from the bottom of the noun - it could be one or, and adjective and a box under the adjective with the adverb. If an adverb or adj modifies a verb, a branch goes diagonally from verb side, and either has one line or two - just like the above ex for noun

How do adjective prepositional phrases work?

Immediately follow noun or pronoun it modifies. ex. The hut had walls OF MUD ("of mud" modifies the noun - walls)

What is the difference between a independent and dependent clause?

Independent clause: a simple sentence that can stand alone dependent clause: can't stand alone, even though have a s and v

What are subordinating conjunctions? How many are there, and examples of them

Introduce the dependent clause w/in a sentence, subordinate clause to rest of sentence There are a lot of subordinating conjunctions! (pg. 350 for more) exs: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, that, in order, once, etc.

What are the 8 parts of speech?

1) Nouns 2) Pronouns 3) Verbs 4) Adjectives 5) Adverbs 6) Prepositions 7) Conjunctions 8) Interjections

What questions do adverb questions answer?

1) how? 2) When? 3) Where? 4) Why? 5) To what degree? 6) Under what conditions?

What are the two rules of commas when there is a coordinating conjunction in a sentence?

1. If a coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses, need a comma before the coordinating conjunction. "The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but.." 2. Cnnx a phrase + two independent clauses = a coordinating conjunction separating the two independent clauses. "I go to the park every Sunday (i.c.) and I watch the ducks on the lake (i.c.) ad the shirtless men playing soccer (phrase).

Difference between a conjunction and a preposition?

Conjs = join words, phrases, or clauses to a sentence. Prepositions = join prepositional phrases to a sentence and wouldn't stand alone b/c it wouldn't make sense by itself. ex. The families got separated AFTER the war. after = preposition - adverbial prepositional phrase We went to the bar AFTER we won the game. after = conjunction b/c "after we won the game is a dep. clause.

What are Coordinating conjunctions? How many coordinating conjunctions are there, and what are they

Conjunctions that join single words and word groups to other words or word groups of the same kind. Seven coordinating conjunctions - F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

Examples of prepositions?

The winding road to the summit travels past craters from an extinct volcano. TO THE SUMMIT = preposition to - phrase modifies noun road PAST CRATERS = preposition, functions as adverb modifying verb travels FROM an extinct volcano = preposition. = from, phrase acts as adjective modifying noun craters

What are adjectives?

Words describe (or modify) nouns and pronouns. Ex. CUTE cat, YUMMY cookie, FOUR dogs

What are adverbs?

Words that describe (or modify) verbs, adjectives, and or other adverbs. ex. She walked gracefully. gracefully = adverb Adverb + verb = gracefully walk Adverb + adjective = extremely cute Adverb + adverb = rather slowly

Some examples of prepositions

about, to, from, in. beyond, but, like, by, for, as, before, with

What are the four adjective questions? and what do they do?

adjs give us more info. about nouns and pronouns. Use ADJECTIVE QUESTIONS to identify adjectives in sentences: 1)Which one? 2)What kind? 3)How many? 4) Whose?

What are helping verbs? What are the 24 helping verbs?

be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being, have, has, had, could, should, would, may, might, must, shall, will, do, did, does, having

What are prepositional phrases?

begin w/ a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun. Often have modifiers. pronoun or noun is called THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.

What are clauses?

group of related words w/ at least one subject and one verb

What are phrases?

groups of words. w/out both a subject and a verb that act as a single unit (a single part of speech)

How do adverbial prepositional phrases work?

modify verbs, and answer questions like adverbs of ; where, when, why, how, and under what conditions Like adverbs, can move around in a sentence. ex: We will go snowboarding IN THE WINTER. IN THE WINTER, we will go snowboarding.