;)
When someone who is part of more than one minority or oppressed group and experiences interdependent oppression or discrimination it is known as ______.
affirmative action
Laws that treat men and women differently are subject to ______.
an intermediate standard review
The principle that each branch of government guards against the abuse of power by the others is called ______.
checks and balances
The test that protects speech mentioning illegal acts unless it leads to immediate illegal activity is the ______.
clear and present danger test
According to the Miller test, obscenity is to be defined by ______.
congressional standards?
The norms of federalism are effectiveness, flexibility at the local level and _____.
cooperation?
The civil rights movement of the 1950s-1960s was most successful in eliminating ______ but was far less successful in eliminating ______.
de jure discrimination; de facto discrimination
The Lemon test is a three-pronged test that ______.
declares that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice
The Congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8) are called the ____.
enumerated powers
the Supreme Court ruled recently that the Second Amendment ______.
establishes an individual right to bear arms
The rights the founders believed were essential to maintaining a representative democracy included all of the following EXCEPT ______.
establishment of religion
The founders' opposition to prior restraint showed their commitment to ______.
freedom of the press
Literacy tests were combined with which of the following to allow illiterate southern whites to vote during the late nineteenth century?
grandfather clauses
The major difference between a republic and a democracy is that ______.
in a republic, elected individuals, rather than citizens themselves, have the direct power to make most governmental decisions
racism involves
institutionalized power inequalities based on perceived racial differences
The necessary and proper clause in Article I of the Constitution ______.
is constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers
The Constitution has been amended through the formal amendment process and through the informal process of ______.
judicial review?
Written defamation of character is known as ______.
libel
the founders hoped that the Senate would be ______ the House of Representatives.
more accesible to the people than
The legal methods used to deny African Americans the right to vote, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, were overcome by ______.
passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Twenty-Fourth Amendment
Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans both have ______.
population diversity
Cooperative federalism ______.
refers to separation of powers?
In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that ______.
segregated schools were inherently unequal because the very fact of segregation made blacks feel unequal
The constitutional safeguard that places legislative, executive, and judicial powers in different hands is called ______.
separation of powers
Which of the following combinations is false?
sexual orientation: suspect class
difference between civil rights and civil liberties is
that civil rights involve speech, press, and religious freedom, whereas civil liberties involve voting
Affirmative action is an example of which of the following?
the American government attempting to create substantive equality
From Miranda v. Arizona it was decided that ______ ("Miranda rights").
the police have to advise suspects of their constitutional rights
devolution is
the transfer of power from the national or central to the regional governments
De facto discrimination is generally the result of tradition and habit.
true
In Federalist No. 78, Hamilton argued that the judiciary would be the least threatening branch of government.
true
Non-citizens retain rights in American democracy.
true
One of the reasons for the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment was a movement among women who argued it would damage their traditional American family
true
Under the original design of the Constitution, senators were chosen by state legislatures rather than directly by voters.
true
Incorporation is the Supreme Court action that makes the protections of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states.
true?
An action that criminalizes an act after it occurs is a(n) ______.
unconstitutional ex post facto law
Federal orders that require states to operate and pay for programs created at the national level are called ______.
unfunded mandates
The concepts of strict scrutiny and suspect classification are used by the Supreme Court to answer what question?
when can the law treat people differently?
Which of the following statements best describes the constitutional right to privacy?
A right to privacy is not clearly spelled out in the Constitution, but many people argue the right is implied.
One of the reasons that Native Americans face a particularly difficult task in winning battles in American politics is:
The status of tribes in the American political system is that of a unique form of federalism.