1-4, 6-8, 11, 15-16

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. biopsychologist. B. developmental psychologist. C. humanist. D. social psychologist.

A. biopsychologist

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A. -.90 B. -.50 C. +.80 D. +.25

A. -.90

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of clientcentered therapy? A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. B. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. C. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality. D. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender.

A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? A. Dissertation B. Ph.D. C. Postdoctorate D. Psy.D.

A. Dissertation

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. humanism C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

A. Gestalt psychology

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology? A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior. B. All evolutionary theories can easily be proven. C. Genetic factors in determining human behavior are completely ignored. D. There are no female evolutionary psychologists

A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

A. John Watson

IMPORTANT Psychiatrist: _______: Psychologist: _______ A. M.D. ; Ph.D. B. M.A. ; M.S. C. B.A. ; B.S. D. Ph.D.; M.D.

A. M.D. ; Ph.D.

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists never pay attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists only emphasize objective data over subjective data.

A. Male bias exists in science.

The client-centered perspective reflects the views of humanistic psychologists, such as _______ and _______, who emphasized the importance of subjective conscience experience and personal freedom and responsibility. A. Rogers ; Maslow B. Freud; Jung C. Wundt ; Werthmeier D. Watson ; Skinner

A. Rogers ; Maslow

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive." B. The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C. The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." D. The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow."

A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." C. The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." D. The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use

A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

A. agreeableness

. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants

A. basic survival needs

. Alice wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. In what area of psychology should she work? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

A. clinical psychology

. Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A. examination of anatomy and physiology B. exculpation C. extrospection D. interviews

A. examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following least influences perception? A. hair color B. cultural background C. previous experiences D. where we focus our attention

A. hair color

. Which of the following is least involved in critical thinking? A. knowing your opinion is correct B. maintaining an attitude of skepticism C. making use of logical thinking D. recognizing internal biases

A. knowing your opinion is correct

An experimental group experiences A. manipulation. B. single-bind. C. double-bind. D. consistent bias.

A. manipulation.

Clinical psychologists are to ______ as counseling psychologists are to _______. A. psychopathology ; normal human adjustment issues. B. normal human adjust issues ; psychopathology. C. writing prescriptions ; counseling. D. counseling ; writing prescriptions.

A. psychopathology ; normal human adjustment issues.

The most prominent psychologist organization in the U.S. is the A. American Psychiatric Association. B. American Psychological Association. C. Association for Psychological Science. D. American Psychological Society

B. American Psychological Association

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

B. Carl Rogers

. ______ research collects data at the same time while ______ research collects data over time. A. Archival ; empirical B. Cross-sectional ; longitudinal C. Empirical ; archival D. Longitudinal ; cross-sectional

B. Cross-sectional ; longitudinal

Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Francis Cecil Sumner C. Naomi Weisstein D. Noam Chomsky

B. Francis Cecil Sumner

Which of the following best exemplifies a personality trait? A. Greg eats a cupcake. B. Ida is charming. C. James has blue eyes. D. Marsha has three children.

B. Ida is charming.

Who is generally recognized as the founder of American psychology? A. Hall B. James C. Wundt D. Freud

B. James

Which of the following is most true?. A. All psychologist agree regarding personality characterizes. B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics. C. No psychologists believe in personality characteristics. D. All psychologists deny personality as a field of study.

B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior. A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to "Wilhelm Wundt." B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." C. The word "unconscious" to the word "conscious." D. The word "understand" should be changed to the word "believing."

B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A. They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. C. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. D. They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime.

B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity

B. a person's unconscious

Critical thinking is ________. A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic. B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena. D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it.

B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. extroversion D. neuroticism

B. conscientiousness

Lucy wants to study changes in thinking skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _______ psychology. A. cognitive B. developmental C. personality D. social

B. developmental

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B. developmental psychology C. personality psychology D. sensation and perception

B. developmental psychology

Which of the following is least part of feminist psychology? A. discovering the contributions of women to psychology B. favoring all men over all women C. questioning male biased practices D. studying psychological gender differences

B. favoring all men over women

Dr. Williamson works with courts to evaluate criminals; Williamson is a(n) _______ psychologist. A. social B. forensic C. industrial/organizational D. physiological

B. forensic

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A. another person's consciousness B. her own conscious experience C. her own subconscious experience D. the social construction of consciousness

B. her own conscious experience

A testable prediction about how the world will behave if an idea is correct is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. equation. D. deductive reason.

B. hypothesis

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors C. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant D. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A. guesswork. B. observation. C. practice. D. statistics.

B. observation

Behaviorists all focus on ________. A. individual attitudes. B. physiological responses that result in action. C. the internal motivation for action. D. the subconscious

B. physiological responses that result in action.

Wundt is to _______ as James is to _______. A. structuralism ; gestalt. B. structuralism ; functionalism. C. behaviorism ; gestalt. D. behaviorism ; functionalism.

B. structuralism ; functionalism.

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1900s

C. 1800s

Why is psychology considered a social science? A. Because psychologists do not study groups and how groups interact. B. Because psychology is considered a hard science. C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. D. Behavior is always completely random.

C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

William James was the ________. A. author of the first psychology textbook. B. father of psychology. C. first American psychologist. D. first psychoanalyst.

C. First American psychologist

_______ psychologists counsel medically-related problems, while _______ psychologists apply science to solve business-related problems. A. Personality; social B. Social; personality C. Health; industrial/organizational D. Industrial/organizational; health

C. Health; industrial/organizational

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Reliability refers to consistency. B. Validity refers to accurate measure. C. Human research does not require IRB approval. D. Research subjects provide informed consent.

