Zoology

What is a plesiomorphy?

A character state that is ancestral for a particular taxon.

What is a synapomorphy?

A derived character that is shared by the members of a clade.

What is a clade?

A group of species that share derived character states and represent a unit of common evolutionary descent.

What pattern of common descent is apparent when the derived states of all of the characters within a taxon of interest are found?

A nested hierarchy of clades within clades

What is a type specimen?

A representative, ideal form of a species that is used for assigning other specimens to species through comparison.

Which of the following best describes the typological (or morphological) species concept?

A species is a distinct and unchangeable entity that is defined by fixed, essential features characterized by a type specimen.

In the process of inferring phylogenies, what is an outgroup?

A taxon that is phylogenetically close to the taxon being studied, used to determine the polarity of character states.

Disagreements on the degree of reproductive isolation necessary to define separate species, and the inability to determine species in organisms that reproduce asexually are criticisms of what species concept?

The biological species concept

Select all of the true statements regarding the use of binomial nomenclature.

The genus name must be a noun. The species epithet never stands alone; it is always used in conjunction with the genus name when referring to a species. A species name (which includes the genus and species epithet) is Latinized and should be printed in italics.

Derived character states

arise within a taxon of interest after diverging from a common ancestor.

Species defined as interbreeding populations of individuals that share common descent and occupy the same ecological niche is the basis of the ----- species concept.

biological

A group of species that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all descendants of that ancestor is called a monophyletic

clade

The approach to taxonomy that emphasizes common descent, is based on the cladogram of the group being studied, and only recognizes monophyletic groups is ______.

cladistics

A diagram that represents the nested hierarchy of clades within clades is known as a(n)

cladogram

A single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate" is the definition of the ----- species concept.

evolutionary

When constructing the phylogeny for a taxon of interest, one must determine the of a character; that is, determine which of its varying character states is ancestral and which are derived.

polarity

When expressing common descent among groups, the construction of paraphyletic taxa can be avoided by finding the taxon of interest's __________.

sister group

All species have distributions through , its geographic range, and a distribution through , its evoutionary duration.

space time

Any derived character that is shared by the members of a clade is formally known as a(n)

synapomorphy

Consider the following nucleotide sequences for three animal species for which a cladogram is being constructed, along with an outgroup. Outgroup: ATTCGA Species A: CTTACT Species B: CTAACT Species C: CTAAGA According to this information, the nucleotides in the first position in the sequence represent _________.

synapomorphy

The science involving the study of the variation among populations of organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships is called ------.

systematics

In our modern hierarchical classification system, groupings of organisms at a particular taxonomic rank are called -------.

taxon

The science of classifying and naming species based on their evolutionary relationships is known as -----

taxonomy

The conventional method for naming species is called binomial nomenclature. Using this system, a species name is comprised of _______.

the capitalized genus name, followed by the species epithet in lower case

A phylogeny is _______.

the evolutionary history relating a group of species, often depicted in a tree-like diagram

Taxonomy is ------.

the science of classifying and naming organisms according to their evolutionary relationships

True or false: All groups of animals have features that are both primitive and advanced, so referring to an entire group of organisms as more primitive or advanced than any other is inaccurate.

true

True or false: Phylogenies are constructed through the identification of shared characters among organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor.

true

A representative, ideal form of a species deposited in a museum and used to assign other organisms to species through comparison is known as a formally designated ---- specimen.

type

A representative, ideal form of a species deposited in a museum and used to assign other organisms to species through comparison is known as a formally designated ----- specimen.

type

Historically, species were thought of as distinct and unchangeable entities, defined by fixed, essential features characterized by type specimens. This approach to the definition of species is known as the ----- species concept.

typological

Historically, species were thought of as distinct and unchangeable entities, defined by fixed, essential features characterized by type specimens. This approach to the definition of species is known as the species concept.

typological

The Key deer is an endangered diminutive subspecies of the white-tailed deer inhabiting the Florida Keys in the United States. The Key deer is a member of the following taxa: Phylum: Chordata, Subphylum: Vertebrata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Artiodactyla, Family: Cervidae, Genus: Odocoileus, Species: virginianus, Subspecies: clavium Using trinomial nomenclature, the correct scientific name for the Key deer is:

Odocoileus virginianus clavium

What is the name of the new taxonomic system that is being developed as an alternative to Linnaean taxonomy?

