Writing Section - Nouns and Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

- Demonstrative Nouns are used to replace specific people or things that have been previously mentioned. - Tells us whether it is replacing something singular or plural and whether that thing(s) is close by or farther away. - Demonstrative Pronouns are this, that, these, and those. - This and That represent Singular Nouns. - This represents something close by. Example: THIS is very smelly. - That represents something farther away. Example: You can smell THAT from here. - These and Those replace Plural Nouns. - Theses represent something close by. Example: THESE smell rotten. - Those represent something farther away. Example: Do not paint THOSE.

Compound Nouns

A noun comprising at least two words. - Compound Nouns can sometimes be hyphenated. Example: Mother-in-Law, Board of Members, Court-martial, Forget-me-not, Manservant, Cooking-oil, Brother-in-Law, Rollercoaster, etc. - There are three forms for Compound Noun: 1.) With Spaces - Swimming Pool, Fish tank 2.) Without Spaces - Shotgun, Housework, Eyelid 3.) With Hyphens - Baby-sitter, Laughing-gas, Daughter-in-Law

Verbal Nouns

A noun that has no verb like properties despite being derived from a verb. - Verbal Nouns can be modified by adjectives, be pluralized, and followed by prepositional phrase. Example: This bad drawing of a dog is no acceptable for your project. (This a verbal noun. It is acting just like a noun. This is the determiner and bad the adjectives, and it is followed by a prepositional phrase, the dog). - Verbal Nouns are formed in a number of ways: 1.) To Build - Building - It was a lovely building. The money will fund the building of a bridge. 2.) To arrive - Arrival - Their arrival has be delayed. 3.) To repeat - Repetition - I do not want another repetition of yesterday. 4.) To decide - Decision - That was an awful decision by the referee. 5.) To attack - Attack - He mounted a surprise attack with the Romans. (With some verbs, the Verbal noun is identical to the base form of the verb).

Abstract Nouns

A noun that symbolizes an intangible concept such as an emotion, a feeling, a quality, or an idea. It does not symbolize a physical object. - Abstract Nouns are words that name something that you cannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste. Example: Consideration, Belief, Parenthood, Anger, Love, Intelligence, Sadness, etc.

Concrete Nouns

A noun the represents something that can be seen, touched, tasted, heard, or smelt. - Concrete Nouns are something that you can perceive with at least one of your senses. They can be singular or plural. Example: Dog, Dogs, Man, Men, Window, Bread, Person, etc.

Common Nouns

A noun used for a class of Person, Place, or Thing. - The word for something! Example: chair, car, house, boy, cat, lake, bridge, etc. - Common Nouns do not get capital letters unless it starts a sentence or is part of a proper noun.

Proper Nouns

A noun used for a specific Person, Place, or Thing. - The name we give to something. Example: Julie, David, Peter, Lucky, Lake Superior, The London Bridge, etc. - Proper Nouns are written with a capital letter because it is an important word in your sentence. - Do not give a word a capital letter just because it is an important word in your sentence.

Countable Nouns

A noun with both a singular and plural form. - Countable Nouns are the opposite of non-countable nouns. Example: Bear, bears, coin, coins, country, countries, man, men, dollar, dollars, cube, cubes, etc. - Countable Nouns attract the question, How many? Example: How many cars? How many animals?

Non-Countable Nouns

A noun without a plural form. - Non-Countable Nouns refer to things that cannot be counted. They are singular. Example: Music, furniture, tennis, mercury, money, water, etc.

Relative Pronouns

Comes after a noun to help identify which person or thing we are talking about or to tell us some more information about a person or thing. - Relative Pronoun introduces an adjective clause. Relative Pronouns include: 1.) That 2.) Which 3.) Who 4.) Whom 5.) Whose - A relative pronoun is used to start a description for a noun. The description comes after the noun to identify it or tell us more info. - Who or Whom refers to people. Example: The boy WHO rang the bell (Subjective Case). - The boy WHOM you met (Objective Case). - The boy WHOSE bole was stolen (Possessive Case). - Which refers to things. Example: The candle WHICH melted (Subjective Case). - The candle WHICH you made (Objective Case). - The candle WHOSE wick had snapped (Possessive Case). - That or Whose refer to people or things. Example: The dog THAT bit the postman (Subjective Case). - The dog THAT the postman hates (Objective Case). - The dog WHOSE bark sounds like cough (Possessive Case).

