WWI

Spanish Flu

500 million people across the world died from this epidemic

Ross Rifle

A Canadian made rifle. The Ross also had a tendency to jam when firing and it also had a long barrell.

Black Hand

A Serbian Terrorist Group

War at Home

A War at Home

Romeo Dallaire

A canadian humanitarian, and retired Senator and general

Poison Gas

Chlorine gas. Burned the eyes, lungs, causing victims to choke gag, and suffocate to death.

Racism in War

Discrimination was common and recruiting practices reflected the discriminatory attitudes of Canadians. Where aboriginal people were not excepted or encouraged to sign up. When the number of soldiers dropped (a lot of dead people) the government then welcomed aboriginals who signed up in large numbers. for them to enlist, they had to relinquish their aboriginal rights and status. Black males tried to enlist but got rejected by white officers. when the finally got to enlist, they were in a segregated, non-combat construction battalion- jobs were bad

Triple Entente

France, Russia, Britain

Conditions in the trenches

Life in the trenches was miserable and dangerous. Soldiered endured extreme cold, unbearable heat and constant rain and mud. Uniforms were filthy and infested with lice. Rats were everywhere, diseases were also common. Fear was always constant.

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

league of nations

an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919): dissolved April 1946.

Nationalism

excessive pride in one's own nation. Austria-Hungary was home to 50 million Austrians, Hungarians, Bosnians, and Ukrainians who were often hostile to one another. many of the groups wanted their own independent countries.

old and new military tactics and technology

old and new military tactics and technology

Enemy Aliens

people who had come form an enemy country and to restrict their rights. they were forced to carry ID's and report regularly to authorities. They were not allowed to leave the country without permission and werent allowed to publish or read anything other than french and english.

Munitions scandal

publication of the British Commander-in-Chief's view that a shortage of munitions (Sir Douglas Haig)// profiteering (Sam Committee)

Internment

put into prisons during war for political reasons

Propaganda

Systematic effort to shape people's beliefs to achieve a specific goal. Posters were key to encourage Canadians to buy war bonds, enlist and work harder and even changing their eating habits so food can be sent overseas. artists were hired to develop effective images which focused on duty to the country, protecting loved ones, and defeating the enemy.Message was reached through billboards, parades and rallies. Negative side was posters promoted hatred of the people of enemy countries and shamed canadians who did not seem to be doing their share

Alliances

"formed when countries band together against a common threat and pledge to support one another in times of war" countries form alliances to strengthen their position in the world. Canada joined a defensive alliance called North Atlantic Treaty Organization where members agreed that an one would be considered an attack on all. European countries formed similar alliances to maintain a balance of power where no single country can become more powerful than the rest.

Sir Arthur Currier

4 divisions were assembled to fight as a single unit under Currie (The Battle of Vimy). he commanded the Candian Corps from June 1917 until his disbandment in 1919. He lead Canadians in many victories but he is famous for orchestrating the attack on Vimy Ridge. He changed the way war was fought by giving soldiers maps and ariel photographs to help them figure out where they had to be on the field. He helped them practice before the battle happened.

Total War

8300000 soldiers died 1914-1918 Every weapon is used and the countries financial resources are devoted to thid

Trench foot

A disease which rotted the flesh of the feet and was caused by standing in mud and water. If it spread, a soldiers foot and leg might need to be amputated.

Continuity and Change

A field of historical sociology concerned with long-term continuities and discontinuities in the structures of past societies.

Creeping barrage

A new strategy they adopted. Where from behind the front lines, artillery would start bombarding no man's land and gradually advance their salvos toward the German trenches

Military Voters Act

All members of the military, male and female, the vote.

War at Sea

Britain and Germany relied on ships for food, materials, medical stuff, soldiers and weapons. Germany had more submarines than Britain. Underwater boats also known as u-boats. Allies set up convoy system, where merchant ships travelled together and got naval escorts to detect and sink u-boats. 45 Canadian steamboats of 2600 allied ships were sunk by u-boats. U-boat sunk a British ship named lusitania where americans went down and later sinking 2 more american ships so american favoured joining the allies. WWI helped speed the growth of the Canadian navy.