PhyloCode

According to the phylogenetic tree shown here, which set of organisms forms a clade?

Pigeon, duck, chicken, penguin

A character state that is ancestral for a taxon is often known as for that taxon; when more than one species shares such ancestral states, it is known as .

Plesiomorphic; Symplesiomorphy

An evolutionary timescale is necessary to construct a phylogenetic tree. What kind of data are necessary to establish an evolutionary timescale to construct a phylogenetic tree, but not for inferring a cladogram? Multiple choice question.

Radioactive dating of fossils

The distributions of species occur in what dimension(s)?

Space (geographic range) and time (evolutionary duration)

Biologists repeatedly use the criteria of common descent, formation of a reproductive community, and existence as the smallest distinct grouping of organisms to define what taxonomic rank?

Species

Consider the following nucleotide sequences for four animal species: Species A: GCAATCG Species B: GCTTCTA Species C: GCAAACT Species D: ATTTCGT Based on this information and what you know of phylogenies based on DNA sequences, which two species diverged from their common ancestor most recently?

Species A and C

What statement is most accurate?

Specific characteristics can be primitive, advanced, specialized, and generalized.

Trinomial nomenclature is used under what circumstances?

Subspecies are recognized within a species.

True or false: Sister groups can be identified to address common descent among groups without the need to construct paraphyletic taxa.

True

A hierarchical system of classification involves arranging organisms _______.

into an ascending series of groups of increasing inclusiveness

The polarity of a character state for a taxon of interest is found by determining which character state

is present in the most recent common ancestor of the taxon and which is derived.

In the Linnaean classification system, the phylum is the

largest formal taxonomic category within the animal kingdom.

Match the definition to each of the following terms describing the relationship between a taxon and a phylogenetic tree or cladogram. Instructions

mono: The taxon includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all descendants of that ancestor. Paraphyly para: The taxon includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some, but not all, descendants of that ancestor poly The taxon does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group.

In this cladogram, the taxon highlighted in BLUE is

monophyletic

When constructing a phylogeny, the grouping of organisms by derived characters results in a ---- hierarchy.

nested

When constructing a phylogeny, the grouping of organisms by derived characters results in a hierarchy.

nested

When constructing phylogenies, the polarity of a character can be determined by comparing the taxon of interest to another group of organisms, called a(n) , which is phylogenetically close but not within the taxon of interest.

outgroup

A taxon that includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some, but not all, descendants of that ancestor is _______.

paraphyletic

When multiple hypothesized cladograms all potentially represent the true pattern of ancestry for a clade, the principle of is invoked, requiring that the cladogram with the smallest number of character changes is favored.

parsimony

The identification of the smallest groupings of organisms that have undergone independent evolutionary change as distinct species is the basis of the species concept.

phylogenetic

One of the major objectives of systematics is to uncover the evolutionary tree, or ------ , that relates all extinct and extant species.

phylogeny

In the Linnaean classification system, the largest formal taxonomic category within the animal kingdom is the

phylum

In the Linnaean classification system, the largest formal taxonomic category within the animal kingdom is the -----

phylum

What is a cladogram?

A branching diagram that represents the nested hierarchy of clades within clades.

Click and drag on elements in order Place the following in chronological order, with the oldest classification scheme at the top and the most recent at the bottom.

1. two kingdom 2. three kingdom 3. a five kingdom 4. a three domain

Character states that are present in the common ancestor of a taxon of interest are character states, whereas those that arose later within the group are known as character states.