C. Human research does not require IRB approval

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. Behaviorism B. Gestalt C. Humanism D. Structuralism

C. Humanism

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology? A. Anna Freud B. Bruno Bettelheim C. Naomi Weisstein D. Sigmund Freud

C. Naomi Weisstein

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. B. People in developed nations revere the elderly. C. Populations of developed nations are living longer. D. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

C. Populations of developed nations are living longer.

. A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator

C. Skinner box

Which of the following defines hypothesis? A. idea that proves a theory B. means of explaining social phenomena C. tentative explanation D. way of looking at the world

C. Tentative explanation

Which of the following best describes a criticism of structuralism? A. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B. Structuralism was parsimonious. C. The process was highly subjective. D. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

C. The process was highly subjective

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? A. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. B. The proponents were Nazis. C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology. D. The theories were not based on measurable data.

C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

Which term best captures the meaning of the word "gestalt?" A. Unconscious B. Introspection C. Whole D. Observation

C. Whole

IMPORTANTWho was the first person referred to as a psychologist? A. Wolfgang Köhler B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

C. Wilhelm Wundt

Sandra wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. In which area of psychology should she work? A. biopsychology B. clinical psychology C. counseling psychology D. wellness psychology

C. counseling psychology

A school psychologist would be most likely to A. help teachers develop new instructional techniques. B. study how groups affect individuals. C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program. D. make suggestions as to how managers could improve employee morale.

C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program.

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A. cognitive B. counseling C. forensic D. legal

C. forensic

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D. observation

C. hypothesis

Susan wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A. biological B. Gestalt C. industrial-organizational D. social

C. industrial-organizational

Mark spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Mark is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism. B. client-centered therapy. C. introspection. D. psychoanalysis

C. introspection

A dependent variable is A. theorized. B. hypothesized. C. measured. D. manipulated

C. measured.

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a B.A. in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work

C. mid- and top-level management

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

C. neuroticism

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? A. article blindness B. developmental theory C. object permanence D. perpetuation

C. object permanence

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ___. A. cognition B. perception C. personality D. social psychology

C. personality

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his Ph.D., which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers. A. industrial B. medical C. postdoctoral D. predoctoral

C. postdoctoral

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? A. classical conditioning B. dream analysis C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Dr. Adams noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Adams applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B. Gestalt psychology C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

C. psychoanalytic theory

Psychology refers to the ________. A. empirical study of humanity. B. experimental study of individuals. C. scientific study of behavior and the mind. D. systematic study of human interaction.

C. scientific study of behavior and the mind.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams. B. manipulate human behavior. C. study the function of behavior. D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind

C. study the function of behavior

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious. B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests. C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior.

C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes.

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior. B. only the mind. C. the mind and behavior. D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C. the mind and behavior.

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious. B. the operation of individual parts of the mind. C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts. D. understanding the id, ego, and superego.

C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts.

_______ are used when few subjects exists to study and _______ is used when data is collected inconspicuously. A. Surveys ; observer bias B. Observer biases ; surveys C. Case studies ; archival research D. Case studies ; naturalistic observation

D. Case studies ; naturalistic observation

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Correlation higher than 1.0 cannot exist B. A positive correlation means that variables move in the same direction C. Negative correlation means that variables move in opposite directions D. Correlation shows cause and effect

D. Correlation shows cause and effect

What is a PsyD? A. Doctor of Philosophy B. Doctor of Psychiatry C. Doctor of Psychoanalysis D. Doctor of Psychology

D. Doctor of Pyschology

Which of the following best exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes her term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Jones decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

D. Dr. John Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

. In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. A. H.O.P.E.S. B. Either-Or C. Fifth Dimension D. Five Factor

D. Five Factor

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? A. Charles Darwin B. Jean Piaget C. Noam Chomsky D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

Regarding training to work in the field of psychology, which of the following statements is least true? A. The primary difference between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. is that the Psy.D. focuses more on practitioner skills than on research skills. B. Those who pursue doctorate-level work in schools of education typically earn a Doctorate in Education (Ed.D.). C. A dissertation requires the completion of an original research project. D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.

D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? A. All scientists of all times and cultures have fully agreed about evolution. B. Scientists can replicate evolution across species. C. Evolution only can occur at macro- but not micro-levels. D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation.

D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? A. Job growth is greatest in these fields. B. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. C. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, the researcher found that men value youthful appearance more than women because A. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. B. Men need to display their mates as a trophy. C. Women are not as superficial as men. D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind. B. chemical and hormonal changes. C. dreams. D. learned behavior.

D. learned behavior

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. extroversion C. neuroticism D. openness

D. openness

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A. conscious and unconscious. B. experimental and provable. C. hypothesized and theoretical. D. perceivable and measurable.

D. perceivable and measurable

An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology? A. Behaviorism B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

D. scientific theory

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. personality C. psychoanalysis D. social psychology

D. social psychology

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses. B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior. C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain. D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

According to Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. A. dream analysis. B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind. C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. A. acting unconsciously. B. hypothesizing. C. theorizing. D. thinking critically.

D. thinking critically.

Cognitive psychology can best be described as focusing on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior. B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception. C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior. D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.

D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Which of the following best exemplifies research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A. how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group B. what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women C. whether culture influences perception D. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

D. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese