ZOOLOGY-CHAPTER 2

Predators and their prey species are often times said to......... ; that is, the predators are constantly getting better at catching prey, but the prey is constantly getting better at avoiding predators.

coevolution

Many sharks are associated with smaller fish species, such as remoras. The sharks appear to not be affected in any way by the remoras. The remoras, on the other hand, benefit from their association with sharks, because they can eat some of the remnants left after the shark kills and consumes its prey. As described here, this interaction between sharks and remoras reflects ______.

commensialism

An ecological ..........is made of all the different populations of different species that co-occur in the same area.

community

The ...... .......principle states that two species cannot live together in a stable community if they have identical niches.

competitive exclusion

Animals that avoid predation by matching their background are said to exhibit ...........defenses. In contrast, some animals have .......defenses, in which bright coloration advertises their toxicity.

cryptic aposematic

The inherent ability of a population to grow exponentially if there were unlimited resources is the population's ........rate of increase, denoted by the lowercase letter ........

intrinsic r

In commensalism, ______

one species benefits from the interaction, while the other neither benefits or gets harmed

The habitat of an animal is the ______.

physical space where it lives

Endothermic animals, such as mammals, can regulate blood flow through vessels located in the skin. This allows them to regulate how much heat is being lost and therefore helps them maintain a constant temperature. This is an example of a ______ mechanism that allows organisms to survive changing environmental conditions.

physiological

A...... is a reproductive group of animals of the same species, located in the same general area.

population

All the white-tailed deer that inhabit a forest comprise this forest's white-tailed deer _______

population

Ecology is often studied as a hierarchy of biological systems and their interactions with the environment. At the base of this ecology hierarchy is the organism, followed by....... , communities, ........., and the biosphere.

population ecosystems

All living things require energy and matter (elements, such as C, N, O, for example) to stay alive. The incorporation of energy and materials into the biomass of living things is called ______.

productivity

As an ecosystem functions, it is characterized by its...... , which is defined as the energy and materials that are used by all the living organisms in the ecosystem to maintain life.

productivity

Environmental factors that are used directly by an animal are called

resources

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species ______.

that strongly compete cannot coexist indefinitely

Match the average wait time to different extinction events, as calculated by Raup's kill curve. 5% extinction event 30% extinction event 65% extinction event

1 million years 10 million years 100 million years

Order the following components of an animal's energy budget from the one that represents the highest amount of energy (at the top of the list) to the one that represents the least.

1. Gross productivity 2. Respiration 3. Net productivity

Order the following biological systems in the ecological hierarchy, starting with the lowest level at the top

1. Organism 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biosphere

For a typical animal, approximately what percentage of the gross productivity is typically used for maintenance (R in the energy budget equation)?

90%

Which of the following best defines the intrinsic rate of increase of a population?

A population's inherent ability to grow exponentially given unlimited resources.

Choose all features of a population that are important from a demographic standpoint. Multiple select question. Age structure Growth rate Sex ratio Dietary needs Mutation rate

Age structure Growth rate Sex ratio

Consider a female lion in the African plains. From the following list, choose all that would be considered its resources. Multiple select question. Any herbivore that the lion can potentially kill and eat. A pack of hyenas that are trying to steal the lion's kill. Brushes that can be used to hide and rear young lion cubs. Water collecting in a small watering hole.

Any herbivore that the lion can potentially kill and eat. Brushes that can be used to hide and rear young lion cubs. Water collecting in a small watering hole.

In ........ mimicry, a palatable species deceives potential predators by looking like a distasteful species.

Batesian

In .......mimicry, a palatable species deceives potential predators by looking like a distasteful species.

Batesian

In general, a density independent factor cannot regulate population growth in nature. Why?

Because the effect of those factors is entirely independent of the size of a population.

Which of the following encompasses an animal's environment? Multiple choice question. Abiotic factors (such as temperature) only Biotic factors (such as an animal's food) only Biotic and abiotic factors

Biotic and abiotic factors

Assuming there is no immigration or emigration, how can we calculate the growth rate of a population?

Birth rate minus death rate

What is the effect of geographic habitat fragmentation on rates of local speciation and extinction?

Both local rates of speciation and extinction increase with increased habitat fragmentation.

The following graph depicts Raup's kill curve. According to that curve, what is the average wait time for an extinction event during which at least 80% of species become extinct?

Close to a billion years

True or false: If two co-occurring species use the same resource, they will always compete for it.

False

True or false: The nutrient cycles of an ecosystem would go on perpetually even if there was no energy entering the system.

False

Ecologists divide the energy budget of an animal into three parts: gross productivity, net productivity, and respiration. How do the two types of productivity relate in terms of the amounts of energy they represent?

Gross productivity exceeds net productivity

When will two co-occurring species compete for a resource?

Only when the species share a limiting resource.

Consider two species of birds, one (species A) is found throughout South and North America, while the other (species B) is endemic to a mountain range spanning four South American countries. Can we predict how the likelihoods of extinction of these two species differ? Multiple choice question.

Species A is less likely to become extinct.

Consider a stick insect (brown colored and resembling a twig) and a brightly colored wasp (for example, a yellow jacket). What types of defenses do those species have?

Stick insect - cryptic; wasp - aposematic

Which of the following is likely to be a density-independent factor affecting the growth rate of an animal population?

Temperature

When predators specialize on a single prey species, both populations (predator and prey) can fluctuate cyclically. What describes the timing of those cyclic fluctuations?

The predator population cycle is usually slightly delayed relative to the prey population cycle.

True or false: Living things that constitute the food of an animal are considered part of that animal's environment.

True

When do predator-prey populations tend to fluctuate cyclically?

When a predator specializes on a single prey species.

Consider an example of Batesian mimicry, a yellow jacket (a wasp that has a powerful painful sting), and a fly that does not have a sting and has yellow and black stripes similar to those of the yellow jacket. Which of the following accurately characterizes the two species?

Yellow jacket - model; fly - mimic

Is there a relationship between the geographic range of a species and the likelihood it will become extinct, and if so, what is the nature of this relationship?

Yes, species with larger geographic ranges tend to have lower extinction rates.

All the populations of different species that co-occur in an area make up ______.

a community

Ecologists that study the demography of an animal population are interested in determining the population's..... structure, ......... ratio, and growth rate.

age sex

Hummingbirds nest and reproduce during the summer in temperate regions of North America, but migrate to southern latitude during the winter months. This is an example of a ______ mechanism used by an organism to survive changing environmental conditions.

behavioral

In addition to the flow of energy, an ecosystem depends on .......... nutrient cycles, which involve the exchange of elements (such as C, N, O) between living organisms and the abiotic environment.

biogeochemical

The total energy assimilated by an animal is its.......... productivity. When we subtract from it the energy used for maintenance (eventually as respiration), what is left is the energy that is converted into biomass. This smaller amount of energy constitutes the animal's .........productivity.

gross net

The difference between the rates of birth and death gives us a population's ______.

growth

The physical space that an animal occupies is called the animal's....

habitat

Geographic habitat fragmentation affects the rates of local extinction and speciation; both of these rates........ with increasing habitat fragmentation.

increase