Ancestral Derived

What other group of organisms is often studied by zoologists to provide an important phylogenetic context for the study of animal diversity?

Animal-like protists

What is a sister group, in terms of its relationship to a particular monophyletic taxon?

Another monophyletic taxon that diverged from their common ancestor more recently than any other taxa .

Match each classification system for the major divisions of life to the scientist or group of scientists who proposed it. Instructions

Aristotle- All life is divided into two kingdoms: plants and animals. Haeckel- Multicellular life is divided into two kingdoms: plants and animals. Unicellular life is included in the kingdom Protista. Whittaker- Choice, Prokaryotes make up the kingdom Monera, unicellular eukaryotes are included in the kingdom Protista, and multicellular eukaryotes make up the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi, depending on their mode of nutrition. Prokaryotes make up the kingdom Monera, unicellular eukaryotes are included in the kingdom Protista, and multicellular eukaryotes make up the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi, depending on their mode of nutrition. Woese, Kandler, and Wheelis matches- All life is divided into three domains: Eucarya (all eukaryotes), Bacteria (true bacteria), and Archaea (prokaryotes differing from the true bacteria in terms of membrane structure and ribosomal RNA sequences).

Taxon Eumetazoa includes which of the following animal phyla?

Arthropoda Chordata Cnidaria

What types of characters are often used to compare species and construct cladograms?

Biochemical Cytological Morphological Embryological

Based on their embryological development, the bilateral animals are divided into two taxa: and .

Blank 1: Protostomia Blank 2: Deuterostomia

Of the different types of diagrams that can be used to show common descent among a group of organisms, a(n) is often used as a first representation of the branching pattern of clades within clades, whereas a(n) tree also includes information regarding ancestry, duration of evolutionary lineages, or the amounts of evolutionary change that occurred on the lineages.

Blank 1: cladogram Blank 2: phylogenetic

A character state that is ancestral for a taxon is often known as --------- for that taxon; when more than one species shares such ancestral states, it is known as --------- .

Blank 1: plesiomorphic or plesiomorphy Blank 2: symplesiomorphy or symplesiomorphic

What scenario would BEST indicate that presence of spines is an ancestral character state for a group of organisms being studied?

Both members of the taxon of interest and the outgroup have spines

The gray wolf is a member of the following taxa: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis In addition, the species epithet for the gray wolf is lupus. Based on this information and using binomial nomenclature, what is the recognized species name of the gray wolf?

Canis lupus

What is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree?

Cladograms are often the first representation of the nesting of clades but do not contain as much information as a phylogenetic tree.

Select all of the following that are true of the phylogenetic systematics/cladistics approach to taxonomy.

Common descent is emphasized. The cladogram of the group being classified is used to identify higher taxa.

Cladograms are constructed using data from a number of different sources. Match each source of information on character states to the type of data it provides.

Comparative morphology: Shapes and sizes of macroscopic and microscopic structural features, including their development Comparative biochemistry matches: Choice, Sequences of amino acids in proteins and nucleotides in nucleic acids Sequences of amino acids in proteins and nucleotides in nucleic acids Comparative cytology matches: The number, shapes, and sizes of chromosomes and their parts

What is the difference between cosmopolitan and endemic species?

Cosmopolitan species have large geographic distributions, while endemic species have very restricted ranges.

Select all of the currently recognized domains of life.

Eukarya Bacteria Archaea

Two populations of organisms have been geographically separated for millenia and have undergone independent evolutionary change, but interbreeding can occur when they come into contact with one another and the offspring produced are viable. These two populations would be considered members of the same species according to the phylogenetic species concept.

False

Select all of the mandatory taxonomic ranks for members of the animal kingdom.

Family Genus Class Species Phylum Order

The idea that all of the competing species concepts maintain the common underlying principle that a species constitutes a segment of a population-level lineage is the basis of the concept of species.

General lineage

Select all of the following that are criticisms of the biological species concept.