Over the top

British and French commanders stuck to outdated tactics and still ordered soldiers to go "over the top" of the soldier's trenches and attack. This provided little protection against enemy artillery and guns so thousands died crossing no mans land.

Vimy Ridge

British and French unsuccessfully tried to take Germans hold on Vimy Ridge. height of the land was a key vantage. Canadians then tried to take it. 4 canadian divisions were assembled to fight under Canadian commander Arthur Currie. Battle of somme ended and taught Allied commanders to change their tactics. One was the creeping barrage. Currie spent weeks detailing their plans. Soldiers were shown maps and aerial photos to show German positions. troops practiced using scale models and tunnels were built so they could move part of the way forward under cove. 2 weeks of artillery pummelled the German Lines and the attack started at 5:30 am on April 9 the day after easter Sunday. The first wave of 20 000 Canadians followed a careful plan of creeping barrage towards the ridge. Canadians were required to reach specific points at precise times so they wont get caught in their own bombardment. Machine guns were carried forward behind the first wave to hold positions that had been captured. The next day, Canadians taken and held Vimy Ridge. Gave allies hope. 11 285 canadians died. Turning point of canadas nation, because of the sense of pride and identity.

The Somme

British thought the Allies could break German lines at the Somme River, it was to help stop German troops from bombarding the French near Verdun. 2 weeks of allied artillery bombarded the German front, Haig wanted to destroy the German trenches but failed. When the British and Canadian troops moved across no mans land on July 1, they found that the barbed wires were intact and Germans were ready with machine guns. Newfoundland attacked suffered many casualties 800 to only 68. The allied force suffered 60 000 casualties the first day, but Haig ordered the attack to continue. For more than 4 months and suffered 650 000 casualties to gain 545 square kilometres of territory. Bloodiest battle in human history 24 000 Canadian casualties.

Canada's relationship with Britain at the start of WW1

Canadians were mostly British and they believed that the UK was the Mother Country. Canada traded with the Brits and they were forced into the War because Canada always followed the UK

War in the Air

Canada had no air force so they joined the British Royal Flying Corps or Royal Naval Air Service. 22 800 Canadians served at pilots, gunners, mechanics, and aircrew. 40% of British pilots were Canadian. It was dangerous and open cockpits offered little protects. Flew over to take pictures, drop bombs and fire at the enemy. Fighter pilots who shot down 5 or more enemy aircraft became known as aces. Billy Bishop was one of the bravest.

Sir Robert Borden

Canadian lawyer and politician who passed the military service act.

Enlistment and various groups in canada

Canadian men were urged to enlist to support their mother country and save civiliation. 25% of all soldiers were born in britain, and they were factory workers, doctors, labourers, farmers, lawyers, and miners

Ypres

Canadian soldiers were sent to help the French and British near Ypres, Belgium. There in April, 1915, the Germans leashed the deadly weapon of chlorine gas. It would burn eyes and lungs to choke gag and suffocate to death. French front line at Ypres was hit hard by the gas, Germans pushed Canadians back but they held. the advance of germans stopped but the canadians suffered more than 6000 casualties. Both sides launched gas, and got gas masks but gas was not effective as hoped because it dispersed quickly and if the wind changed, it back fired.

Cause and Consequence

Cause and Consequence

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Citizens had gathered to welcome the Austrian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife. Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Assassination in Sarajevo, Bosnia (part of Austria-Hungary Empire) on June 28th, 1914 by a Serbian Nationalist

Powderkeg Europe

Conflicting imperial ambitions and the buildup of military; triple entente and the triple alliance. When the european power keg exploded and countries honoured their alliance commitments, World War I began.

