1.2 Form, Volume, Mass, Texture

________ volume is a space that is enclosed by materials that are not entirely solid.

An open

The highly polished surface of Anish Kapoor's sculpture Cloud Gate means that the viewer and the city of ________ become a part of the work, in its reflection.

Chicago

The artist David Smith created sculptures of geometric forms. In his work Cubi XIX, Smith used the following geometric shapes:

Cuboids

Because it is three-dimensional, a form has these three spatial measurements: height, width, and ________.

Depth

The spiraling open volume of Vladimir Tatlin's Monument to the Third International was intended to give the design a feeling of ________.

Dynamism

A two-dimensional object is called a shape, and a three-dimensional object is known as a ________.

Form

The organic form and abstract quality of Lino Tagliapietra's sculpture, Batman, allow it to express the idea of ________.

Freedom and life

Forms such as pyramids, which tend to be precise and regular, are known as ________ forms.

Geometric

Sculptors Ralph Helmick and Stuart Schechter experimented with open volume when they created this hanging sculpture, installed in the Evanston Public Library in Illinois.

Ghostwriter

Marisol's work Father Damien was created to memorialize the heroism of a priest who lost his life helping the victims of leprosy. This sculpture stands in front of the State Capitol Building in the U.S. State of ________.

Hawaii, Honolulu

This term refers to the substance contained in an object, but it does not necessarily imply weight.

Mass

American sculptors Carol Mickett and Robert Stackhouse created the work In the Blue (Crest) to imply the presence of water. The work's many empty spaces, which were created using irregular horizontal members, are an example of ________ volume.

Open

Méret Oppenheim was part of an art movement that rejected rational, conscious thought. Her fur-lined teacup and saucer, Object, conjures an unexpected and illogical sensation for the viewer by using ________ texture.

Subversive

In her work Object, a fur-lined teacup and saucer, the Swiss artist Méret Oppenheim employed subversive texture to contradict conscious logical experience. She belonged to the ________ art movement, which drew on ideas and images from dreams and the unconscious mind.

Surrealist

The sculpture of the Great Sphinx stands as a symbolic guardian of the pyramids at Giza. The ancient Greek definition of a sphinx was a mythological creature whose features were:

The body of a lion, he wings of an eagle, and the head of a woman

These four visual elements of art—form, volume, mass, and texture—are present in ________ works of art.

Three-Dimensional

The visual impact of the Olmec sculpture of a colossal head is directly related to its mass.

True

Vladimir Tatlin's Monument to the Third International was intended as a heroic symbol commemorating the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. If it had been built, it would have been much smaller than the Eiffel Tower.

True

The element of art that defines the amount of space occupied by an object is ________.

Volume

An upright stone that has an incised relief on its surface, such as the Maya sculpture (1.2.7), is known as ________.

a stela

When we touch an object we experience a tactile sensation that artists refer to as ________ texture.

actual

In the Roettgen Pieta from fourteenth-century Germany, the shrunken, twisted body of Jesus and the oversized, anguished head of Mary are accentuated for expressive effect. This distortion of the human body_______ form that we can all understand, makes the viewer feel uneasy and impresses on us the suffering of mother and son.

an organic

This type of relief, which takes its name from the French word for low, does not imply great depth.

bas-relief

In the Roettgen Pietà from fourteenth-century Germany, the artist ________ the organic forms of the bodies of Mary and Jesus in order to express pain and suffering.

distorted

To imply greater depth, the sculptor who created the relief carvings on the outside of the Ara Pacis Augustae carved the figures in the ________ more deeply than those that are in the background, in order to make them stand out more.

foreground

A sculpture that can be viewed from more than one side and that occupies space in the same way as other real-life objects is called a ________ sculpture.

freestanding

Marisol was commissioned to create a sculpture of the Catholic missionary Father Damien. A stout figure in heavy bronze, the statue possesses a weighty ________ that communicates the strong beliefs and courageous determination of the priest.

mass

Our experience of objects in the natural world often leads us to assume that a large object will be heavy, but in fact this is not necessarily the case. This element of art is called ________.

mass

A sculpture designed in the round can be viewed from ________.

nearly every angle

Forms that tend to be irregular, and similar to naturally occurring objects, are known as ________ forms.

organic

A three-dimensional surface that is designed to be viewed from only one direction is known as a ________.

relief

By using ________ texture to contradict previous tactile experience, artists can invite viewers to reconsider the world around them.

subversive

Because a form exists in "real" space, we can experience it not only visually, but also through our sense of ________.

touch