It denies the existence of species in organisms that reproduce strictly asexually. It lacks a clear temporal component, providing little instruction for defining the duration of a species lineage through time.

Select all of the true statements regarding the biological species concept.

It doesn't address species of organisms that reproduce strictly asexually. A species as an interbreeding population of individuals with common descent that occupy a particular ecological niche.

Select all of the following that are true of PhyloCode.

It emphasizes the nested hierarchy of monophyletic groups represented in the cladogram for the taxon of interest. It is being developed as an alternative to classical Linnaean taxonomy. It replaces traditional taxonomic ranks with codes.

Select all of the following that are true about the evolutionary species concept.

It incorporates the dimension of time by recognizing distinct lineages with independent evolutionary histories. It was proposed by George Gaylord Simpson.

Select all of the following that are true in constructing phylogenies.

It is one of the major goals of systematics. Their construction is dependent upon identifying features inherited from a common ancestor. Characters that vary among species are used to inform evolutionary relationships among them.

Although species concepts remain controversial, biologists repeatedly rely on what criteria to identify a species?

Its members form a reproductive community. It is the smallest distinct grouping of organisms. Its members share common descent.

What are taxa?

Major groupings of organisms that occur at various ranks with differing levels of inclusiveness

Select all of the following statements that are true regarding the cladogram shown here.

The group consisting of the dog, horse, and donkey is paraphyletic. The horse and donkey form a clade. The group consisting of the dog, horse, donkey, and pig is convex.

What is the general lineage concept of species?

The idea that all species concepts are united by the common underlying principle that a species constitutes a segment of a population-level lineage.

How is the principle of parsimony used to discriminate among multiple competing hypothesized cladograms?

The simplest cladogram requiring the smallest number of character changes is favored.

Why do zoologists study protists?

They provide phylogenetic context for the study of animal diversity.

Historically, taxonomy involved grouping organisms based on the possession of a common feature or "essence" in a process known as ______, whereas modern taxonomy involves grouping organisms according to their common evolutionary descent in a process known as ______. Multiple choice question.

classification; systematization

Systematization is the process of grouping organisms based on Multiple choice question.

common evolutionary descent.

Systematics is __________.

comparative biology or the study of variation among populations of organisms to uncover their evolutionary relationships

The construction of cladograms requires obtaining information on character states from a variety of sources. Data on differences in the shapes, sizes, and development of organismal structures comes from the study of

comparative morphology.

Species with very large or worldwide geographic distributions are called , whereas those with restricted distributions are called .

cosmopolitan endemic

Comparative examines differences in chromosomes and their parts.

cytology

When evaluating polarity of character states to infer phylogeny, you determine that members of the taxon of interest are bilaterally symmetrical while those of the outgroup are radially symmetrical. This information indicates that bilateral symmetry is a(n) character state.

derived

Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are the currently recognized monophyletic of life.

domain

True or false: Homology and homoplasy both describe a similarity in characters that occurs as a result of common descent. The difference between them is that homology is a similarity that occurs in members of the same genus, but homoplasy occurs in members of higher taxa.

false

In order to construct a phylogenetic tree from a cladogram, it is necessary to add an evolutionary timescale. This can be done by searching the ______ record to identify when a derived morphological character appeared and then determining its age using ______ dating techniques.

fossil; radioactive

Using binomial nomenclature, the recognized species name for the long-tailed chinchilla (a small rodent native to the Andes) is Chinchilla lanigera. Chinchilla refers to the , and lanigera is the species

genus epithet

A monophyletic taxon shares common ancestry with another monophyletic taxon, and they diverged from their common ancestor more recently than they did with any other taxa. These two monophyletic taxa are therefore each other's sister

group

The arrangement of organisms into an ascending series of groups of ever-increasing inclusiveness is a ------- system of taxonomy.

hierarchical

A similarity in characters that results from common ancestry is known as , whereas such similarity that occurs as a result of factors other than common ancestry is .

homology; homoplasy