Aboriginal soldiers

Early in the war, Aboriginals were not expected or encouraged to sign up. But as the number of deaths increased, the government welcomed aboriginal volunteers (who signed up in large numbers).

Profiteering

Making excessive profits. Sam Hughes making sure wealthy businessman got richer

Person's case

Emily Murphy's name was put forward as a candidate for senate but prime minister Borden refused to consider murphy because she was not a "qualified person" Bordens decision set in motion that is known as the persons case, a legal action that took 12 years to resolve. The supreme court said that women were not persons so the Famous Five went to the privy council where they were seen as people

Conscription

Forced military service. Many Canadians with those who have family members serving overseas supported this act. Quebec, where francophones were opposing the act with violent riots. it created an issue of dividing anglophone and francophone canadians.. Conscription made a little difference to the war efforts.

Halifax Explosion

French ship carrying wartime explosives, more than 2000 people were killed

Western Front

From Belgium, north-eastern France, France and western Germany

Wartime Elections Act

Gave the vote to close women relative like wives, widows, mothers, sisters, and daughters. of men serving in the armed forces. This act took away many people's right to vote.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

Rationing

Is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration, which is one's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time.

Canada's entry into the war

More than half of the Canadians were of British heritage, so they thought of Britain as the "mother country." So when Britain declared war on Germany in August 1914, Canada was also at war.

Canadas hundred days

On August 8, 1918, a period known as Canads 100 days begun. Canadians Corps attacked the city of Amiens, pushing Germans back 13 km. They kept pushing forward, by early September, they reached Canal du Nord. They attacked on Sept. 27 with the support of huge artillery barrage. Within hours, Canadians had opened a route across the canal for the guns, tanks, and supplies that would be needed as the Allies pushed forward. By October 11, Canadians had taken the town of Cambrai and advanced 37km in what had been Germany held territory. In the final days of the war, the Canadians pushed thru Valenciennes to the Belgian city of Mons which had been in the hands of the Germans since early in the war. Late on November 10, Canadians moved into Mons.

Election of 1917

PM Borden introduced measures to improve the governments chance of winning re-election. He brought the Military Voters Act, and Conscription. Fought over the issue of conscription and PM Bordens unionist government won.

Residential Schools

Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture.

Returning veterans

Some had a hard time settling down due to the horrors they experienced. they suffered shell shock, PTSD. and not a lot of services were available for them and that they should just return to their civilian responsibilities. Government supported disabled soldiers but cancelled it due to the bad economy. a lot of veterans were unemployed too and were disappointed by the government and publics response to their situation. Some veterans formed a group called the Great War Veterans Association to improve compensation for all veterans but failed.

The home front

Taxes, War Bonds, Women Suffrage.

Immigration and Racism

The Indian act, Rez schools. Chinese immigration act are all examples of

Beaumont Hamel

The Newfoundland Regiment was not linked to the Canadian Army since it hadn't yet joined Confederation. They attacked Beaumont-Hamel at the northern end of the front and suffered terrible casualties. Of nearly 800 men who went over the top, only 68 were able to report for duty the next morning.

Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was the German army's plan for war against France and Russia. He believed that it was a priority to defeat France quickly, forcing them to surrender before Russia had a chance to mobilize her armed forces.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles is the name given to the document stipulating the peace terms imposed on Germany by the Allied victors of the First World War.

War Measures Act

The act gave the government power to pass laws without the approval of the Parlament while Canada was at War. It could also overrule provincial laws, censor the news media, tell manufacturers and farmers what they must produce, imprison people without trial and label some people enemies of Canada.

Unions

The action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin that was sent to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand. serbian nationalist who believed that they should be liberated from Austrian control. The Assassination set a chain reactions that lead to WWI

Second Battle of Ypres

The first major battle fought by Canadian troops in the First World War took place from 22 April to 25 May 1915.

The Last Hundred Days

The flu was spreading across canada

Historical Significance

The process used to evaluate what was significant about selected events, people, and developments in the past that had an impact towards changing the future

Shell Shock

The reaction of some soldiers in World War I to the trauma of battle.