Possessive Pronoun

Indicates Possession. - Replaces a possessive adjective and a noun. Example: I will show you MY (possessive adjective) DOG (noun). - I will show you MINE (possessive pronoun). 1.) This house is bigger than mine. (Mine is the possessive pronoun). - This house is bigger than my house. (Here is the version with the possessive adjective MY and noun HOUSE.) 2.) Is this YOURS? (Yours is the possessive pronoun.) - Is this your wallet? (Here is the version with the possessive adjective YOUR nd noun WALLET.) - Possessive Pronouns replace nouns. Example: Humans are the only animals that have children on purpose with the exception of guppies, who like to eat THEIRS. 1.) A wife should no more take her husband's name than he should HERS. My name is my identity and must not be lost. 2.) People who have given us their complete confidence believe that they have a right to OURS. The inference is false, a gift confers no rights.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns are Who, Whom, Whose, Which, and What. (Whoever, Whomever, Whichever, and Whatever can also be interrogative pronouns.) - Used to ask questions. It represents the thing that the question is about. Example: WHO won the race? WHOM shall we ask? WHOSE did they take? WHICH is the greater? WHAT is that? - Interrogative Pronouns ending ever are used for emphasis or to show surprise. Example: WHOEVER would want to eat such a gross thing? - WHATEVER did you say?

The 8 Parts of Speech

Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Adjectives, Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Interjections.

Possessive Forms Chart: Personal Pronoun - Possessive Adjective - Possessive Pronoun

Personal Pronoun: Possessive Adj. Poss. Pronoun: - I - My - Mine - You - Your - Yours - He - His - His - She - Her - Hers - It - Its - [Not used] - We - Our - Ours - They - Their - Theirs - Who - Whose -Whose

Indefinite Pronouns

Refers to a non-specific person or thing. - Most common ones are all, any, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone. - Indefinite Pronoun is a substitute for a noun. (Like all Pronouns.) Example: A classic is SOMETHING that EVERYBODY wants to have read and NOBODY wants to read. Of those who say NOTHING, FEW are silent.

Personal Pronouns

Represent people or things. - The Personal Pronouns are: 1.) I 2.) You 3.) He 4.) She 5.) It 6.) We 7.) They

Noun

The name of a Person, Place, Thing, or Idea.

Reflexive Pronouns

The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. - A noun used with another noun (or pronoun) when something does something to itself. Example: John pinched himself. (The reflexive pronoun HIMSELF tells us the John did something to John.)

Subjective Personal Pronouns

The versions used for the subject of verbs. - You, He, She, It, We, They, I. Example: YOU are happy. THEY won the league.

Antecedent

The word or words that a pronoun refer to. - Antecedent means to go before in Latin. From the idea that a pronoun refers to something previously mentioned in the sentence. Example: When you see the professor, please tell him I'll be 10 min. late this evening. (The antecedent is Professor. It is the word that the pronoun him refers to. The word professor comes before the pronoun him). - However, an antecedent doesn't always come before the pronoun. Example: When you see him, please tell the professor I'll be 10 min. late this evening. (The antecedent is still professor even though it comes after its pronoun).

Objective Personal Pronouns

These versions are used when the Personal pronouns are objects (like direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions). - Objective Personal Pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. Example: Paul knows HER. (The personal pronoun is a direct object). Paul gave THEM the letter. (The personal pronoun is an indirect object). Paul went with HIM. (The personal pronoun is an object of a preposition).

Quantifiers

Used with countable and non-countable nouns. - Quantifiers tell us about the number or amount. Example: A little, A lot of, Several, and a few. - Quantifiers for Countable Nouns: 1.) A few [cakes] 2.)A number of [cakes] 3.) Several [cakes] - Quantifiers for Non-Countable Noun: 1.) A bit of [baking] 2.) An amount of [baking] 3.) A little [baking] - Quantifiers for both: 1.) A lot of [baking/cakes] 2.) Any [baking/cakes] 3.) Lots of [baking/cakes] 4.) No [baking/cakes] 5.) Some [baking/cakes]