Bluebirds

They are the Canadian Nurses. They were named bluebirds because of their blue dresses and white veils and for their courage and compassion they received the admiration of many soldiers.

Passchendaele

Third battle of Ypres. German held the line. British, NZ, Aus tried to take them but had little success with 100 000 casualties. Since Vimy, Haig ordered Currie and the Canadians to take Passchendaele carefully. Allies rehearsed before the battle on creeping the barrage and it was planned to provide cover for soldiers making their way across no man's land. On Oct. 26th, the artillery barrages that preceded tbe attack was heard 150 km away. They attacked behind the barrage but they were slowed because of mud and rain. Continued for 15 days. On Nov. 10th, Canadians captured the ridge with 15 654 deaths. 310 000 allies died, and 260 000 german casualties, so little significant gain. therefore Has come to symbolize the futility of WWI.

End of the war

Treaty of Versailles, Canada's separate from Britain. Paris peace conference

Militarism

Using a military force to defend or promote a country's interest. To protect themselves and their colonies against invasion by rival empires. Britain's navy was largest in the world Russia had the larges army Germany was racing to catch up to both

Trench Warfare

When the Germans pushed into Belgium and France, it resulted in a stalemate (where neither side can move). So they dug trenches deep enough to shelter a man standing up, for their protection from artillery and machine gun fire. Over the years, the trenches grew into a maze of underground rooms and tunnels. Some tunnels were dug towards enemy lines so listeners could eavesdrop and sappers could plant explosives to blow up the enemy trenches.

Winnipeg general strike

Winnipegs building trade unions went on strike when their employers refused to negotiate a wage increase. Strikers were joined and within days 30 000 strikers had showed. The strike closedfactories and stores and stopped streetcars. Original strikers were postal workers, firefighters and police officers.

Lee Enfield Rifle

a bolt-action rifle of a type formerly used by the British army.

Victory Bonds

a loan to the government that could be redeemed with interest after 5,10, or 20 years and were released during 5 different campaigns between 1915 and 1919

Sir Sam Hughes

a member of bordens government and strong supporter of british imperial rule

War of Attrition

a military strategy in which a belligerent attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material

John McCrae

best known for writing the famous war memorial poem "In Flanders Fields"

Weapons of war

diesel powered submarines armed with torpedoes to fire unsuspecting ships. So anti submarine destroyers. Tanks- armoured vehicles with heavy metal tracks instead of wheels. Machine guns aircraft to carry bombs.

No mans land

disputed ground between the front lines or trenches of two opposing armies

Conscientious objectors

is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service"[1] on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion

Labour unrest

labour union activity increased and became a worldwide labour movement. Canadian workers demanded 8hour workdays and reognition of their unions and improved wages. few laws protected workers from exploitation and work conditions.

Prohibition

laws against making and selling alcohol, intoxicating liquor. The ban lasted until a year after the war.

New Weapons

machine gun

Europe in 1914

tension and conflicting imperial ambitions and the build up of miliyaty might had created 2 large power blocks of the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance. Triple Allies: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Alliances: Russia, France, Britain

Veteran Affairs Canada

the department within the Government of Canada with responsibility for pensions, benefits and services for war veterans, retired and still-serving members of the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police, their families, as well as some civilians.

No. 2 Construction Batallion

the only Canadian Battalion composed of black soldiers to serve in World War I

War Guilt Clause

the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers

Imperialism

the policy of extending the power of one country over other countries through military force or economic control. It was a source of tension as european countries tried to expand their empire. British empire controlled more than 25% of the worlds territory and people.

U-Boat

underwater boats also known as u-boats

Historical Perspective

utilised as a comparison e.g. from a historical perspective, the dark ages was all about religion. It is used as an example, a comparison, a reference point as the word perspective relates to view or vision. Historical is the past so combining the two - from a view of the past.